https://www.sciencemadness.org/smwiki/index.php?title=Lead(IV)_oxide&feed=atom&action=history
Lead(IV) oxide - Revision history
2024-03-28T11:49:30Z
Revision history for this page on the wiki
MediaWiki 1.25.1
https://www.sciencemadness.org/smwiki/index.php?title=Lead(IV)_oxide&diff=14760&oldid=prev
Mabus at 20:24, 23 October 2022
2022-10-23T20:24:34Z
<p></p>
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<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 20:24, 23 October 2022</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="L116" >Line 116:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>:PbO<sub>2</sub> → Pb<sub>12</sub>O<sub>19</sub> → Pb<sub>12</sub>O<sub>17</sub> → Pb<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> → PbO</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>:PbO<sub>2</sub> → Pb<sub>12</sub>O<sub>19</sub> → Pb<sub>12</sub>O<sub>17</sub> → Pb<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> → PbO</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Lead dioxide is an [[amphoteric]] compound with prevalent acidic properties. It dissolves in strong bases to form the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">hydroxy[[plumbate]] </del>ion, [Pb(OH)<sub>6</sub>]<sup>2−</sup>:</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Lead dioxide is an [[amphoteric]] compound with prevalent acidic properties. It dissolves in strong bases to form the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">hydroxyplumbate </ins>ion, [Pb(OH)<sub>6</sub>]<sup>2−</sup>:</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>:PbO<sub>2</sub> + 2 NaOH + 2 H<sub>2</sub>O → Na<sub>2</sub>[Pb(OH)<sub>6</sub>]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>:PbO<sub>2</sub> + 2 NaOH + 2 H<sub>2</sub>O → Na<sub>2</sub>[Pb(OH)<sub>6</sub>]</div></td></tr>
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Mabus
https://www.sciencemadness.org/smwiki/index.php?title=Lead(IV)_oxide&diff=14694&oldid=prev
Mabus: /* Physical */
2022-10-11T21:51:29Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Physical</span></span></p>
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<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 21:51, 11 October 2022</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="L138" >Line 138:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*The beta phase (β-PbO<sub>2</sub>): has tetragonal symmetry, space group P42/mnm (No. 136), Pearson symbol tP6, lattice constants a = 0.491 nm, c = 0.3385 nm, Z = 2[6] and related to the rutile structure and can be envisaged as containing columns of octahedra sharing opposite edges and joined to other chains by corners.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*The beta phase (β-PbO<sub>2</sub>): has tetragonal symmetry, space group P42/mnm (No. 136), Pearson symbol tP6, lattice constants a = 0.491 nm, c = 0.3385 nm, Z = 2[6] and related to the rutile structure and can be envisaged as containing columns of octahedra sharing opposite edges and joined to other chains by corners.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Although the formula of lead dioxide is nominally given as PbO<sub>2</sub>, the actual oxygen to lead ratio varies between 1.90 and 1.98 depending on the preparation method. Deficiency of oxygen (or excess of lead) results in the characteristic metallic [[Electrical conductivity|conductivity]] of lead dioxide, with a <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</del>resistivity<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </del>as low as 10<sup>−4</sup> Ω·cm and which is exploited in various electrochemical applications. Like metals, lead dioxide has a characteristic [[electrode potential]], and in [[electrolyte]]s it can be polarized both [[anode|anodically]] and [[cathode|cathodically]]. Lead dioxide electrodes have a dual action, that is both the lead and oxygen ions take part in the electrochemical reactions.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=_PGzaO48Rz0C&pg=PA184</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Although the formula of lead dioxide is nominally given as PbO<sub>2</sub>, the actual oxygen to lead ratio varies between 1.90 and 1.98 depending on the preparation method. Deficiency of oxygen (or excess of lead) results in the characteristic metallic [[Electrical <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">resistivity and </ins>conductivity|conductivity]] of lead dioxide, with a resistivity as low as 10<sup>−4</sup> Ω·cm and which is exploited in various electrochemical applications. Like metals, lead dioxide has a characteristic [[electrode potential]], and in [[electrolyte]]s it can be polarized both [[anode|anodically]] and [[cathode|cathodically]]. Lead dioxide electrodes have a dual action, that is both the lead and oxygen ions take part in the electrochemical reactions.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=_PGzaO48Rz0C&pg=PA184</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Availability==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Availability==</div></td></tr>
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Mabus
https://www.sciencemadness.org/smwiki/index.php?title=Lead(IV)_oxide&diff=11312&oldid=prev
Mabus at 21:53, 31 May 2019
2019-05-31T21:53:11Z
<p></p>
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<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 21:53, 31 May 2019</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="L159" >Line 159:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 159:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Electrochemical===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Electrochemical===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Lead dioxide forms on pure lead metal, in dilute [[sulfuric acid]], when polarized anodically at electrode potential about +1.5 V at room temperature. This procedure is used for large-scale industrial production of PbO<sub>2</sub> anodes. Lead and [[copper]] electrodes are immersed in sulfuric acid flowing at a rate of 5–10 L/min. The electrodeposition is carried out <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[galvanostat]]ically</del>, by applying a current of about 100 A/m<sup>2</sup> for about 30 minutes. The drawback of the lead electrode is its softness, especially compared to the hard and brittle PbO<sub>2</sub> which has a [[Mohs scale of mineral hardness|Mohs hardness]] of 5.5.<ref>http://www.mindat.org/min-3237.html</ref> This mismatch in mechanical properties results in peeling of the coating. Therefore, an alternative method is to use harder substrates, such as [[titanium]], [[niobium]], [[tantalum]] or [[graphite]] and deposit PbO<sub>2</sub> onto them from [[lead(II) nitrate]] in static or flowing nitric acid. The substrate is usually sand-blasted before the deposition to remove surface oxide and contamination and to increase the surface roughness and adhesion of the coating.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=ArsfQZig_9AC&pg=PA573</ref></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Lead dioxide forms on pure lead metal, in dilute [[sulfuric acid]], when polarized anodically at electrode potential about +1.5 V at room temperature. This procedure is used for large-scale industrial production of PbO<sub>2</sub> anodes. Lead and [[copper]] electrodes are immersed in sulfuric acid flowing at a rate of 5–10 L/min. The electrodeposition is carried out <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">galvanostatically</ins>, by applying a current of about 100 A/m<sup>2</sup> for about 30 minutes. The drawback of the lead electrode is its softness, especially compared to the hard and brittle PbO<sub>2</sub> which has a [[Mohs scale of mineral hardness|Mohs hardness]] of 5.5.<ref>http://www.mindat.org/min-3237.html</ref> This mismatch in mechanical properties results in peeling of the coating. Therefore, an alternative method is to use harder substrates, such as [[titanium]], [[niobium]], [[tantalum]] or [[graphite]] and deposit PbO<sub>2</sub> onto them from [[lead(II) nitrate]] in static or flowing nitric acid. The substrate is usually sand-blasted before the deposition to remove surface oxide and contamination and to increase the surface roughness and adhesion of the coating.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=ArsfQZig_9AC&pg=PA573</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The electrochemical method has been widely used by amateur chemists to make cheap PbO<sub>2</sub> electrodes, useful for the production of chlorates and perchlorates.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The electrochemical method has been widely used by amateur chemists to make cheap PbO<sub>2</sub> electrodes, useful for the production of chlorates and perchlorates.</div></td></tr>
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Mabus
https://www.sciencemadness.org/smwiki/index.php?title=Lead(IV)_oxide&diff=11214&oldid=prev
Mabus at 19:18, 18 May 2019
2019-05-18T19:18:42Z
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<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 19:18, 18 May 2019</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="L174" >Line 174:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Storage===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Storage===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Lead dioxide is best kept in closed bottles.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Lead dioxide is best kept in closed bottles<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. Any clean plastic or glass bottle is sufficient</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Disposal===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Disposal===</div></td></tr>
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Mabus
https://www.sciencemadness.org/smwiki/index.php?title=Lead(IV)_oxide&diff=10224&oldid=prev
Mabus at 21:43, 14 December 2018
2018-12-14T21:43:53Z
<p></p>
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<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 21:43, 14 December 2018</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="L118" >Line 118:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Lead dioxide is an [[amphoteric]] compound with prevalent acidic properties. It dissolves in strong bases to form the hydroxy[[plumbate]] ion, [Pb(OH)<sub>6</sub>]<sup>2−</sup>:</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Lead dioxide is an [[amphoteric]] compound with prevalent acidic properties. It dissolves in strong bases to form the hydroxy[[plumbate]] ion, [Pb(OH)<sub>6</sub>]<sup>2−</sup>:</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>:PbO<sub>2</sub> + 2<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">&nbsp;</del>NaOH + 2 H<sub>2</sub>O <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">  </del>→ <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>Na<sub>2</sub>[Pb(OH)<sub>6</sub>]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>:PbO<sub>2</sub> + 2 NaOH + 2 H<sub>2</sub>O → Na<sub>2</sub>[Pb(OH)<sub>6</sub>]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>It also reacts with basic oxides in the melt, yielding orthoplumbates M<sub>4</sub>[PbO<sub>4</sub>].</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>It also reacts with basic oxides in the melt, yielding orthoplumbates M<sub>4</sub>[PbO<sub>4</sub>].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="L174" >Line 174:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 174:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Storage===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Storage===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">In </del>closed bottles.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Lead dioxide is best kept in </ins>closed bottles.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Disposal===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Disposal===</div></td></tr>
</table>
Mabus
https://www.sciencemadness.org/smwiki/index.php?title=Lead(IV)_oxide&diff=9785&oldid=prev
Mabus at 20:50, 28 October 2018
2018-10-28T20:50:57Z
<p></p>
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<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black; text-align: center;">Revision as of 20:50, 28 October 2018</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="L142" >Line 142:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 142:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Availability==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Availability==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Lead(IV) oxide is sold by many chemical suppliers.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Lead(IV) oxide is sold by many chemical suppliers.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">It's encountered in nature as the minerals ''plattnerite'' (β-PbO<sub>2</sub>) and ''scrutinyite'' (α-PbO<sub>2</sub>).</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Preparation==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Preparation==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="L165" >Line 165:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Oxidizing agent</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Oxidizing agent</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Make chromates</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Make chromates</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color:black; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">*[[Mineral collecting]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Handling==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #333333; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #e6e6e6; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Handling==</div></td></tr>
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</table>
Mabus
https://www.sciencemadness.org/smwiki/index.php?title=Lead(IV)_oxide&diff=9780&oldid=prev
Mabus: Created page with "{{Chembox | Name = Lead(IV) oxide | Reference = | IUPACName = Lead(IV) oxide | PIN = | SystematicName = | OtherNames = Lead dioxide<br>Lead peroxide<br>Lead superoxide<br>Plat..."
2018-10-28T20:38:26Z
<p>Created page with "{{Chembox | Name = Lead(IV) oxide | Reference = | IUPACName = Lead(IV) oxide | PIN = | SystematicName = | OtherNames = Lead dioxide<br>Lead peroxide<br>Lead superoxide<br>Plat..."</p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>{{Chembox<br />
| Name = Lead(IV) oxide<br />
| Reference =<br />
| IUPACName = Lead(IV) oxide<br />
| PIN =<br />
| SystematicName =<br />
| OtherNames = Lead dioxide<br>Lead peroxide<br>Lead superoxide<br>Plattnerite (β-PbO<sub>2</sub>)<br>Plumbic oxide<br>Scrutinyite (α-PbO<sub>2</sub>)<br />
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| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties<br />
| AtmosphericOHRateConstant = <br />
| Appearance = Dark brown or brown-black<br />
| BoilingPt = <br />
| BoilingPtC = <br />
| BoilingPt_ref = <br />
| BoilingPt_notes = Decomposes<br />
| Density = 9.773 g/cm<sup>3</sup> (α-PbO<sub>2</sub>)<ref>White, W. B.; Dachille, F.; Roy, R.; Journal of the American Ceramic Society; vol. 44; (1961); p. 170 - 174</ref><br>9.55 g/cm<sup>3</sup> (β-PbO<sub>2</sub>)<ref>Povarennikh, O. S.; Dopovidi Akad. Nauk Ukr.RSR; (1963); p. 805 - 808; C. A.; vol. 59; (1963); p. 13411,</ref><br />
| Formula = PbO<sub>2</sub><br />
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| Solubility = Insoluble<br />
| SolubleOther = Reacts with mineral acids<br>Soluble in [[acetic acid]], alkalis<br>Insoluble in [[alcohol]]s, [[ketone]]s, hydrocarbons<br />
| Solvent = <br />
| VaporPressure = ~0 mmHg<br />
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| DeltaGf = 215 kJ/kmol<br />
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| AutoignitionPt = Non-flammable<br />
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'''Lead(IV) oxide''' also called '''plumbic oxide''', '''anhydrous plumbic acid''' (sometimes wrongly called '''lead peroxide'''), though more commonly called '''lead dioxide''', is a chemical compound with the formula '''PbO<sub>2</sub>'''. It is an oxide where lead is in an oxidation state of +4 and the bond type is predominantly covalent.<br />
<br />
==Properties==<br />
===Chemical===<br />
Lead dioxide decomposes upon heating in air as follows:<br />
<br />
:PbO<sub>2</sub> → Pb<sub>12</sub>O<sub>19</sub> → Pb<sub>12</sub>O<sub>17</sub> → Pb<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> → PbO<br />
<br />
Lead dioxide is an [[amphoteric]] compound with prevalent acidic properties. It dissolves in strong bases to form the hydroxy[[plumbate]] ion, [Pb(OH)<sub>6</sub>]<sup>2−</sup>:<br />
<br />
:PbO<sub>2</sub> + 2&nbsp;NaOH + 2 H<sub>2</sub>O → Na<sub>2</sub>[Pb(OH)<sub>6</sub>]<br />
<br />
It also reacts with basic oxides in the melt, yielding orthoplumbates M<sub>4</sub>[PbO<sub>4</sub>].<br />
<br />
Because of the instability of its Pb<sup>4+</sup> cation, lead dioxide reacts with hot acids, converting to the more stable Pb<sup>2+</sup> state and liberating oxygen, though the reaction is slow:<br />
<br />
:2 PbO<sub>2</sub> + 2 H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> → 2 PbSO<sub>4</sub> + 2 H<sub>2</sub>O + O<sub>2</sub><br />
:2 PbO<sub>2</sub> + 4 HNO<sub>3</sub> → 2 Pb(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub> + 2 H<sub>2</sub>O + O<sub>2</sub><br />
: PbO<sub>2</sub> + 4 HCl → PbCl<sub>2</sub> + 2 H<sub>2</sub>O + Cl<sub>2</sub><br />
<br />
Lead dioxide is well known for being a good [[oxidizing agent]], with an example reaction listed below:<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=PpTi_JAx7PgC&pg=PA387</ref><br />
:2 MnSO<sub>4</sub> + 5 PbO<sub>2</sub> + 6 HNO<sub>3</sub> → 2 HMnO<sub>4</sub> + 2 PbSO<sub>4</sub> + 3 Pb(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub> + 2 H<sub>2</sub>O<br />
:2 Cr(OH)<sub>3</sub> + 10 KOH + 3 PbO<sub>2</sub> → 2 K<sub>2</sub>CrO<sub>4</sub> + 3 K<sub>2</sub>PbO<sub>2</sub> + 8 H<sub>2</sub>O<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_dioxide</ref><br />
<br />
===Physical===<br />
Lead dioxide is an odorless dark-brown crystalline powder, practically insoluble in water. It exists in two crystalline forms:<br />
<br />
*The alpha phase (α-PbO<sub>2</sub>): has orthorhombic symmetry, space group Pbcn (No. 60), Pearson symbol oP12, lattice constants a = 0.497 nm, b = 0.596 nm, c = 0.544 nm, Z = 4 (four formula units per unit cell). The lead atoms are six-coordinate. <br />
*The beta phase (β-PbO<sub>2</sub>): has tetragonal symmetry, space group P42/mnm (No. 136), Pearson symbol tP6, lattice constants a = 0.491 nm, c = 0.3385 nm, Z = 2[6] and related to the rutile structure and can be envisaged as containing columns of octahedra sharing opposite edges and joined to other chains by corners.<br />
<br />
Although the formula of lead dioxide is nominally given as PbO<sub>2</sub>, the actual oxygen to lead ratio varies between 1.90 and 1.98 depending on the preparation method. Deficiency of oxygen (or excess of lead) results in the characteristic metallic [[Electrical conductivity|conductivity]] of lead dioxide, with a [[resistivity]] as low as 10<sup>−4</sup> Ω·cm and which is exploited in various electrochemical applications. Like metals, lead dioxide has a characteristic [[electrode potential]], and in [[electrolyte]]s it can be polarized both [[anode|anodically]] and [[cathode|cathodically]]. Lead dioxide electrodes have a dual action, that is both the lead and oxygen ions take part in the electrochemical reactions.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=_PGzaO48Rz0C&pg=PA184</ref><br />
<br />
==Availability==<br />
Lead(IV) oxide is sold by many chemical suppliers.<br />
<br />
==Preparation==<br />
===Chemical===<br />
Lead(IV) oxide can be produced chemically by several methods, such as oxidation of Pb<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> with [[chlorine]] in alkaline medium or with dilute [[nitric acid]]:<br />
<br />
:Pb<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> + 4 HNO<sub>3</sub> → PbO<sub>2</sub> + 2 Pb(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub> + 2 H<sub>2</sub>O<br />
<br />
Oxidizing Pb<sup>+2</sup> salts, such as [[lead(II) acetate]] or [[lead(II) chloride]], with [[calcium hypochlorite]] and [[sodium hypochlorite]] will also yield lead dioxide:<br />
<br />
: Pb(CH<sub>3</sub>COO)<sub>2</sub> + Ca(ClO)<sub>2</sub> → PbO<sub>2</sub> + Ca(CH<sub>3</sub>COO)<sub>2</sub> + CaCl<sub>2</sub><br />
: PbCl<sub>2</sub> + 2 NaClO → PbO<sub>2</sub> + 2 NaCl + Cl<sub>2</sub><br />
<br />
Due to the decomposition of [[sodium hypochlorite|NaOCl]] to [[sodium hydroxide|NaOH]], stoichiometric amounts of PbO<sub>2</sub> react with NaOH to form the hexahydroxoplumbate(IV) ion [Pb(OH)<sub>6</sub>]<sup>2−</sup>, soluble in water.<br />
<br />
===Electrochemical===<br />
Lead dioxide forms on pure lead metal, in dilute [[sulfuric acid]], when polarized anodically at electrode potential about +1.5 V at room temperature. This procedure is used for large-scale industrial production of PbO<sub>2</sub> anodes. Lead and [[copper]] electrodes are immersed in sulfuric acid flowing at a rate of 5–10 L/min. The electrodeposition is carried out [[galvanostat]]ically, by applying a current of about 100 A/m<sup>2</sup> for about 30 minutes. The drawback of the lead electrode is its softness, especially compared to the hard and brittle PbO<sub>2</sub> which has a [[Mohs scale of mineral hardness|Mohs hardness]] of 5.5.<ref>http://www.mindat.org/min-3237.html</ref> This mismatch in mechanical properties results in peeling of the coating. Therefore, an alternative method is to use harder substrates, such as [[titanium]], [[niobium]], [[tantalum]] or [[graphite]] and deposit PbO<sub>2</sub> onto them from [[lead(II) nitrate]] in static or flowing nitric acid. The substrate is usually sand-blasted before the deposition to remove surface oxide and contamination and to increase the surface roughness and adhesion of the coating.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=ArsfQZig_9AC&pg=PA573</ref><br />
<br />
The electrochemical method has been widely used by amateur chemists to make cheap PbO<sub>2</sub> electrodes, useful for the production of chlorates and perchlorates.<br />
<br />
==Projects==<br />
*Make PbO<sub>2</sub> electrodes (β-PbO<sub>2</sub> is more desired for this purpose than the α-PbO<sub>2</sub> form because it has relatively low resistivity, good corrosion resistance even in low-pH medium, and a high overvoltage for the evolution of oxygen in sulfuric-acid- and nitric-acid-based electrolytes)<br />
*Oxidizing agent<br />
*Make chromates<br />
<br />
==Handling==<br />
===Safety===<br />
Lead dioxide is extremely toxic and ingestion may be fatal.<br />
<br />
===Storage===<br />
In closed bottles.<br />
<br />
===Disposal===<br />
Should be taken to waste disposal companies. Scrap metal facilities that collect lead may accept it.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
===Relevant Sciencemadness threads===<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=2465 More on PbO2 electrodes]<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=64231 Graphite Substrate Lead Dioxide anode]<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=4696 Lead Dioxide Electrodes]<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=64860 Which lead dioxide anode should I make?]<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=1425 Lead dioxide battery plate as chlorate cell anode]<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=8639 Lead Dioxide on Magnetite]<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=20498 PbO/PbO2 from Electrolysis?]<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=62169 Lead dioxide anode-possibility of an unusual synthesis method]<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=62249 PbO2 synthesis (not an anode)]<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=74258 Lead dioxide - vinegar reaction?]<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=77475 Making PbO2 plates for chlorate production - from Pb lead-acid battery plates]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Chemical compounds]]<br />
[[Category:Inorganic compounds]]<br />
[[Category:Lead compounds]]<br />
[[Category:Oxides]]<br />
[[Category:Oxidizing agents]]<br />
[[Category:Carcinogenic]]</div>
Mabus