Difference between revisions of "Copper(II) hydroxide"

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'''Copper (II) hydroxide''' is the inorganic compound with chemical formula Cu(OH)<sub>2</sub>. It is more reactive than [[copper(II) carbonate]] or [[copper(II) oxide]], making it a preferred starting point for other copper compounds.
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| Name = Copper(II) hydroxide
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| IUPACName = Copper(II) hydroxide
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| OtherNames = Copper dihydroxide<br>Cupric hydroxide
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| Appearance = Blue solid
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| BoilingPt_notes = Decomposes
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| Density = 3.368 g/cm<sup>3</sup>
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| Formula = Cu(OH)<sub>2</sub>
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| MolarMass = 97.561 g/mol
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| MeltingPtC = 80
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| MeltingPt_notes = (decomposes to CuO)
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| Odor = Odorless
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| Solubility = Almost insoluble
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| SolubleOther = Reacts with acids, bases, halogens, SO<sub>2</sub><br>Insoluble in organic solvents
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| VaporPressure = ~0 mmHg
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| DeltaHf = −450 kJ/mol
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| Entropy = 108 J·mol<sup>−1</sup>·K<sup>−1</sup>
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| AutoignitionPt = Non-flammable
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| FlashPt = Non-flammable
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| LD50 = 1000 mg/kg (rat, oral)
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| MainHazards = Irritant
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'''Copper (II) hydroxide''' is the inorganic compound with chemical formula '''Cu(OH)<sub>2</sub>'''. It is more reactive than [[copper(II) carbonate]] or [[copper(II) oxide]], making it a preferred starting point for other copper compounds.
  
 
==Properties==
 
==Properties==
 
===Chemical===
 
===Chemical===
Copper(II) hydroxide is an reactive hydroxide of [[copper]]. It can be converted to other copper compounds by acidification. Depending on how it was made, a sample of copper(II) hydroxide may readily absorb carbon dioxide from the air, converting to [[copper(II) carbonate]], or give off water, dehydrating to [[copper(II) oxide]]. The latter occurs more readily in basic conditions. If properly dried, however, it reacts much less easily with its surroundings.
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Copper(II) hydroxide is an reactive hydroxide of [[copper]]. It can be converted to other copper compounds by acidification.
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: Cu(OH)<sub>2</sub> + HX → CuX + 2 H<sub>2</sub>O
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Depending on how it was made, a sample of copper(II) hydroxide may readily absorb carbon dioxide from the air, converting to [[copper(II) carbonate]], or give off water, dehydrating to [[copper(II) oxide]]. The latter occurs more readily in basic conditions. If properly dried, however, it reacts much less easily with its surroundings.
  
 
===Physical===
 
===Physical===
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Copper(II) hydroxide can be made by adding very dilute [[sodium hydroxide]] to a soluble copper(II) salt, and not the other way around. The hydroxide precipitates, with the best samples precipitating in colder solutions. In excessively basic conditions, the hydroxide formed will rapidly convert to copper(II) oxide, which is exacerbated by heating.
 
Copper(II) hydroxide can be made by adding very dilute [[sodium hydroxide]] to a soluble copper(II) salt, and not the other way around. The hydroxide precipitates, with the best samples precipitating in colder solutions. In excessively basic conditions, the hydroxide formed will rapidly convert to copper(II) oxide, which is exacerbated by heating.
  
If aqueous [[ammonia]] is used instead of sodium hydroxide, the copper(II) hydroxide precipitated has much greater air stability, but if excess ammonia is added, the hydroxide will begin to dissolve, forming the deep blue [[tetraammine copper(II) complex]].
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If aqueous [[ammonia]] is used instead of sodium hydroxide, the copper(II) hydroxide precipitated has much greater air stability, but if excess ammonia is added, the hydroxide will begin to dissolve, forming the deep blue [[tetraammine copper(II) complex]]. A diluted solution of sodium hydroxide is then added to precipitate the copper(II) hydroxide from the solution, and this route has the advantage of preventing local hotspots which cause the formation of copper(II) oxide.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YniCGw-rqmU</ref>
  
Copper hydroxide can also be made via electrolysis of water with a copper anode, containing small amounts of [[sodium sulfate]].
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Very pure copper hydroxide can also be made via electrolysis of water with a copper anode, containing small amounts of [[sodium sulfate]].<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YsZodLOJnX8</ref>
  
 
==Projects==
 
==Projects==
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===Storage===
 
===Storage===
Dry copper hydroxide should be stored in closed bottles.
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Dry copper hydroxide should be stored in closed plastic bottles.
  
 
===Disposal===
 
===Disposal===
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[[Category:Materials unstable in acidic solution]]
 
[[Category:Materials unstable in acidic solution]]
 
[[Category:Easily prepared chemicals]]
 
[[Category:Easily prepared chemicals]]
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[[Category:Air-sensitive materials]]

Revision as of 11:54, 13 January 2019

Copper(II) hydroxide
Names
IUPAC name
Copper(II) hydroxide
Other names
Copper dihydroxide
Cupric hydroxide
Properties
Cu(OH)2
Molar mass 97.561 g/mol
Appearance Blue solid
Odor Odorless
Density 3.368 g/cm3
Melting point 80 °C (176 °F; 353 K) (decomposes to CuO)
Boiling point Decomposes
Almost insoluble
Solubility Reacts with acids, bases, halogens, SO2
Insoluble in organic solvents
Vapor pressure ~0 mmHg
Thermochemistry
108 J·mol−1·K−1
−450 kJ/mol
Hazards
Safety data sheet Sigma-Aldrich
Flash point Non-flammable
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
1000 mg/kg (rat, oral)
Related compounds
Related compounds
Copper(II) oxide
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
Infobox references

Copper (II) hydroxide is the inorganic compound with chemical formula Cu(OH)2. It is more reactive than copper(II) carbonate or copper(II) oxide, making it a preferred starting point for other copper compounds.

Properties

Chemical

Copper(II) hydroxide is an reactive hydroxide of copper. It can be converted to other copper compounds by acidification.

Cu(OH)2 + HX → CuX + 2 H2O

Depending on how it was made, a sample of copper(II) hydroxide may readily absorb carbon dioxide from the air, converting to copper(II) carbonate, or give off water, dehydrating to copper(II) oxide. The latter occurs more readily in basic conditions. If properly dried, however, it reacts much less easily with its surroundings.

Physical

The appearance of copper(II) hydroxide can vary enormously depending on the route of its preparation. It varies in consistency from voluminous and gelatinous or waxy when freshly precipitated to a chalky powder when dried. It can vary in color from a pale blue to more intense blue hues, but the most commonly encountered colors are dingy blue-green or blue-gray, often as a result of the presence of other copper compounds produced by reaction with the atmosphere.

Availability

Copper hydroxide can be purchased as fungicide. It is also sold by many chemical suppliers.

Preparation

Copper(II) hydroxide can be made by adding very dilute sodium hydroxide to a soluble copper(II) salt, and not the other way around. The hydroxide precipitates, with the best samples precipitating in colder solutions. In excessively basic conditions, the hydroxide formed will rapidly convert to copper(II) oxide, which is exacerbated by heating.

If aqueous ammonia is used instead of sodium hydroxide, the copper(II) hydroxide precipitated has much greater air stability, but if excess ammonia is added, the hydroxide will begin to dissolve, forming the deep blue tetraammine copper(II) complex. A diluted solution of sodium hydroxide is then added to precipitate the copper(II) hydroxide from the solution, and this route has the advantage of preventing local hotspots which cause the formation of copper(II) oxide.[1]

Very pure copper hydroxide can also be made via electrolysis of water with a copper anode, containing small amounts of sodium sulfate.[2]

Projects

Handling

Safety

Copper hydroxide is mostly safe, but oral and skin exposure should be limited when wet, as it is sparingly soluble, and the general trend among soluble copper compounds is that they act as irritants and are mildly toxic. Dilute hydrochloric acid in the stomach may react with copper(II) hydroxide to form copper(II) chloride, which is more of a concern.

Storage

Dry copper hydroxide should be stored in closed plastic bottles.

Disposal

Copper hydroxide can be reduced to elemental copper.

References

Relevant Sciencemadness threads

  • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YniCGw-rqmU
  • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YsZodLOJnX8