Difference between revisions of "Europium"

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|alt names=
 
|alt names=
 
|allotropes=
 
|allotropes=
|appearance=
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|appearance=Silvery white
 
<!-- Periodic table -->
 
<!-- Periodic table -->
 
|above=
 
|above=
|below=
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|below=[[Americium|Am]]
|left=
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|left=[[Samarium]]
|right=
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|right=[[Gadolinium]]
|number=
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|number=63
|atomic mass=
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|atomic mass=151.964(1)
 
|atomic mass 2=
 
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|block=f
 
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|block comment=
 
|block comment=
|electron configuration=
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|electron configuration=[Xe] 4f<sup>7</sup> 6s<sup>2</sup>
 
|electron configuration ref=
 
|electron configuration ref=
 
|electron configuration comment=
 
|electron configuration comment=
|electrons per shell=
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|electrons per shell=2, 8, 18, 25, 8, 2
 
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|melting point K=
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|melting point K=1099
|melting point C=
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|melting point C=826
|melting point F=
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|melting point F=​1519
 
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|boiling point K=1802
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|boiling point C=1529
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|boiling point F=​2784
 
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|density gpcm3nrt=5.264
 
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|density gpcm3mp=5.13
 
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|heat vaporization=176
 
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|heat capacity=27.66
 
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|vapor pressure 1=863
|vapor pressure 10=
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|vapor pressure 10=957
|vapor pressure 100=
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|vapor pressure 100=1072
|vapor pressure 1 k=
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|vapor pressure 1 k=1234
|vapor pressure 10 k=
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|vapor pressure 10 k=1452
|vapor pressure 100 k=
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|vapor pressure 100 k=1796
 
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<!-- Atomic properties -->
 
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|oxidation states='''3''', '''2''', 1
 
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|oxidation states comment=(a mildly basic oxide)
|electronegativity=
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|electronegativity=1.2
 
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|ionization energy 1=
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|ionization energy 1=547.1
 
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|ionization energy 1 comment=
 
|ionization energy 1 comment=
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|ionization energy 2=1085
 
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|ionization energy 3=2404
 
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|crystal structure comment= Body-centered cubic (bcc)
 
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|speed of sound rod at r.t. ref=
 
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|thermal expansion=
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|thermal expansion=35.0
 
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|thermal expansion comment=(poly)
 
|thermal expansion at 25=
 
|thermal expansion at 25=
 
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|electrical resistivity=9·10<sup>-7</sup>
 
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|Young's modulus=18.2
 
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|Shear modulus=7.9
 
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|Bulk modulus=8.3
 
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|Poisson ratio=0.152
 
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|Vickers hardness=165–200
 
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|CAS number=7440-53-1
 
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<!-- History -->
 
<!-- History -->
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|naming=After Europe
 
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|discovery and first isolation by=Eugène-Anatole Demarçay (1896, 1901)
 
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Revision as of 19:17, 15 October 2017

Europium,  63Eu
General properties
Name, symbol Europium, Eu
Appearance Silvery white
Europium in the periodic table


Eu

Am
SamariumEuropiumGadolinium
Atomic number 63
Standard atomic weight (Ar) 151.964(1)
Group, block , f-block
Period period 6
Electron configuration [Xe] 4f7 6s2
per shell
2, 8, 18, 25, 8, 2
Physical properties
Melting point 1099 K ​(826 °C, ​​1519 °F)
Boiling point 1802 K ​(1529 °C, ​​2784 °F)
Density near r.t. 5.264 g/cm3
when liquid, at  5.13 g/cm3
Heat of fusion 9.21 kJ/mol
Heat of 176 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity 27.66 J/(mol·K)
 pressure
Atomic properties
Oxidation states 3, 2, 1 ​(a mildly basic oxide)
Electronegativity Pauling scale: 1.2
energies 1st: 547.1 kJ/mol
2nd: 1085 kJ/mol
3rd: 2404 kJ/mol
Atomic radius empirical: 180 pm
Covalent radius 198±6 pm
Miscellanea
Crystal structure ​Body-centered cubic (bcc)
Thermal expansion 35.0 µm/(m·K) (poly)
Thermal conductivity 13.9 W/(m·K)
Electrical resistivity 9·10-7 Ω·m (poly)
Magnetic ordering Paramagnetic
Young's modulus 18.2 GPa
Shear modulus 7.9 GPa
Bulk modulus 8.3 GPa
Poisson ratio 0.152
Vickers hardness 165–200 MPa
CAS Registry Number 7440-53-1
History
Naming After Europe
Discovery and first isolation Eugène-Anatole Demarçay (1896, 1901)
· references

Europium is a lanthanide with the symbol Eu and atomic number 63. It is a steel-gray metal about as reactive as calcium. Although difficult to find and rather expensive, it and its salts have very interesting properties that make it an excellent addition to the amateur chemist's lab. Among these properties are multi-colored fluorescence, redox chemistry and paramagnetism, brought about by the element's half-filled f-shell. Europium can exist in a +2 state in a reducing environment, which can be an excellent exercise in preparing reduced compounds, as the reaction Eu2+ → Eu3+ + e- is even less favored than Cr2+ → Cr3+ + e-, which is a standard exercise in the lab.

Properties

Chemical

Europium is by far the most reactive lanthanide, quickly corroding in air. The highly favorable reaction Eu → Eu2+ + e- and the increased stability of europium(II) accelerates the corrosion rate of the metal such that a small piece exposed to dry air will corrode within a month. The resulting yellow powder, nearly the color of mustard, slowly fades as it turns from europium(II) to europium(III), the most stable form of europium. A mixed oxide of europium(II) and europium(III) has been reported, as have europium(II) sulfide, europium(II) chloride, and europium(II) sulfate, which is very similar to calcium and barium sulfate and highly insoluble.

Europium metal burns in air with a bright red flame, identical to that of samarium, and forms the oxide in air. When europium contacts water, it will react with water about as quickly as calcium metal, and will form the yellow divalent hydroxide, which slowly converts to the trivalent hydroxide.

Physical

Freshly cut europium is grayish, but quickly develops a thick layer of yellow and graphite-colored oxides. It is a relatively soft metal, and is relatively soft. Europium(II) compounds exhibit a blue fluorescence, and europium(III) compounds exhibit a red fluorescence. The fluorescence may be enhanced by the complexation of dipicolinate or other planar ligands to a europium atom.

Availability

Europium is more common than iodine on Earth, but it is hard to find and extremely expensive. Places like Sigma-Aldrich charge $1000 for five measly grams.[1] One source for europium, as well as other rare earth metals, is Metallium. It is sold in 5 gram (thankfully only $50) and 25 gram sizes, as well as rods, ampoules, and coins. Metallium also takes custom orders. Europium and its compounds may be occasionally found on eBay. Other places such as NewMet will sell europium rods, sheets, foils at any size and no minimum order, though the price is on request.

Projects

  • Preparing reduced europium compounds
  • Producing fluorescent crystals (blue and red)
  • Producing triboluminescent europium tetrakis(dibenzoylmethide)triethylammonium

Safety

Safety

Europium metal, especially as a dust, should always be kept away from water and open flames. Europium fires can be identified by their bright red flames. Never use water to put out europium fire, as this will aggravate it. Class D fire extinguishers are recommended for this type of fire.

Storage

Europium requires storage under an inert atmosphere or mineral oil to prevent corrosion. When exposed to air, europium corrodes very easily, and it is not possible to reduce europium compounds to europium metal without an aprotic solvent.

Disposal

Best to try to recycle it.

References

  1. Seriously, Sigma? http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/aldrich/457965?lang=en&region=US

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