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2024-03-28T19:13:13Z
User contributions
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https://www.sciencemadness.org/smwiki/index.php?title=List_of_chemistry_Youtube_channels&diff=11984
List of chemistry Youtube channels
2019-09-19T01:13:29Z
<p>CobaltChloride: </p>
<hr />
<div>This is supposed to be a rather complete list of chemistry channels on YouTube. Since YouTube changes, this list may be out of date. (Last update: 14.09.2019)<br />
<br />
See also [[Chemistry Diamonds on Youtube]] and [[Chemistry around the internet]].<br />
<br />
In the table below the terms under "status" refer to the following things:<br />
<br />
*'''Active''' - There was an recent upload or a new upload is expected in the near future<br />
*'''Inactive''' - The uploader has retired from making videos on this channel<br />
*'''Unknown''' - Due to irregular upload schedule and lack of information it is hard to tell if there will be new uploads<br />
*'''Deleted''' - The channel doesn't exist anymore due to personal or legal issues with YouTube<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!Name<br />
!Status<br />
!Focus<br />
!Notes<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC4t9tVlAk7ww1wgCVW4yUjg 12thealchemist]<br />
|Active<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCo1Q-cQeEDR5juhZSPVIOqg 18thTimeLucky - Amateur Experimentalism]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|<br />
|Few videos<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCCDBv4gmYCD4zN9WeCO2iWQ 2 AM Productions]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCBoJrksxdlMbMFmoJZSkRkg 99Chemicals]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCg3RZM3NzgEItFRmgOixGOQ Adumbrate]<br />
|Active<br />
|Inorganic, energetics<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/user/AfricanPyro1 African Pyro]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|Energetics<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCWieQLfF7fW2-MGHlCs8dRg aga]<br />
|Active<br />
|<br />
|New uploads don't seem chem related<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/user/AHW214 AHW214]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|Possibly no longer active in chemistry<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC9GD00yhAoKajgjRWvqyH-w Akhil the Chemist]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/user/AlChemicalLife AlChemicalLife]<br />
|Active<br />
|Inorganic, organic<br />
|Newer uploads not related to chemistry<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCT5dNpwpPhRy_oSi8y_6hOA Alexander Demidov]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|Energetics<br />
|Few videos<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCWbbidIY4v57uczsl0Fgv7w AllChemystery]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|Energetics, inorganic, organic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC1sJo8J1ZObrc4cKlsig1jA AMchemistry]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCTSWRNTeS2ytivpJ4wbCNHg Androl]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|Pyro<br />
|Few videos<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCyrkULcST6hSwvnK5qda00A Andy Elliott Craft & Creations]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|<br />
|No longer active in chemistry<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCy29cCMadUw76YdNrhK3uHg antiswattt3]<br />
|Deleted<br />
|Energetics<br />
|Not aware of backups<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCivA7_KLKWo43tFcCkFvydw Applied Science]<br />
|Active<br />
|General science<br />
|Not specifically chemistry<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAzqywqfSp6kctmgIqTkh6w Artisan-man]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|Inorganic, organic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCyo_iytV0ns0TuaGItrtM_A Astral Chemistry]<br />
|Active<br />
|Organic, inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC1zhLq-8SrS2Au3IV71u7Mw Aussie Chemist]<br />
|Active<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC7D566ClLdr1By2JnKh_DgA BackMacSci]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCyMxogHbZwfMQTc_y2asSjg Basco36]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|Inorganic, energetics<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/user/BasementBiotech BasementBiotech]<br />
|Active<br />
|Biochemistry<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/user/CarnalDiafragma bdbdbd]<br />
|Active<br />
|Organic, inorganic, energetics<br />
|Mostly short clips from university, dutch<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/user/thechemistryquestion Because We Can- The Channel]<br />
|Active<br />
|General chemistry, inorganic, organic<br />
|New uploads seemingly not chem related<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCYmL90kuJusvrpVv3B60Rsg Beauty of Science]<br />
|Active<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|Visually focused videos in high quality<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/user/CalChemDemo BerkeleyChemDemos]<br />
|Active<br />
|Inorganic, general chemistry<br />
|Focus on showcasing reactions<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCasf8aNFT8wDBECydYRwP2g Bong Chemistry]<br />
|Active<br />
|General chemistry, organic<br />
|Focus on theory<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/user/boomboom314159 boomboom314159]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|Energetics<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/user/sieveb1 Brad Sieve]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|General chemistry<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCocJBHPJtU2NywIX6f05Nkw Brain&Force]<br />
|Active<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCFHMw64uu66VKPXq5gh29IQ Brainiac75]<br />
|Active<br />
|General science<br />
|Lasers, elements in magnetic fields<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCFiQZoh3DAWBt81eGtdp62Q Bunsen Burns]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|Visually focused<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCxrPlUkO_5rTin21Ct7GxKA Bunsen Burns' Bonus Videos]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/user/ButteScience ButteScience]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|General chemistry<br />
|Videos from university<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCOATREFOJJGzBKy_hKHWkyw Cannagorilla Canna]<br />
|Active<br />
|Inorganic, energetics<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCVoyDpO7apqnsj2eQBTkNGQ Centanide]<br />
|Active<br />
|Pyro<br />
|Only few videos<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC5SKu_NBDNmB6Hl_ul-g2ag Cerealkiffer]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|Energetics<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCMzWloW6QtwwRFpMA3pIEiQ Chaoschemiker]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCqOFUKkniqISLH3lTldk_2g Chem Explorer]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCiU1dHvZObB2iP6xkJ__Icw Chem Player]<br />
|Deleted<br />
|General chemistry<br />
|[https://www.bitchute.com/channel/chemplayer/ chemplayer on bitchute] and [https://archive.org/details/ChemPlayer archive.org backup]<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCgg5pKa8h-gtKVz7Q0hYlog Chem TV]<br />
|Active<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|German<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/user/chem2050 chem2050]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|Organic<br />
|Videos from university<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/user/ChemExperimentalist ChemExperimentalist]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClcQ4KWUnBZWEKzS1fuWgVw Chemical Engineer]<br />
|Active<br />
|General chemistry<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCO1lI0B3zznbzwqgRB37DKg Chemical Mishaps]<br />
|Active<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCqONNjBkukcc2yXbmHL8niQ ChemicalForce]<br />
|Active<br />
|Inorganic, organic<br />
|Showcase of exotic and violent reactions<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCewLLVQMSt1bQ_Ri5exi1wg Chemist by Destiny]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|General chemistry<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCU78QLs_ESvfjIqnSlHpiVA Chemistry]<br />
|Active<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC39ZspzUdOOeC2SOWqmJ2VA Chemistry.Fun]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCdHcUASd24nNWNEYfj0S6Gg Chemistry 4all]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|Organic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCZJNPLmWFdQvBQEv6z_V6_A Chemistry Lab]<br />
|Active<br />
|Inorganic, organic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCPrWRK4O8qHDJcp0gfZ8jsg ChemistryFritti_]<br />
|Active<br />
|Inorganic, organic<br />
|German<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCV7LRhEY9jfgFs896yZl4eQ ChemPracs]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/user/ChemSurvival ChemSurvival]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|General chemistry<br />
|Lots of theory<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/user/ChemToddler ChemToddler]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|Inorganic, organic, general chemistry<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/user/POLChemVlog ChemVlog.pl]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|Polish<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmUvmIHG6vL4LI94tNebyOw chemx01]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|Organic, inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC9vGkkfFrLZq9lzieklcKFA CobaltChloride]<br />
|Active<br />
|Inorganic, organic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC2MJylovjrLtsGP0_4UrqrQ Cody'sBLab]<br />
|Active<br />
|General science<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCu6mSoMNzHQiBIOCkHUa2Aw Cody'sLab]<br />
|Active<br />
|Inorganic, organic, general science<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCPAOgLEIfE7xqBhiwkr85bA College Chemistry]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|Inorganic, organic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC3aIpsMPiCs1x5P-AsKEf6w Colorful Chemistry]<br />
|Active<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|Focus on specific reactions, esp. those which involve color changes<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCdvlpwJZqvUtoZyO-K9h2kQ Corrosive Chemistry]<br />
|Active<br />
|Inorganic, organic, organometallic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC9qQUJ4zm6kzKgAebIJxj6w Cu SO4]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|General chemistry<br />
|Chinese, few videos<br />
<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCus2mJvIQ62lVt5HVbkQ-UQ Darian Ballard]<br />
|Active<br />
|Energetics<br />
|Videos moved away from YouTube onto different platforms like [https://www.bitchute.com/channel/darianballard/ bitchute]<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCOVu2hRRhVW2NccIQAhrULQ Dark Hydrogen]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|Few videos<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQGfKyMAcwgV3MznUoyxk9w David Robertson]<br />
|Active<br />
|General chemistry<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCzFR-OzlMF5A3ccva4Df_jQ der_Hobbychemiker]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|General chemistry<br />
|German<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/user/dersitis33 dersitis33]<br />
|Active<br />
|Pyro<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCOEpBpoQNK45-6hXQGqZFCg DIY bama]<br />
|Active<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|Focused on simple DIY projects<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCDXbixiPFfKQfwNaXKfMDYA Doc. Pyro]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|Pyro, energetics<br />
|German<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC6SItJwaTE3jawp-wGNKPBQ Dornier335A]<br />
|Deleted<br />
|Energetics<br />
|Showcasing of novel flash powders and energetics, [https://archive.org/details/Dornier335A archive.org backup], might be incomplete.<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCR3CEAL-y3CoMf4oJOJgtEw Doug's Lab]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|Organic, inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCrIybF81e2-lbBtVbRKE3Zw Douglas Franz]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC3un2haMC93JnLHM4AuIMdw doyale]<br />
|Active<br />
|Inorganic, organic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCSIOK0IwdiKt-1o7v7fNssQ eku_chem_lab]<br />
|Active<br />
|Organic, inorganic<br />
|Lots of theory, videos from university<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCbyj4lSUJiCviS4CF7Z3TIg Elch Science]<br />
|Deleted<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|Unaware of backups<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAYa877cjNLF2PvioR15gxQ ElementalMaker]<br />
|Active<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|Also electronics and engineering<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCff1LrDxkQi7OK6hnjzJj0Q Elementensammler42]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|Inorganic, organic, energetics<br />
|German<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCvzQQS4k4UZ_cS1udzyTiow elementguy27]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCfzGFXGbIC70JIXPDiRY1lQ Elements of Universe]<br />
|Active<br />
|General chemistry<br />
|German<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC0-LuFwp0HxlcLmpS4LdqiA Energetcs Tests]<br />
|Active<br />
|Energetics<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC3gqx2zhUyLdeGIAFyiwPYg EnTroPy]<br />
|Active<br />
|General chemistry<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCBRSnYnZIWxHtY7FjuGQiSA Explo Sci]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|Energetics<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRnS5wUA_MuBsENvqhIQRFw Explosions&Fire]<br />
|Deleted<br />
|Energetics, inorganic, organic<br />
|Now on Explosions&Fire2<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCVovvq34gd0ps5cVYNZrc7A Explosions&Fire2]<br />
|Active<br />
|Energetics, inorganic, organic<br />
|New channel since old one got deleted. Backups exist, see the [https://www.bitchute.com/channel/explosionsandfire/ official backup on bitchute]. Also [https://www.reddit.com/r/ExplosionsAndFire/ r/ExplosionsAndFire] and [https://vimeo.com/explosionsandfire Explosions&Fire on vimeo]. [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLymmAUIuAfDU9-vqCIDn9W365eSBvADMQ Official playlist] of some old videos.<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://vimeo.com/explosiopedia Explosiopedia]<br />
|Deleted<br />
|Energetics<br />
|Used to exist on [https://vimeo.com/explosiopedia vimeo] but also deleted there. Backup on [https://archive.org/details/Explosiopedia archive.org].<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCvFApMFo_AafXbHRyEJefjA Extractions&Ire]<br />
|Active<br />
|Energetics, inorganic, organic<br />
|Second channel to Explosions&Fire, longer videos<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCLnP69GCu79xr_nV1tiychA Extreme Red Cabbage]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCFJTSvRILmeDnbGsfV8zUsA Feed Me]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|Energetics<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCoR_F84eZUHztmYyy24r6Vw Feli N]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|General chemistry<br />
|German<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAYP0yryk7x6V4x5QcTCmsQ Firehoax]<br />
|Active<br />
|Energetics<br />
|Also shitposts<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC6IXIHBccMy27sgeUXWsDtA Frankium]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCq8D30gXUJvMsPqf6gnZlLg FranklyChemistry]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|Theory<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCr0n1jy3nqkpHza4JDcGEug Full Modern Alchemist]<br />
|Active<br />
|Organic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC-8iLdllNgFiF2x5i4YUHsA Gary Carone]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|Inorganic, pyro<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCemYb0EAfZfiN51LeuUP_qA gogo311]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|Energetics, general chemistry<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/user/Gyzmodium Gyzmodium]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|Inorganic, organic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCEZcOJcWqoVaKG_wXciHs8w h68]<br />
|Active<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|Few videos<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCyFFoRNFCkKSgIftBYQIOXg H.E Master]<br />
|Active<br />
|Inorganic, pyro<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC2i2oLLOy2DSYU9Hd65uV7g Hazel Chem]<br />
|Active<br />
|Organic, general chemistry<br />
|Also on bitchute<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCfr5mr8PwBNqvtT7trJR81A Hegelrast]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCNr-0yO7sCr2umUHym_5C0g HexoMethyl]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|Few videos<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/user/Himikus500 Himikus500 химический канал]<br />
|Active<br />
|Organic, inorganic, general chemistry<br />
|Russian<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/user/hkparker hkparker]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCu7R9tUDyLHpx7p7k8MQNLQ infinifluxatron]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|Energetics<br />
|Few videos<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC1W6LM-W8o1AwZ-G7KJQoyg Jackson Porter]<br />
|Active<br />
|General chemistry<br />
|Few videos<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCl04z1IBqlgPUIl6kIjF1tA Jan Ulrich-Josef-Liefers]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|General chemistry<br />
|Focus on showcasing<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCu6JpDaLoyLvkPnETLpO_YQ JBSC]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|Organic, inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/user/jdet123 jdet123]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|Energetics<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCu0MxPeB1hr9tsfy5HfZiOQ JGS Feuchtwangen]<br />
|Active<br />
|Inorganic, general chemistry<br />
|German, focus on showcasing<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCzK1llEFKBqB26L1GIVasKg Joe Black]<br />
|Active<br />
|General chemistry<br />
|Focus on showcasing<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCnoovYAW925EkFCtS0ZessA Kimiajawi]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|Energetics<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHTpNVrTqvVqzyXxaM5GtAg koen2all]<br />
|Active<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCgg4WkMOtf2hB7t7sTMn8GQ Kristof Hegedüs]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|General chemistry, organic<br />
|Focus on the visuals of reactions<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC5oo4Pxw_-Xs0N9ndyWH5XQ Lab Lulz]<br />
|Active<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCU5Pwrkfoj9UeO1IGXZUjgQ Laboratory of Liptakov]<br />
|Active<br />
|Energetics<br />
|Novel energetic materials, see also [https://www.bitchute.com/channel/mendelejev/ Liptakov on bitchute]<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC_bUd-nlSdwq949MGaEcSDg LaFFle]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|Organic, inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCYg9FfEYEJ-Im_5FPVkCq5A LifeOfSi]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|General chemistry<br />
|Few videos<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCe1qVZa_h2GzSCUgJWdN8CQ LiFeUP 331]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|Organic, inorganic<br />
|Russian<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/user/mailinmypocket mailinmypocket]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|Organic<br />
|Few videos<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/user/mewrox99 mewrox99]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|Inorganic, organic, pyro<br />
|Not only chemistry, also lasers, math and programming<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCv07LT05ND6pHzkQWZrrGWw Mowskii]<br />
|Active<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCZOxhZoG0cRffRp5iGSpFew mrhomescientist]<br />
|Active<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC38UMPBZQwJSwW_pIGfe1Bg MrItsthething]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|Organic, inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCFakyq3PB2fJN9ECb7Nf0gA Mr.Microcuries]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|Radiochemistry<br />
|Focus rather on physics<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKUHD5BR342Vm2WYnIG1Ayg multipyrodude]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|Energetics<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCGZc07XK9Hw-1H03WMVFbKQ Myfanwy94]<br />
|Inactive<br />
|Energetics, general chemistry<br />
|Dead, suspected due to phosgene, see [[Myfanwy]], [[Kewls]] and [[Phosgene]]<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCcxh_k5VxnGcsidR3VOs3Ug MyLittleChemistryLab]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCUeAg0dV9Xhauf0VF-CqbVg myst32YT]<br />
|Inactive<br />
|General chemistry<br />
|Very useful tips for home chemistry, inactivity due to legal reasons (although no clear information is present)<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCzF7O-eYLypV-93vGwiUlDA Neptunium]<br />
|Active<br />
|Radiochemistry<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCPrZmc6zTtL32-AAP2zNUfg NI2]<br />
|Active<br />
|Organic<br />
|Focus on visuals, very high quality videos<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCFtc3XdXgLFwhlDajMGK69w NightHawkInLight]<br />
|Active<br />
|General science<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC1D3yD4wlPMico0dss264XA NileBlue]<br />
|Active<br />
|General chemistry<br />
|Second channel of NileRed<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCFhXFikryT4aFcLkLw2LBLA NileRed]<br />
|Active<br />
|General chemistry<br />
|Very big channel, high quality videos. [https://archive.org/details/youtube_UCFhXFikryT4aFcLkLw2LBLA Archive.org backup] of some old deleted videos.<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCZwo0H2U776XiNqokq98cwg NinjaChemist]<br />
|Inactive<br />
|Energetics<br />
|Focus on special effects, quit Youtube due to problems with guideline violations. [https://vimeo.com/user43619805 Vimeo channel], seemingly abandoned<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCIgKGGJkt1MrNmhq3vRibYA NurdRage]<br />
|Active<br />
|Organic, inorganic, general chemistry<br />
|Novel research and high quality videos<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCYZCXP9Jip9gmCXVYwe7kWQ Nux,s Channel]<br />
|Active<br />
|Organic, inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCs8IwvMe3_a_hqfcQGzU9mA Oliver's Complexes]<br />
|Active<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|Large focus on complexes<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ7RvfO-SGhjSjtqfHlp-lQ org active]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|Organic<br />
|Few videos<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCkCBVWF3QE1sMqqDA4_irwA OrganoLeptic]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|Organic<br />
|Few videos<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCGV98QEQM4McMNDTHykSiCg Ormarion]<br />
|Actice<br />
|Energetics<br />
|French<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC5LFQ4tgvf4bWRc2DY8EhXQ OwnChemics]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|German<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCJnvrbV-VXlPXQVv1tz2JTw ParadoxChem126]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|Organic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCH8SHSl9DZuKX5qmrUT0wnw Partial Science]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|General science<br />
|Few videos<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCtESv1e7ntJaLJYKIO1FoYw Periodic Videos]<br />
|Active<br />
|General chemistry <br />
|High quality informational videos with actual experts<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCkT27kZDEjJYvZVwapvbE5w Pat Wastie]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|Organic<br />
|Short videos with undescriptive titles <br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCH8ZTfvZcsKCGzZB1xhjMgg Piperliam]<br />
|Active<br />
|Inorganic, general chemistry<br />
|Does also math related to chemistry<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCwHTVw_UfXFLI30EgFFSQXw piranha031091]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|General chemistry<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKXc6fU1phJRhgV3Zuj0chg PoorMans Chemist]<br />
|Active<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCx6VGUQgduVajCN9OMkAGKA PR840]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|German<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCq9ACNa46lJ8lanmdOGyK2w Praktikum Anorganische Chemie]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|General chemistry<br />
|German<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCTlpZDUZ_4PoewFMOOCKqjQ PrettyChill Chemistry]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|General chemistry<br />
|Very visually appealing<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/user/propyropower Propyropower]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|Pyro<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCO5uF0Skldto6-pVHn0dZuw Puddin]<br />
|Active<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|Minerals and ores<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCSaA-ztM9mNI7yiQ07-nW2A PyroReloaded]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|Energetics<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCU_DtVifa_9V-a0_Ri9yZog Rador Labs]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|Inorganic, organic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCa8oI2Y7dCbjwsh_zE2fRkA Random Experiments - Experimente und Synthesen]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|General chemistry<br />
|German channel of Random Experiments Int. - Experiments and syntheses<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCCk-tkYf3ctaDcb4EzWVWvw Random Experiments Int. - Experiments and syntheses]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|General chemistry<br />
|English channel of Random Experiments - Experimente und Synthesen<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC3TicXdOWqy_Am3Tty_zMHg Random Science]<br />
|Active<br />
|General chemistry<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCjyFznt7jwgr2d5xstnZBUg reactionchamber]<br />
|Active<br />
|General chemistry<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC8rrF2JLkeUuiUUD0UkCtuA ReactionFactory]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|Inorganic, organic, energetics<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKJOzWUR8zM7E7JKaJ_bqWw Rhodanide]<br />
|Active<br />
|Inorganic, energetics<br />
|High quality videos, often exotic or unusual reactions<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCyf0s5zjfD0rLg6mAbNMtMQ rocket tests]<br />
|Active<br />
|Pyro<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UChyGHWDo4efhnBolSCK0fwg Rogers Nuclear]<br />
|Active<br />
|Radiochemistry<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCqM2r6tKBhcGqf2cxMXZYHw RUSCHIMIK Канал о химии]<br />
|Active<br />
|Organic<br />
|Russian<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCfY1gtbQvKi77Yqicn1eIpg ShadowOfChemistry]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|Few videos<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKw8yPCktJvvl50dvLX6u7g Shiva Chemist]<br />
|Active<br />
|Inorganic, organic<br />
|Focus on properties of chemicals, very informative<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCueOwimhlJi_dAjK-ctyn0A Si da sci guy inc]<br />
|Active<br />
|Pyro<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHlhdniQ9_h6l4H9Uu8kI9g SimplyChem]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|Inorganic, pyro<br />
|Also electronics<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCh9F1Lhfncp_CKYIUP36T7A soft det]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|Energetics<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCJYJgj7rzsn0vdR7fkgjuIA styropyro]<br />
|Active<br />
|General science<br />
|Laser and electronic focused<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAy6kLeaggNAORHFX9Qlr4g sum_lab]<br />
|Active<br />
|General chemistry<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/user/DRTDC90 TDC]<br />
|Active<br />
|Organic<br />
|Legality questionable<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/user/Animallover7296 Team Savittski]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|Few videos<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmdg81RGC1W_djN1tTRRlhA tetrazolelover]<br />
|Active<br />
|Energetics<br />
|Novel and exotic energetics<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCzq-mXlYSagXRrNfbKh6FLQ Texium]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|Inorganic, organic<br />
|Few videos<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCDNDTdiehAvQbFr7KPjVwqA tGhIeNrGmEiRte]<br />
|Active<br />
|Energetics<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCO9GMFAPis4oCML11JHQSJg The Canadian Chemist]<br />
|Active<br />
|Inorganic, organic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCdXFiJEdiuWDfffbMf0pWRA The Chemical Workshop]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|General chemistry<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCALN52giKKHJWZ_tCyBQ1Pw The Gayest Person on YouTube]<br />
|Active<br />
|Energetics, inorganic, organic<br />
|Known for exotic thermite series<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKA03pwhIrC9l7xP2rEb-VA The Plutonium Bunny]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|Energetics, general chemistry<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCV5vCi3jPJdURZwAOO_FNfQ The Thought Emporium]<br />
|Active<br />
|General science<br />
|High quality of production<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC06E4Y_-ybJgBUMtXx8uNNw TheBackyardScientist]<br />
|Active<br />
|General science<br />
|Not primarly chemistry focused<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCEREDdqsyuT8LkCbExUuohA theChaotiChemist]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|Energetics, inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/user/TheChemiKid TheChemiKid]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|Inorganic, energetics, organic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCOXmyB6hxo7CNMSh5oJ5nBA TheChemistryShack]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|General chemistry<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHdzE4-oN3671525xEuLWCg TheHomeScientist]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|Inorganic, general chemistry<br />
|Useful tips<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCklzwDrNsnb2qezZ_DmnKIQ TheMrbunGee]<br />
|Active<br />
|Energetics, inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/user/ThirstForScience ThirstForScience]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|General chemistry<br />
|Focus on showcasing<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC3j3w-oUtIAm_KI857ydvUA Thoisoi2 - Chemical Experiments!]<br />
|Active<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|Focused on elements and their properties<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCnyhcAKKjIlydJzMfCe8DTw Tom's Lab]<br />
|Active<br />
|Organic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/user/toothpick993 toothpick993]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|Inorganic, pyro<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCvgJCVda6kqA-Z-SFmdpNeA Torch Chem]<br />
|Active<br />
|Organic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC7VzhQg6tv-pATB1_11Od5w TrollFaceTheMan]<br />
|Active<br />
|Pyro<br />
|Known for chlorate tests, not primarely chemistry focused<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCpMLFzcROOo_sDDp5VR28xw UC235]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|Organic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCdcKj7b5LMQFpxzPZzxi0IA UChem]<br />
|Active<br />
|Organic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC1FcbeY8foipvuzTiz2ikrg user21XXL]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|Energetics<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCpqZIEnlnS6hD4cYLIhHXfw Unpaired Electron]<br />
|Active<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCiYm2ZZ9IhmQ7QPVFB3760Q videodemolitions]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|Energetics<br />
|Focus on the detonation or combustion of (exotic) energetic materials, very short videos<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/user/vvideoupl vvideoupl]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|Energetics<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCl9WNvfkMAi4GzQrUvLIg0A Welch Lab Chemistry]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|Organic<br />
|Few videos<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC0jqKvgvMOjezZuH3iKhxKw Wesson Smith Jr.]<br />
|Active<br />
|Energetics<br />
|[https://www.bitchute.com/channel/wessonsmithjr/ Wesson Smith Jr. on bitchute]<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/user/ExploreTheNanoworld Wisconsin Mrsec]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|General chemistry<br />
|Focus on theory and nano particles<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCH_oasqYW7ZOs4X8d0YPR5g WissensFreak]<br />
|Active<br />
|Inorganic, general chemistry<br />
|German<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCWifRwIuW9yzEZbkBU42NXg Xfactor Chem]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|Energetics<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCCpfw6k2d6u48LetYapNbMw xiaohang yu]<br />
|Active<br />
|Energetics<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/user/XxEdrickxX XxEdrickxX]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|Organic<br />
|Few videos, seemingly just a rip from NileRed<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/user/ytmachx ytmachx]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|Organic, inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCgEiAh91yLsKiesL5zCYW4A Ze Laboratorium]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|General chemistry, energetics<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCYJaO-pCALdjJZGBXBFgSkg zhmapper]<br />
|Unknown<br />
|General chemistry<br />
|Likely old channel of Dougs Lab<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC9_RMfYbnP9irRj2KkKMgVQ À fond les ballons]<br />
|Active<br />
|Organic, inorganic, general chemistry<br />
|French<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UChvmdt0X338C9bjpKcQ0i4w Химия и Химики Сhemistry-Сhemists]<br />
|Active<br />
|General chemistry, energetics<br />
|Interesting and concise videos<br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Lists]]</div>
CobaltChloride
https://www.sciencemadness.org/smwiki/index.php?title=Ruthenium&diff=11638
Ruthenium
2019-06-27T15:56:40Z
<p>CobaltChloride: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox element<br />
<!-- top --><br />
|image name=<br />
|image alt=<br />
|image size=<br />
|image name comment=<br />
|image name 2=<br />
|image alt 2=<br />
|image size 2=<br />
|image name 2 comment=<br />
<!-- General properties --><br />
|name=Ruthenium<br />
|symbol=Ru<br />
|pronounce=<br />
|pronounce ref=<br />
|pronounce comment=<br />
|pronounce 2=<br />
|alt name=<br />
|alt names=<br />
|allotropes=<br />
|appearance=Silvery white metal<br />
<!-- Periodic table --><br />
|above=[[Iron|Fe]]<br />
|below=[[Osmium|Os]]<br />
|left=[[Technertium]]<br />
|right=[[Rhodium]]<br />
|number=44<br />
|atomic mass=101.07(2)<br />
|atomic mass 2=<br />
|atomic mass ref=<br />
|atomic mass comment=<br />
|series=Transition metals<br>Platinum metal group<br />
|series ref=<br />
|series comment=<br />
|series color=<br />
|group=<br />
|group ref=<br />
|group comment=VIII<br />
|period=5<br />
|period ref=<br />
|period comment=<br />
|block=d<br />
|block ref=<br />
|block comment=<br />
|electron configuration=[Kr] 4d<sup>7</sup> 5s<sup>1</sup><br />
|electron configuration ref=<br />
|electron configuration comment=<br />
|electrons per shell=2, 8, 18, 15, 1<br />
|electrons per shell ref=<br />
|electrons per shell comment=<br />
<!-- Physical properties --><br />
|physical properties comment=<br />
|color=Silvery white<br />
|phase=Solid<br />
|phase ref=<br />
|phase comment=<br />
|melting point K=2607<br />
|melting point C=2334<br />
|melting point F=4233<br />
|melting point ref=<br />
|melting point comment=<br />
|boiling point K=4423<br />
|boiling point C=4150<br />
|boiling point F=7502<br />
|boiling point ref=<br />
|boiling point comment=<br />
|sublimation point K=<br />
|sublimation point C=<br />
|sublimation point F=<br />
|sublimation point ref=<br />
|sublimation point comment=<br />
|density gplstp=<br />
|density gplstp ref=<br />
|density gplstp comment=<br />
|density gpcm3nrt=12.45<br />
|density gpcm3nrt ref=<br />
|density gpcm3nrt comment=<br />
|density gpcm3nrt 2=<br />
|density gpcm3nrt 2 ref=<br />
|density gpcm3nrt 2 comment=<br />
|density gpcm3nrt 3=<br />
|density gpcm3nrt 3 ref=<br />
|density gpcm3nrt 3 comment=<br />
|density gpcm3mp=10.65<br />
|density gpcm3mp ref=<br />
|density gpcm3mp comment=<br />
|density gpcm3bp=<br />
|density gpcm3bp ref=<br />
|density gpcm3bp comment=<br />
|molar volume=<br />
|molar volume unit =<br />
|molar volume ref=<br />
|molar volume comment=<br />
|triple point K=<br />
|triple point kPa=<br />
|triple point ref=<br />
|triple point comment=<br />
|triple point K 2=<br />
|triple point kPa 2=<br />
|triple point 2 ref=<br />
|triple point 2 comment=<br />
|critical point K=<br />
|critical point MPa=<br />
|critical point ref=<br />
|critical point comment=<br />
|heat fusion=38.59<br />
|heat fusion ref=<br />
|heat fusion comment=<br />
|heat fusion 2=<br />
|heat fusion 2 ref=<br />
|heat fusion 2 comment=<br />
|heat vaporization=619<br />
|heat vaporization ref=<br />
|heat vaporization comment=<br />
|heat capacity=24.06<br />
|heat capacity ref=<br />
|heat capacity comment=<br />
|heat capacity 2=<br />
|heat capacity 2 ref=<br />
|heat capacity 2 comment=<br />
|vapor pressure 1=2588<br />
|vapor pressure 10=2811<br />
|vapor pressure 100=3087<br />
|vapor pressure 1 k=3424<br />
|vapor pressure 10 k=3845<br />
|vapor pressure 100 k=4388<br />
|vapor pressure ref=<br />
|vapor pressure comment=<br />
|vapor pressure 1 2=<br />
|vapor pressure 10 2=<br />
|vapor pressure 100 2=<br />
|vapor pressure 1 k 2=<br />
|vapor pressure 10 k 2=<br />
|vapor pressure 100 k 2=<br />
|vapor pressure 2 ref=<br />
|vapor pressure 2 comment=<br />
<!-- Atomic properties --><br />
|atomic properties comment=<br />
|oxidation states=-4, -2, 1, 2, '''3''', '''4''', 5, 6, 7, 8 <br />
|oxidation states ref=<br />
|oxidation states comment=(a mildly acidic oxide)<br />
|electronegativity=2.2<br />
|electronegativity ref=<br />
|electronegativity comment=<br />
|ionization energy 1=710.2<br />
|ionization energy 1 ref=<br />
|ionization energy 1 comment=<br />
|ionization energy 2=1620<br />
|ionization energy 2 ref=<br />
|ionization energy 2 comment=<br />
|ionization energy 3=2747<br />
|ionization energy 3 ref=<br />
|ionization energy 3 comment=<br />
|number of ionization energies=<br />
|ionization energy ref=<br />
|ionization energy comment=<br />
|atomic radius=134<br />
|atomic radius ref=<br />
|atomic radius comment=<br />
|atomic radius calculated=<br />
|atomic radius calculated ref=<br />
|atomic radius calculated comment=<br />
|covalent radius=146±7<br />
|covalent radius ref=<br />
|covalent radius comment=<br />
|Van der Waals radius=<br />
|Van der Waals radius ref=<br />
|Van der Waals radius comment=<br />
<!-- Miscellanea --><br />
|crystal structure=<br />
|crystal structure prefix=<br />
|crystal structure ref=<br />
|crystal structure comment=hexagonal close-packed (hcp)<br />
|crystal structure 2=<br />
|crystal structure 2 prefix=<br />
|crystal structure 2 ref=<br />
|crystal structure 2 comment=<br />
|speed of sound=<br />
|speed of sound ref=<br />
|speed of sound comment=<br />
|speed of sound rod at 20=5970<br />
|speed of sound rod at 20 ref=<br />
|speed of sound rod at 20 comment=<br />
|speed of sound rod at r.t.=<br />
|speed of sound rod at r.t. ref=<br />
|speed of sound rod at r.t. comment=<br />
|thermal expansion=<br />
|thermal expansion ref=<br />
|thermal expansion comment=<br />
|thermal expansion at 25=6.4<br />
|thermal expansion at 25 ref=<br />
|thermal expansion at 25 comment=<br />
|thermal conductivity=117<br />
|thermal conductivity ref=<br />
|thermal conductivity comment=<br />
|thermal conductivity 2=<br />
|thermal conductivity 2 ref=<br />
|thermal conductivity 2 comment=<br />
|thermal diffusivity=<br />
|thermal diffusivity ref=<br />
|thermal diffusivity comment=<br />
|electrical resistivity=<br />
|electrical resistivity unit prefix=<br />
|electrical resistivity ref=<br />
|electrical resistivity comment=<br />
|electrical resistivity at 0=71<br />
|electrical resistivity at 0 ref=<br />
|electrical resistivity at 0 comment=<br />
|electrical resistivity at 20=<br />
|electrical resistivity at 20 ref=<br />
|electrical resistivity at 20 comment=<br />
|band gap=<br />
|band gap ref=<br />
|band gap comment=<br />
|Curie point K=<br />
|Curie point ref=<br />
|Curie point comment=<br />
|magnetic ordering=Paramagnetic<br />
|magnetic ordering ref=<br />
|magnetic ordering comment=<br />
|tensile strength=<br />
|tensile strength ref=<br />
|tensile strength comment=<br />
|Young's modulus=447<br />
|Young's modulus ref=<br />
|Young's modulus comment=<br />
|Shear modulus=173<br />
|Shear modulus ref=<br />
|Shear modulus comment=<br />
|Bulk modulus=220<br />
|Bulk modulus ref=<br />
|Bulk modulus comment=<br />
|Poisson ratio=0.30<br />
|Poisson ratio ref=<br />
|Poisson ratio comment=<br />
|Mohs hardness=6.5<br />
|Mohs hardness ref=<br />
|Mohs hardness comment=<br />
|Mohs hardness 2=<br />
|Mohs hardness 2 ref=<br />
|Mohs hardness 2 comment=<br />
|Vickers hardness=<br />
|Vickers hardness ref=<br />
|Vickers hardness comment=<br />
|Brinell hardness=2160<br />
|Brinell hardness ref=<br />
|Brinell hardness comment=<br />
|CAS number=7440-18-8<br />
|CAS number ref=<br />
|CAS number comment=<br />
<!-- History --><br />
|naming=after Ruthenia (Latin for: medieval Kyivska Rus' region)<br />
|predicted by=<br />
|prediction date ref=<br />
|prediction date=<br />
|discovered by=<br />
|discovery date ref=<br />
|discovery date=<br />
|first isolation by=<br />
|first isolation date ref=<br />
|first isolation date=<br />
|discovery and first isolation by=Karl Ernst Claus (1844)<br />
|named by=<br />
|named date ref=<br />
|named date=<br />
|history comment label=<br />
|history comment=<br />
<!-- Isotopes --><br />
|isotopes=<br />
|isotopes comment=<br />
|engvar=<br />
}}<br />
'''Ruthenium''' is a chemical element, a rare silvery-white transition metal, with the chemical symbol '''Ru''' and atomic number 44. It is a member of the so called "platinum group metals".<br />
<br />
==Properties==<br />
===Chemical===<br />
Ruthenium is highly resistant to corrosion. It is unaffected by mineral acids, even when hot. Aqua regia does not corrode ruthenium. However, as NurdRage noted in his [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H7Ng4sOVkns ruthenium video], bleach (aka [[sodium hypochlorite]] solution) will slowly corrode it. Ruthenium is also attacked by fused alkali. [[Sodium peroxide]] also corrodes ruthenium, and this method is used in the extraction of the metal.<br />
<br />
===Physical===<br />
Ruthenium is a hard silvery-white platinum group metal. Ruthenium has a high melting point of 2334 °C and a boiling point of 4150 °C. It is quite dense, with a density at standard conditions of 12.45 g/cm<sup>3</sup>.<br />
<br />
==Availability==<br />
Ruthenium is sold by various chemical suppliers and metal companies. It can also be found on eBay.<br />
<br />
Ruthenium can also be extracted from car catalytic converters.<br />
<br />
==Isolation==<br />
Ruthenium is best acquired as pure metal. It's not economical to extract the metal from its compounds or alloys.<br />
<br />
==Projects==<br />
*Make electrodes<br />
*Catalysts<br />
*Organoruthenium compounds<br />
<br />
==Handling==<br />
===Safety===<br />
Ruthenium is non-toxic and does not cause any allergies on dermal contact. Ruthenium compounds however, are quite toxic and should be handled with care.<br />
<br />
===Storage===<br />
Ruthenium does not require special storage, and can be stored in any container, bottle, etc.<br />
<br />
===Disposal===<br />
Due to ruthenium's rarity and high price it's best to recycle it, instead of throwing it away.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
===Relevant Sciencemadness threads===<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=18770 Melting Ruthenium]<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=5417 Really colorful oxidation states of ruthenium]<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=5107 What is "Black Ruthenium" plating?]<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=9550 Ru dissolved in HF, NaOH, concentrated HCl?]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Elements]]<br />
[[Category:Metals]]<br />
[[Category:Transition metals]]<br />
[[Category:Platinum group]]<br />
[[Category:Precious metals]]<br />
[[Category:D-block]]<br />
[[Category:Noble metals]]<br />
[[Category:Inert chemicals]]</div>
CobaltChloride
https://www.sciencemadness.org/smwiki/index.php?title=Potassium_carbonate&diff=11637
Potassium carbonate
2019-06-26T23:08:53Z
<p>CobaltChloride: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Chembox<br />
| Name = Potassium carbonate<br />
| Reference = <br />
| IUPACName = Potassium carbonate<br />
| PIN = <br />
| SystematicName = <br />
| OtherNames = Carbonate of potash<br>Dipotassium carbonate<br>Pearl ash<br>Potash<br>Salt of tartar<br>Salt of wormwood<br>Sub-carbonate of potash<br />
<!-- Images --><br />
| ImageFile = Potassium_carbonate.jpg<br />
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<!-- Sections --><br />
| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers<br />
| 3DMet = <br />
| Abbreviations = <br />
| SMILES = <br />
}}<br />
| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties<br />
| AtmosphericOHRateConstant = <br />
| Appearance = White hygroscopic solid<br />
| BoilingPt = <br />
| BoilingPtC = <br />
| BoilingPt_ref = <br />
| BoilingPt_notes = Decomposes<br />
| Density = 2.43 g/cm<sup>3</sup><br />
| Formula = K<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub><br />
| HenryConstant = <br />
| LogP = <br />
| MolarMass = 138.205 g/mol<br />
| MeltingPt = <br />
| MeltingPtC = 891<br />
| MeltingPt_ref = <br />
| MeltingPt_notes = <br />
| Odor = Odorless<br />
| pKa = <br />
| pKb = <br />
| Solubility = 105.5 g/100 ml (0 °C)<br>108 g/100 ml (10 °C)<br>112 g/100 ml (20 °C)<br>114 g/100 ml (30 °C)<br>156 g/100 ml (100 °C)<br />
| SolubleOther = Reacts with acids<br>Insoluble in [[acetone]], [[ethanol]], hydrocarbons<br />
| Solubility1 = 3.11 g/100 ml (25 °C)<br />
| Solvent1 = methanol<br />
| VaporPressure = ~0 mmHg<br />
}}<br />
| Section3 = {{Chembox Structure<br />
| Coordination = <br />
| CrystalStruct = <br />
| MolShape = <br />
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| Section4 = {{Chembox Thermochemistry<br />
| DeltaGf = <br />
| DeltaHc = <br />
| DeltaHf = <br />
| Entropy = <br />
| HeatCapacity = <br />
}}<br />
| Section5 = {{Chembox Explosive<br />
| ShockSens = <br />
| FrictionSens = <br />
| DetonationV = <br />
| REFactor = <br />
}}<br />
| Section6 = {{Chembox Hazards<br />
| AutoignitionPt = Non-flammable<br />
| ExploLimits = <br />
| ExternalMSDS = [https://www.docdroid.net/AJxrMe0/potassium-carbonate-sa.pdf.html Sigma-Aldrich]<br />
| FlashPt = Non-flammable<br />
| LD50 = 1,870 mg/kg (rat, oral)<br />
| LC50 = <br />
| MainHazards = Irritant<br />
| NFPA-F = <br />
| NFPA-H = <br />
| NFPA-R = <br />
| NFPA-S = <br />
}}<br />
| Section7 = {{Chembox Related<br />
| OtherAnions = <br />
| OtherCations = <br />
| OtherFunction = <br />
| OtherFunction_label = <br />
| OtherCompounds = [[Potassium bicarbonate]]<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
'''Potassium carbonate''', sometimes referred to in historical literature as '''potash''', is an inorganic compound with chemical formula '''K<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>'''. It is a basic and somewhat hygroscopic crystalline solid, readily forming a solution that feels slippery to the touch.<br />
<br />
==Properties==<br />
===Chemical===<br />
Potassium carbonate reacts with acids to release carbon dioxide.<br />
<br />
: K<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> + HCl → KCl + H<sub>2</sub>O + CO<sub>2</sub><br />
<br />
===Physical===<br />
Potassium carbonate is a white deliquescent solid. It is soluble in water, but not ethanol. K<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> decomposes at 891°C.<br />
<br />
==Availability==<br />
Potassium carbonate can be purchased online cheaply.<br />
<br />
==Preparation==<br />
Historically, potassium carbonate was obtained through the leaching of wood ash, producing a yellowish powder referred to as lye, which consisted of varying portions of potassium and [[sodium carbonate]]s and a variety of other impurities. This mixture, while unsuitable for analytical chemistry, can still find some applications today, such as in food preparation (such as in traditional Japanese ramen) and soap-making. Sodium carbonate can be removed, however, by concentrating a solution of the wood lye and cooling it to near freezing. Sodium carbonate is much less soluble than potassium carbonate, and will easily crystallize out. Some of the other impurities precipitate from the evaporating solution even earlier, as brown goop that can be filtered out.<br />
<br />
The ash of banana peels are a good source of potassium carbonate, and it's relative easy to obtain a relative pure compound, though you will need a very large amount of banana peels, as a significant percentage of their mass is water.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NHDfGlJiFLI</ref><ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A4EOw6AWzwU</ref><br />
<br />
A more modern method of preparing potassium carbonate, but still a crude one, is by burning a mixture of finely ground [[potassium nitrate]] and [[carbon]] (or potassium nitrate and [[sucrose|sugar]]), usually in the form of coke or charcoal. To ensure that all potassium nitrate reacts, an excess of carbon should be used, and the two reactants mixed very well. This reaction produces large, bright magenta or fuchsia flames and thick white smoke, and should only be performed outside. The end product of this reaction can be leached with water, crystallized by evaporation or boiling, and washed in hot [[acetone]]. Care must be taken when working with the reaction product as it may contain [[potassium cyanide]].<br />
<br />
==Projects==<br />
Potassium carbonate is useful for the production of potassium salts in the lab, and can serve as a substitute for [[potassium hydroxide]] for many applications. One unique application for potassium carbonate is the salting-out of [[ethanol]] or [[methanol]]. When added in the correct proportion to a solution of ethanol and water and dissolved, potassium carbonate causes the solution to separate into two phases, one of which is nearly pure ethanol. This principle may also be useful in distillations to break the naturally occurring [[azeotrope]] of ethanol and water.<br />
<br />
==Handling==<br />
===Safety===<br />
Potassium carbonate has low toxicity, and may be used as antacid. However, being hygroscopic, it may cause skin irritation.<br />
<br />
===Storage===<br />
Potassium carbonate should be stored in closed bottles.<br />
<br />
===Disposal===<br />
As it is non-toxic, it can be safely dumped in the ground.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
===Relevant Sciencemadness threads===<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=61177 Potassium carbonate synthesis]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Chemical compounds]]<br />
[[Category:Inorganic compounds]]<br />
[[Category:Potassium compounds]]<br />
[[Category:Carbonates]]<br />
[[Category:Bases]]<br />
[[Category:Hygroscopic compounds]]</div>
CobaltChloride
https://www.sciencemadness.org/smwiki/index.php?title=File:Potassium_carbonate.jpg&diff=11636
File:Potassium carbonate.jpg
2019-06-26T23:08:27Z
<p>CobaltChloride: Potassium carbonate prills</p>
<hr />
<div>Potassium carbonate prills</div>
CobaltChloride
https://www.sciencemadness.org/smwiki/index.php?title=Butane&diff=11635
Butane
2019-06-26T23:07:15Z
<p>CobaltChloride: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Chembox<br />
| Name = Butane<br />
| Reference =<br />
| IUPACName = Butane<br />
| PIN =<br />
| SystematicName =<br />
| OtherNames = Butyl hydride<br>Methylethylmethane<br>Quartane<br />
<!-- Images --><br />
| ImageFile = Butane.jpg<br />
| ImageSize = <br />
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| ImageName = Liquid butane<br />
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| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers<br />
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| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties<br />
| AtmosphericOHRateConstant = <br />
| Appearance = Colorless gas<br />
| BoilingPt = <br />
| BoilingPtC = -138.3<br />
| BoilingPt_ref = <br />
| BoilingPt_notes = <br />
| Density = 2.48 g/cm<sup>3</sup> (at 15 °C)<br />
| Formula = C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>10</sub><br />
| HenryConstant = 11 nmol·Pa<sup>−1</sup>·kg<sup>−1</sup><br />
| LogP = 2.745<br />
| MolarMass = 58.12 g/mol<br />
| MeltingPt = <br />
| MeltingPtC = -0.5<br />
| MeltingPt_ref = <br />
| MeltingPt_notes = <br />
| Odor = Gas-like<br />
| pKa = <br />
| pKb = <br />
| Solubility = 0.61 g/100 ml (at 20 °C)<br />
| SolubleOther = Soluble in [[chloroform]], [[diethyl ether]], [[ethanol]], [[Tetrahydrofuran|THF]]<br />
| Solvent = <br />
| VaporPressure = ~170 kPa at 10 °C<br />
}}<br />
| Section3 = {{Chembox Structure<br />
| Coordination = <br />
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}}<br />
| Section4 = {{Chembox Thermochemistry<br />
| DeltaGf = <br />
| DeltaHc = −2,878.1 – −2,876.9 kJ/mol<br />
| DeltaHf = −126.3 – −124.9 kJ/mol<br />
| Entropy = <br />
| HeatCapacity = 98.49 J·K<sup>−1</sup>·mol<sup>−1</sup><br />
}}<br />
| Section5 = {{Chembox Explosive<br />
| ShockSens = <br />
| FrictionSens = <br />
| DetonationV = <br />
| REFactor = <br />
}}<br />
| Section6 = {{Chembox Hazards<br />
| AutoignitionPt = 288 °C (550 °F; 561 K)<br />
| ExploLimits = 1.8–8.4%<br />
| ExternalMSDS = [https://www.docdroid.net/Zkv9rVY/butane-sa.pdf.html Sigma-Aldrich]<br />
| FlashPt = −60 °C (−76 °F; 213 K)<br />
| LD50 = <br />
| LC50 = <br />
| MainHazards = Flammable<br />
| NFPA-F = <br />
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| OtherCompounds = [[Propane]]<br>[[Pentane]]<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
'''Butane''' is an organic compound, with the chemical formula '''C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>10</sub>'''. It consists of two structural isomers, '''n-butane''' and '''isobutane''', also known as '''methylpropane'''.<br />
<br />
==Properties==<br />
===Chemical===<br />
Both butane isomers react with halogens to yield halobutanes in the presence of light. [[Iodine]] however does not react with butane, instead it dissolves in it.<br />
<br />
Butane burns in air to produce carbon dioxide and water vapor.<br />
<br />
: C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>10</sub> + 13/2 O<sub>2</sub> → 4 CO<sub>2</sub> + 5 H<sub>2</sub>O<br />
<br />
===Physical===<br />
Butane is a gas at standard conditions, easily compressible. Butane consists of two isomers:<br />
*'''''n''-Butane''': A colorless gas at standard conditions, n-butane melts at −138 °C and boils at -0.5°C. Its density is 0.579 g/mL at 20 °C. The flash point of n-butane is 45 °C.<br />
<br />
*'''Isobutane''': Just like the n isomer, isobutane is a colorless gas. It melts at −160 °C and boils at −12 °C.<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Xylene]] appears to be miscible with butane.<br />
<br />
==Availability==<br />
Camping fire stove tanks contain a mixture of isobutane with propane, usually in a 80:20 ratio.<br />
<br />
If pure butane is desired, you can buy it from gas companies, if they're willing to sell it to individuals.<br />
<br />
==Preparation==<br />
N-butane can be prepared by decarboxylating valeric acid derivates.<br />
<br />
==Projects==<br />
*Butyl alcohols<br />
*Halobutanes<br />
*[[Maleic anhydride]] synthesis<br />
<br />
==Handling==<br />
===Safety===<br />
Butane has low toxicity, but in high concentration can cause asphyxiation.<br />
<br />
===Storage===<br />
Butane tanks should be stored in cold places.<br />
<br />
===Disposal===<br />
Butane is flammable.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
===Relevant Sciencemadness threads===<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=4310 Butane infos. required]<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=23730 Iodine + liquid butane??]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Chemical compounds]]<br />
[[Category:Organic compounds]]<br />
[[Category:Hydrocarbons]]<br />
[[Category:Alkanes]]<br />
[[Category:Gases]]<br />
[[Category:Solvents]]<br />
[[Category:Nonpolar solvents]]<br />
[[Category:Readily available chemicals]]</div>
CobaltChloride
https://www.sciencemadness.org/smwiki/index.php?title=File:Butane.jpg&diff=11634
File:Butane.jpg
2019-06-26T23:06:44Z
<p>CobaltChloride: Liquified butane</p>
<hr />
<div>Liquified butane</div>
CobaltChloride
https://www.sciencemadness.org/smwiki/index.php?title=Dimethyl_sulfoxide&diff=11633
Dimethyl sulfoxide
2019-06-26T23:04:33Z
<p>CobaltChloride: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Chembox<br />
| Name = Dimethyl sulfoxide<br />
| Reference = <br />
| IUPACName = Dimethyl sulfoxide<br />
| PIN = <br />
| SystematicName = <br />
| OtherNames = Dimethyl(oxido)sulfur<br>DMSO<br>Methanesulfinylmethane<br>Methyl sulfoxide<br>Methylsulfinylmethane<br />
<!-- Images --><br />
| ImageFile = Dimethylsulfoxide.jpg<br />
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<!-- Sections --><br />
| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers<br />
| 3DMet = <br />
| Abbreviations = <br />
| SMILES = <br />
}}<br />
| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties<br />
| AtmosphericOHRateConstant = <br />
| Appearance = Colorless liquid<br />
| BoilingPt = <br />
| BoilingPtC = 189<br />
| BoilingPt_ref = <br />
| BoilingPt_notes = <br />
| Density = 1.1004 g/cm<sup>3</sup> (20 °C)<br>1.0956 g/cm<sup>3</sup> (25 °C)<br>1.0908 g/cm<sup>3</sup> (30 °C)<br>1.0861 g/cm<sup>3</sup> (35 °C)<br>1.0806 g/cm<sup>3</sup> (40 °C)<br>1.0753 g/cm<sup>3</sup> (45 °C)<br>1.0704 g/cm<sup>3</sup> (50 °C)<br>1.0604 g/cm<sup>3</sup> (60 °C)<br />
| Formula = (CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>SO<br />
| HenryConstant = <br />
| LogP = -1.35<br />
| MolarMass = 78.13 g/mol<br />
| MeltingPt = <br />
| MeltingPtC = 19<br />
| MeltingPt_ref = <br />
| MeltingPt_notes = <br />
| Odor = Odorless (pure)<br>Foul (technical-grade)<br />
| pKa = 35<br />
| pKb = <br />
| Solubility = Miscible<br />
| SolubleOther = Miscible with [[alcohol]]s, [[carboxylic acid]]s, [[ester]]s<br>Soluble in [[diethyl ether]]<br>Immiscible with alkanes<br />
| Solvent = <br />
| VaporPressure = 0.42 mmHg at 20 °C<br />
}}<br />
| Section3 = {{Chembox Structure<br />
| Coordination = <br />
| CrystalStruct = <br />
| MolShape = Trigonal pyramidal<br />
}}<br />
| Section4 = {{Chembox Thermochemistry<br />
| DeltaGf = <br />
| DeltaHc = <br />
| DeltaHf = <br />
| Entropy = <br />
| HeatCapacity = 149 J·mol<sup>-1</sup>·K<sup>-1</sup><br />
}}<br />
| Section5 = {{Chembox Explosive<br />
| ShockSens = <br />
| FrictionSens = <br />
| DetonationV = <br />
| REFactor = <br />
}}<br />
| Section6 = {{Chembox Hazards<br />
| AutoignitionPt = 215 °C (419 °F; 488 K)<br />
| ExploLimits = <br />
| ExternalMSDS = [https://www.docdroid.net/4Zjg1hT/dimethyl-sulfoxide-sa.pdf.html Sigma-Aldrich]<br />
| FlashPt = 89 °C (192 °F; 362 K)<br />
| LD50 = <br />
| LC50 = <br />
| MainHazards = Harmful<br />
| NFPA-F = <br />
| NFPA-H = <br />
| NFPA-R = <br />
| NFPA-S = <br />
}}<br />
| Section7 = {{Chembox Related<br />
| OtherAnions = <br />
| OtherCations = <br />
| OtherFunction = <br />
| OtherFunction_label = <br />
| OtherCompounds = [[Acetone]]<br>[[Methylsulfonylmethane]]<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
'''Dimethyl sulfoxide''' (or '''DMSO''') is an organosulfur compound with the formula '''(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>SO'''. This colorless liquid is an important polar aprotic solvent that dissolves both polar and nonpolar compounds and is miscible in a wide range of organic solvents as well as water.<br />
<br />
==Properties==<br />
===Chemical===<br />
DMSO will oxidize a primary halide to form an aldehyde, process known as Kornblum oxidation.<br />
<br />
Gentle oxidation of DMSO gives dimethyl sulfone (methylsulfonylmethane).<br />
<br />
DMSO does not react with many aggressive compounds, such as [[sodium hydroxide]] or [[sodium cyanide]], even under a 24 hour reflux. Strong acids, like conc. [[sulfuric acid]] and [[hydrochloric acid]]s do not cause appreciable degradation, even at 100 °C, however, [[phosphoric acid]] will decompose DMSO at the same temperature much faster than the latter two acids.<ref>http://chemistry-chemists.com/N3_2011/U/DMSO-technical_bulletin.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
DMSO will form trimethylsulfoxonium iodide with [[methyl iodide]]:<br />
:(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>SO + CH<sub>3</sub>I → [(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub>SO]I<br />
<br />
===Physical===<br />
DMSO is a clear, colorless, odorless liquid at standard conditions. It is miscible with a variety of liquids, such as water, alcohol, diethyl ether. As a polar aprotic solvent, DMSO can dissolve a surprising variety of organic and inorganic compounds.<ref>http://www.gaylordchemical.com/uploads/images/pdfs/literature/102B_english.pdf</ref> However, due to it's high freezing point, DMSO is not suitable for recrystallizations.<br />
<br />
==Availability==<br />
DMSO is available at chemical suppliers. It is also commonly available at pet stores for cleaning dogs ears. In some countries, such as the Russian Federation, DMSO is sold in drugstores (it is useful for making poultices).<br />
<br />
==Preparation==<br />
DMSO can be prepared by oxidizing [[dimethyl sulfide]] with an oxidizer, like [[oxygen]], [[hydrogen peroxide]] or [[nitrogen dioxide]]. Dimethyl sulfide can be prepared via various routes, one simple route involves stirring a solution of [[methyl iodide]] in [[methanol]], and an aqueous solution of [[sodium sulfide]] is added. The reaction is sufficiently exothermic that no heating is required. The crude dimethyl sulfide is purified via fractional distillation. Since the product is very volatile, the yield of this process is usually around 50%.<ref>[http://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01856a021 Tarbell, Weaver; Journal of the American Chemical Society; vol. 63; (1941); p. 2939,2942]</ref><br />
<br />
The procedure is not easy to do, as concentrated dimethyl sulfide is very toxic and has an absolutely unbearable odor. The crude DMSO obtained will be heavily contaminated with dimethyl sulfide and DMSO2, and you will have to purify it via vacuum distillation. Atmospheric distillation of DMSO is not possible, as the compound will decomposes before its boiling point, sometimes very violently.<br />
<br />
DO NOT WORK WITH ORGANIC SULFIDES IN POPULATED AREAS!<br />
<br />
==Projects==<br />
*Organic extractions<br />
*Chemoluminescence of the Luminol-NaOH-DMSO System<br />
<br />
==Handling==<br />
===Safety===<br />
DMSO penetrates the skin very readily and has the unusual property that many individuals perceive a garlic-like taste in the mouth after contact of DMSO with the skin. DMSO isn't very toxic, but it can act as a pathway to allow any toxic substances dissolved in it straight into the blood stream.<br />
<br />
Because DMSO easily penetrates the skin, substances dissolved in DMSO may be quickly absorbed. Glove selection is important when working with DMSO. Butyl rubber, fluoroelastomer, neoprene, or thick (15 mil) latex gloves are recommended. Nitrile gloves, which are very commonly used in chemical laboratories, may protect from brief contact but have been found to degrade rapidly with exposure to DMSO.<br />
<br />
===Storage===<br />
DMSO should be stored in closed bottles, to prevent outside contamination. As it has a high boiling point, very little solvent evaporates over time. However, due to it's high melting point (19°C), DMSO will freeze if kept in a cold place. DMSO will slowly absorb water from air, so if you want to keep it dry, it's best to keep it in sealed containers/bottles, with fresh molecular sieves.<br />
<br />
===Disposal===<br />
DMSO wastes should be mixed with another organic solvent and burned in an incinerator equipped with an afterburner and a scrubber.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
===Relevant Sciencemadness threads===<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=3765 DMSO: Some Uses]<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=23271 Chemoluminescence of the Luminol-NaOH-DMSO System]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Chemical compounds]]<br />
[[Category:Organic compounds]]<br />
[[Category:Solvents]]<br />
[[Category:Polar solvents]]<br />
[[Category:Aprotic solvents]]<br />
[[Category:Sulfoxides]]<br />
[[Category:Sulfur compounds]]<br />
[[Category:Liquids]]</div>
CobaltChloride
https://www.sciencemadness.org/smwiki/index.php?title=File:Dimethylsulfoxide.jpg&diff=11632
File:Dimethylsulfoxide.jpg
2019-06-26T23:04:05Z
<p>CobaltChloride: Dimethyl sulfoxide</p>
<hr />
<div>Dimethyl sulfoxide</div>
CobaltChloride
https://www.sciencemadness.org/smwiki/index.php?title=Camphor&diff=11631
Camphor
2019-06-26T23:03:20Z
<p>CobaltChloride: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Chembox<br />
| Name = Camphor<br />
| Reference =<br />
| IUPACName = 1,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-one<br />
| PIN =<br />
| SystematicName =<br />
| OtherNames = 2-Bornanone<br>Bornan-2-one<br>2-Camphanone<br>Formosa<br />
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<!-- Sections --><br />
| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers<br />
| 3DMet = <br />
| Abbreviations = <br />
| SMILES = <br />
}}<br />
| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties<br />
| AtmosphericOHRateConstant = <br />
| Appearance = White solid<br />
| BoilingPt = <br />
| BoilingPtC = 209<br />
| BoilingPt_ref = <br />
| BoilingPt_notes = <br />
| Density = 0.992 g/cm<sup>3</sup><br />
| Formula = C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>16</sub>O<br />
| HenryConstant = <br />
| LogP = <br />
| MolarMass = 152.237 g/mol<br />
| MeltingPt = <br />
| MeltingPtC = 175–177<br />
| MeltingPt_ref = <br />
| MeltingPt_notes = <br />
| Odor = Fragrant and penetrating<br />
| pKa = <br />
| pKb = <br />
| Solubility = 0.12 g/100 ml<br />
| SolubleOther = Soluble in [[benzene]], [[carbon disulfide]], [[chloroform]], [[diethyl ether]], [[ethanol]]<br />
| Solvent = <br />
| VaporPressure = 4 mmHg (at 70 °C) <br />
}}<br />
| Section3 = {{Chembox Structure<br />
| Coordination = <br />
| CrystalStruct = <br />
| MolShape = <br />
}}<br />
| Section4 = {{Chembox Thermochemistry<br />
| DeltaGf = <br />
| DeltaHc = <br />
| DeltaHf = <br />
| Entropy = <br />
| HeatCapacity = <br />
}}<br />
| Section5 = {{Chembox Explosive<br />
| ShockSens = <br />
| FrictionSens = <br />
| DetonationV = <br />
| REFactor = <br />
}}<br />
| Section6 = {{Chembox Hazards<br />
| AutoignitionPt = 466 °C (871 °F; 739 K)<br />
| ExploLimits = 0.6–3.5%<br />
| ExternalMSDS = [https://www.docdroid.net/C39KxHh/camphor-sa.pdf Sigma-Aldrich (racemic)]<br />
| FlashPt = 54 °C (129 °F; 327 K)<br />
| LD50 = 1310 mg/kg (oral, mouse)<br />
| LC50 = <br />
| MainHazards = Irritant<br />
| NFPA-F = <br />
| NFPA-H = <br />
| NFPA-R = <br />
| NFPA-S = <br />
}}<br />
| Section7 = {{Chembox Related<br />
| OtherAnions = <br />
| OtherCations = <br />
| OtherFunction = <br />
| OtherFunction_label = <br />
| OtherCompounds = [[Borneol]]<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
'''Camphor''' is an organic compound, a terpenoid, a waxy, flammable, transparent solid with a strong aroma.<br />
<br />
The molecule has two possible enantiomers as shown in the structural diagrams. The structure on the left is the naturally occurring (R)-form, while its mirror image shown on the right is the (S)-form.<br />
<br />
==Properties==<br />
===Chemical===<br />
Camphor can be oxidized with concentrated [[nitric acid]].<br />
<br />
===Physical===<br />
Camphor is a waxy, transparent solid with a strong aroma. It is almost insoluble in water.<br />
<br />
==Availability==<br />
Camphor can be bought from lab suppliers.<br />
<br />
==Preparation==<br />
Camphor is best bought than made.<br />
<br />
==Projects==<br />
*Make borneol<br />
<br />
==Handling==<br />
===Safety===<br />
May be irritant.<br />
<br />
===Storage===<br />
In closed bottles.<br />
<br />
===Disposal===<br />
No special disposal is required.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
===Relevant Sciencemadness threads===<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=13675 Camphor: Any interesting experiment?]<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=110282 Camphor reduction to borneol/isoborneol]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Chemical compounds]]<br />
[[Category:Organic compounds]]<br />
[[Category:Ketones]]<br />
[[Category:Biologically-derived compounds]]<br />
[[Category:Terpenes]]<br />
[[Category:Fragrant compounds]]</div>
CobaltChloride
https://www.sciencemadness.org/smwiki/index.php?title=File:Camphor.jpg&diff=11630
File:Camphor.jpg
2019-06-26T23:02:54Z
<p>CobaltChloride: Camphor crystals</p>
<hr />
<div>Camphor crystals</div>
CobaltChloride
https://www.sciencemadness.org/smwiki/index.php?title=Acetyl_chloride&diff=11629
Acetyl chloride
2019-06-26T23:02:24Z
<p>CobaltChloride: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Chembox<br />
| Name = Acetyl chloride<br />
| Reference =<br />
| IUPACName = Acetyl chloride<br />
| PIN = Acetyl chloride<br />
| SystematicName = Ethanoyl chloride<br />
| OtherNames = Acetic acid chloride<br>Acetic chloride<br />
<!-- Images --><br />
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<!-- Sections --><br />
| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers<br />
| 3DMet = <br />
| Abbreviations = <br />
| SMILES = <br />
}}<br />
| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties<br />
| AtmosphericOHRateConstant = <br />
| Appearance = Colorless fuming liquid<br />
| BoilingPt = <br />
| BoilingPtC = 52<br />
| BoilingPt_ref = <br />
| BoilingPt_notes = <br />
| Density = 1.104 g/cm<sup>3</sup><br />
| Formula = CH<sub>3</sub>COCl<br />
| HenryConstant = <br />
| LogP = <br />
| MolarMass = 78.49 g/mol<br />
| MeltingPt = <br />
| MeltingPtC = -112<br />
| MeltingPt_ref = <br />
| MeltingPt_notes = <br />
| Odor = Pungent sharp<br />
| pKa = <br />
| pKb = <br />
| Solubility = Reacts<br />
| SolubleOther = Reacts with alcohols, aldehydes, amines<br>Miscible with glacial [[acetic acid]], [[acetone]], [[benzene]], [[chloroform]], [[diethyl ether]], [[petroleum ether]]<br />
| Solvent = <br />
| VaporPressure = 287 mm Hg (25 °C)<br />
}}<br />
| Section3 = {{Chembox Structure<br />
| Coordination = <br />
| CrystalStruct = <br />
| MolShape = <br />
}}<br />
| Section4 = {{Chembox Thermochemistry<br />
| DeltaGf = <br />
| DeltaHc = 1,013.206 kJ/mol<ref>I.G. Farbenind.; Landolt-Boernstein E II 1651</ref><br />
| DeltaHf = <br />
| Entropy = <br />
| HeatCapacity = <br />
}}<br />
| Section5 = {{Chembox Explosive<br />
| ShockSens = <br />
| FrictionSens = <br />
| DetonationV = <br />
| REFactor = <br />
}}<br />
| Section6 = {{Chembox Hazards<br />
| AutoignitionPt = 390 °C<br />
| ExploLimits = 7.3–19%<br />
| ExternalMSDS = [https://www.docdroid.net/wnkXS2W/acetyl-chloride.pdf.html Sigma-Aldrich]<br />
| FlashPt = 4 °C<br />
| LD50 = <br />
| LC50 = <br />
| MainHazards = Corrosive<br />
| NFPA-F = <br />
| NFPA-H = <br />
| NFPA-R = <br />
| NFPA-S = <br />
}}<br />
| Section7 = {{Chembox Related<br />
| OtherAnions = <br />
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| OtherFunction = <br />
| OtherFunction_label = <br />
| OtherCompounds = [[Acetic acid]]<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
'''Acetyl chloride''' is an organic compound, an acyl chloride derived from [[acetic acid]]. It has the formula '''CH<sub>3</sub>COCl'''.<br />
<br />
==Properties==<br />
===Chemical===<br />
Acetyl chloride will react with alcohols to yield esters and [[hydrogen chloride]]:<br />
<br />
:CH<sub>3</sub>COCl + CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>3</sub>OH → CH<sub>3</sub>-COO-CH<sub>2</sub>-CH<sub>3</sub> + HCl<br />
<br />
===Physical===<br />
Acetyl chloride is a colorless fuming liquid, with a strong pungent sharp odor. It reacts with water and alcohols, but is soluble in many other organic solvents.<br />
<br />
==Availability==<br />
Acetyl chloride is sold by chemical suppliers. However, due to its hazards, it is difficult to acquire.<br />
<br />
In some countries its sale is regulated as it can be used to make [[acetic anhydride]], which is used for the manufacture of heroin.<br />
<br />
==Preparation==<br />
Acetyl chloride can be prepared through several ways.<br />
<br />
An accessible route involves the reaction of [[acetic anhydride]] and [[Hydrogen chloride|HCl]]. Dried HCl gas is bubbled through acetic anhydride. The resulting product is fractionally distilled and the fraction with a close boiling point is collected and further purified. SM member Magpie was able to obtain crude acetyl chloride with a yield of 70% using this method.<br />
<br />
Although if you need acetyl chloride for making the acetic anhydride, this route is not useful.<br />
<br />
Reacting acetic acid with chlorinating agents, such as [[phosgene]], [[phosphorus trichloride]], [[phosphorus pentachloride]], [[thionyl chloride]], will also yield acetyl chloride. This is the most convenient route used in the lab, but these compounds are difficult to obtain and are sensitive to water, making this route expensive.<br />
<br />
Heating a mixture of [[benzoyl chloride]] with [[sodium acetate]] will give acetyl chloride.<br />
<br />
Reaction of chlorine with solid [[acetaldehyde]] at -196.1 °C in the presence of UV light produces acetyl chloride, as well as oligomeric acetaldehyde as major reaction products.<br />
<ref>[http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/j100182a087 Mansueto, Edward S.; Wight, Charles A.; Journal of Physical Chemistry; vol. 96; nb. 3; (1992); p. 1502 - 1504]</ref><br />
<br />
Reacting [[methyl chloride]] with [[carbon monoxide]] at 860 °C, in the presence of a catalyst, such as dry (NaPO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>6</sub> or borax will give acetyl chloride.<ref>[http://www.google.com/patents/US2062344 US2062344]</ref><br />
<br />
Another possible route involves reacting [[carbon tetrachloride]] with glacial [[acetic acid]] at 200 °C in the presence of several catalysts, such as MoO<sub>3</sub>-WO<sub>3</sub>, CuO-WO<sub>3</sub>, NiO-MoO<sub>3</sub> or Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-SiO<sub>2</sub>.<ref>[https://www.google.com/patents/US2700679 US2700679]</ref><br />
<br />
One patent claims that one of the products from the hydrolysis of [[chloroform]] in the presence of [[iron(III) chloride]], at temperatures between 150 - 160 °C is acetyl chloride. The process takes place at low pressure.<ref>[https://www.google.com/patents/US1870601 US1870601]</ref><br />
<br />
Reaction of [[sulfuryl chloride]] with [[calcium acetate]] produces acetyl chloride.<ref>[https://worldwide.espacenet.com/searchResults?search=DE%20151864&DB=EPODOC&submitted=true&locale=en_EP&ST=singleline&compact=false&DB=EPODOC&query=DE%20151864 DE151864]</ref><br />
<br />
==Projects==<br />
*Make [[acetic anhydride]]<br />
*Make esters<br />
<br />
==Handling==<br />
===Safety===<br />
Acetyl chloride reacts with moisture to release fumes of hydrogen chloride and acetic acid. These fumes are very corrosive. Proper protection should be worn when handling the compound.<br />
<br />
===Storage===<br />
Acetyl chloride should be stored in air-tight containers in cool and well ventilated places. Schlenk flasks can also be used to store the compound.<br />
<br />
===Disposal===<br />
Acetyl chloride can be neutralized by slowly and carefully dissolving it in a basic solution, then poured down the drain once fully neutralized.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
===Relevant Sciencemadness threads===<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=32991 Preparation of Acetyl Chloride]<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=1433 Acetyl Chloride]<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=3512 Acetyl chloride syntheses]<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=12804 Acetyl Chloride Megathread]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Chemical compounds]]<br />
[[Category:Organic compounds]]<br />
[[Category:Chlorides]]<br />
[[Category:Acyl chlorides]]<br />
[[Category:Materials that react with water]]<br />
[[Category:Liquids]]<br />
[[Category:Irritants]]</div>
CobaltChloride
https://www.sciencemadness.org/smwiki/index.php?title=File:Acetyl_chloride.jpg&diff=11628
File:Acetyl chloride.jpg
2019-06-26T23:01:29Z
<p>CobaltChloride: Acetyl chloride bottle besides a small flask containing the substance</p>
<hr />
<div>Acetyl chloride bottle besides a small flask containing the substance</div>
CobaltChloride
https://www.sciencemadness.org/smwiki/index.php?title=Selenium&diff=11627
Selenium
2019-06-26T23:00:35Z
<p>CobaltChloride: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox element<br />
<!-- top --><br />
|image name=Selenium_-_black.jpg<br />
|image alt=<br />
|image size=<br />
|image name comment=Selenium powder - black<br />
|image name 2=<br />
|image alt 2=<br />
|image size 2=<br />
|image name 2 comment=<br />
<!-- General properties --><br />
|name=Selenium<br />
|symbol=Se<br />
|pronounce=<br />
|pronounce ref=<br />
|pronounce comment=<br />
|pronounce 2=<br />
|alt name=<br />
|alt names=<br />
|allotropes=Black, red, gray<br />
|appearance=Black, red, gray solid<br />
<!-- Periodic table --><br />
|above=[[Sulfur|S]]<br />
|below=[[Tellurium|Te]]<br />
|left=[[Arsenic]]<br />
|right=[[Bromine]]<br />
|number=34<br />
|atomic mass=78.971(8)<br />
|atomic mass 2=<br />
|atomic mass ref=<br />
|atomic mass comment=<br />
|series=<br />
|series ref=<br />
|series comment=<br />
|series color=<br />
|group=16<br />
|group ref=<br />
|group comment=<br />
|period=4<br />
|period ref=<br />
|period comment=<br />
|block=p<br />
|block ref=<br />
|block comment=<br />
|electron configuration=[Ar] 3d<sup>10</sup> 4s<sup>2</sup> 4p<sup>4</sup><br />
|electron configuration ref=<br />
|electron configuration comment=<br />
|electrons per shell=<br />
|electrons per shell ref=<br />
|electrons per shell comment=<br />
<!-- Physical properties --><br />
|physical properties comment=<br />
|color=Black, gray, red<br />
|phase=Solid<br />
|phase ref=<br />
|phase comment=<br />
|melting point K=494<br />
|melting point C=221<br />
|melting point F=430<br />
|melting point ref=<br />
|melting point comment=<br />
|boiling point K=958<br />
|boiling point C=685<br />
|boiling point F=1265<br />
|boiling point ref=<br />
|boiling point comment=<br />
|sublimation point K=<br />
|sublimation point C=<br />
|sublimation point F=<br />
|sublimation point ref=<br />
|sublimation point comment=<br />
|density gplstp=<br />
|density gplstp ref=<br />
|density gplstp comment=<br />
|density gpcm3nrt=4.81<br />
|density gpcm3nrt ref=<br />
|density gpcm3nrt comment=(gray)<br />
|density gpcm3nrt 2=4.39<br />
|density gpcm3nrt 2 ref=<br />
|density gpcm3nrt 2 comment=(alpha)<br />
|density gpcm3nrt 3=4.28<br />
|density gpcm3nrt 3 ref=<br />
|density gpcm3nrt 3 comment=(vitreous)<br />
|density gpcm3mp=3.99<br />
|density gpcm3mp ref=<br />
|density gpcm3mp comment=<br />
|density gpcm3bp=<br />
|density gpcm3bp ref=<br />
|density gpcm3bp comment=<br />
|molar volume=<br />
|molar volume unit =<br />
|molar volume ref=<br />
|molar volume comment=<br />
|triple point K=<br />
|triple point kPa=<br />
|triple point ref=<br />
|triple point comment=<br />
|triple point K 2=<br />
|triple point kPa 2=<br />
|triple point 2 ref=<br />
|triple point 2 comment=<br />
|critical point K=1766<br />
|critical point MPa=27.2<br />
|critical point ref=<br />
|critical point comment=<br />
|heat fusion=6.69<br />
|heat fusion ref=<br />
|heat fusion comment=(gray)<br />
|heat fusion 2=<br />
|heat fusion 2 ref=<br />
|heat fusion 2 comment=<br />
|heat vaporization=95.48<br />
|heat vaporization ref=<br />
|heat vaporization comment=<br />
|heat capacity=25.363<br />
|heat capacity ref=<br />
|heat capacity comment=<br />
|heat capacity 2=<br />
|heat capacity 2 ref=<br />
|heat capacity 2 comment=<br />
|vapor pressure 1=500<br />
|vapor pressure 10=552<br />
|vapor pressure 100=617<br />
|vapor pressure 1 k=704<br />
|vapor pressure 10 k=813<br />
|vapor pressure 100 k=958<br />
|vapor pressure ref=<br />
|vapor pressure comment=<br />
|vapor pressure 1 2=<br />
|vapor pressure 10 2=<br />
|vapor pressure 100 2=<br />
|vapor pressure 1 k 2=<br />
|vapor pressure 10 k 2=<br />
|vapor pressure 100 k 2=<br />
|vapor pressure 2 ref=<br />
|vapor pressure 2 comment=<br />
<!-- Atomic properties --><br />
|atomic properties comment=<br />
|oxidation states='''6''', 5, '''4''', 3, '''2''', 1, −1, '''−2'''<br />
|oxidation states ref=<br />
|oxidation states comment=(a strongly acidic oxide)<br />
|electronegativity=2.55<br />
|electronegativity ref=<br />
|electronegativity comment=<br />
|ionization energy 1= 941.0<br />
|ionization energy 1 ref=<br />
|ionization energy 1 comment=<br />
|ionization energy 2=2045<br />
|ionization energy 2 ref=<br />
|ionization energy 2 comment=<br />
|ionization energy 3=2973.7<br />
|ionization energy 3 ref=<br />
|ionization energy 3 comment=<br />
|number of ionization energies=<br />
|ionization energy ref=<br />
|ionization energy comment=<br />
|atomic radius=120<br />
|atomic radius ref=<br />
|atomic radius comment=<br />
|atomic radius calculated=<br />
|atomic radius calculated ref=<br />
|atomic radius calculated comment=<br />
|covalent radius=120±4<br />
|covalent radius ref=<br />
|covalent radius comment=<br />
|Van der Waals radius=190<br />
|Van der Waals radius ref=<br />
|Van der Waals radius comment=<br />
<!-- Miscellanea --><br />
|crystal structure=<br />
|crystal structure prefix=<br />
|crystal structure ref=<br />
|crystal structure comment=Hexagonal<br />
|crystal structure 2=<br />
|crystal structure 2 prefix=<br />
|crystal structure 2 ref=<br />
|crystal structure 2 comment=<br />
|speed of sound=<br />
|speed of sound ref=<br />
|speed of sound comment=<br />
|speed of sound rod at 20=3350<br />
|speed of sound rod at 20 ref=<br />
|speed of sound rod at 20 comment=<br />
|speed of sound rod at r.t.=<br />
|speed of sound rod at r.t. ref=<br />
|speed of sound rod at r.t. comment=<br />
|thermal expansion=37<br />
|thermal expansion ref=<br />
|thermal expansion comment=(amorphous)<br />
|thermal expansion at 25=<br />
|thermal expansion at 25 ref=<br />
|thermal expansion at 25 comment=<br />
|thermal conductivity=0.519<br />
|thermal conductivity ref=<br />
|thermal conductivity comment=(amorphous)<br />
|thermal conductivity 2=<br />
|thermal conductivity 2 ref=<br />
|thermal conductivity 2 comment=<br />
|thermal diffusivity=<br />
|thermal diffusivity ref=<br />
|thermal diffusivity comment=<br />
|electrical resistivity=<br />
|electrical resistivity unit prefix=<br />
|electrical resistivity ref=<br />
|electrical resistivity comment=<br />
|electrical resistivity at 0=<br />
|electrical resistivity at 0 ref=<br />
|electrical resistivity at 0 comment=<br />
|electrical resistivity at 20=<br />
|electrical resistivity at 20 ref=<br />
|electrical resistivity at 20 comment=<br />
|band gap=<br />
|band gap ref=<br />
|band gap comment=<br />
|Curie point K=<br />
|Curie point ref=<br />
|Curie point comment=<br />
|magnetic ordering=Diamagnetic<br />
|magnetic ordering ref=<br />
|magnetic ordering comment=<br />
|tensile strength=<br />
|tensile strength ref=<br />
|tensile strength comment=<br />
|Young's modulus=10<br />
|Young's modulus ref=<br />
|Young's modulus comment=<br />
|Shear modulus=3.7<br />
|Shear modulus ref=<br />
|Shear modulus comment=<br />
|Bulk modulus=8.3<br />
|Bulk modulus ref=<br />
|Bulk modulus comment=<br />
|Poisson ratio=0.33<br />
|Poisson ratio ref=<br />
|Poisson ratio comment=<br />
|Mohs hardness=2.0<br />
|Mohs hardness ref=<br />
|Mohs hardness comment=<br />
|Mohs hardness 2=<br />
|Mohs hardness 2 ref=<br />
|Mohs hardness 2 comment=<br />
|Vickers hardness=<br />
|Vickers hardness ref=<br />
|Vickers hardness comment=<br />
|Brinell hardness=736<br />
|Brinell hardness ref=<br />
|Brinell hardness comment=<br />
|CAS number=7782-49-2<br />
|CAS number ref=<br />
|CAS number comment=<br />
<!-- History --><br />
|naming=After Selene, Greek goddess of the moon<br />
|predicted by=<br />
|prediction date ref=<br />
|prediction date=<br />
|discovered by=<br />
|discovery date ref=<br />
|discovery date=<br />
|first isolation by=<br />
|first isolation date ref=<br />
|first isolation date=<br />
|discovery and first isolation by=Jöns Jakob Berzelius and Johann Gottlieb Gahn (1817)<br />
|named by=<br />
|named date ref=<br />
|named date=<br />
|history comment label=<br />
|history comment=<br />
<!-- Isotopes --><br />
|isotopes=<br />
|isotopes comment=<br />
|engvar=<br />
}}<br />
'''Selenium''' is a chemical element with symbol '''Se''' and atomic number 34. It is widely used in the semiconductor industry.<br />
<br />
==Properties==<br />
===Chemical===<br />
Like sulfur, selenium will burn in the presence of [[oxygen]] to yield [[selenium dioxide]].<br />
<br />
:Se + O<sub>2</sub> → SeO<sub>2</sub><br />
<br />
Unlike sulfur dioxide, selenium dioxide is a solid.<br />
<br />
Selenium will be oxidized by [[chlorine]] in water to give [[selenic acid]] and [[hydrochloric acid]].<br />
<br />
:Se + 4 H<sub>2</sub>O + 3 Cl<sub>2</sub> → H<sub>2</sub>SeO<sub>4</sub> + 6 HCl<br />
<br />
===Physical===<br />
Selenium is a solid nonmetal at standard conditions. It has several allotrope forms:<br />
*'''Amorphous''': Has a brick-red color, as is the most common form of selenium obtained from chemical reactions.<br />
*'''Black''': Also known as '''vitreous''' selenium, this form is a dull grey solid, obtained by rapidly melting its amorphous form. The structure of black selenium is irregular and complex, consisting of polymeric rings. It is slightly soluble in [[carbon disulfide]].<br />
*'''Gray''': Obtained by heating black selenium to 180°C. This is the most dense and stable form of selenium. It is not soluble in carbon disulfide or other organic solvents. Unlike the black variety, its structure is hexagonal crystal lattice consisting of helical polymeric chains. Gray selenium is a semiconductor, that also shows appreciable photoconductivity.<br />
<br />
==Availability==<br />
Selenium is sold by chemical suppliers. It can also be purchased from Ebay and Metallium.<br />
<br />
==Preparation==<br />
Elemental selenium can be made by reducing selenous acid with sulfur dioxide.<br />
<br />
A good tutorial to make selenium allotropes can be found [http://woelen.homescience.net/science/chem/exps/selenium/index.html here].<br />
<br />
==Projects==<br />
*Selenium halides<br />
*Made cadmium selenide<br />
*Make red glass<br />
<br />
==Handling==<br />
===Safety===<br />
Selenium and most of its compounds tend to be toxic if ingested in high quantities.<br />
<br />
===Storage===<br />
In closed containers.<br />
<br />
===Disposal===<br />
As selenium is not cheap and not easy to come by, it's best to try to recycle it.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
===Relevant Sciencemadness threads===<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=9866 Elemental Selenium]<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=20322 Selenium toxicity]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Elements]]<br />
[[Category:Nonmetals]]<br />
[[Category:Chalcogens]]<br />
[[Category:P-block]]</div>
CobaltChloride
https://www.sciencemadness.org/smwiki/index.php?title=File:Selenium_-_black.jpg&diff=11626
File:Selenium - black.jpg
2019-06-26T22:59:53Z
<p>CobaltChloride: Black selenium powder</p>
<hr />
<div>Black selenium powder</div>
CobaltChloride