Difference between revisions of "Potassium azide"

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Latest revision as of 18:10, 21 January 2022

Potassium azide
Names
IUPAC name
Potassium azide
Properties
KN3
Molar mass 81.1184 g/mol
Appearance White crystalline solid
Odor Odorless
Density 2.038 g/cm3
Melting point 350–360 °C (662–680 °F; 623–633 K)
Boiling point 360 °C (680 °F; 633 K) (decomposes)
41.4 g/100 ml (0 °C)
50.8 g/100 ml (20 °C)
105.7 g/100 ml (100 °C)
Solubility Soluble in liq. ammonia, methanol
Slightly soluble in ethanol, liq. SO2
Insoluble in acetone, diethyl ether, hexane
Solubility in benzene 0.15 g/100 g (80 °C)[1]
Solubility in ethanol 0.16 g/100 g (0 °C)
0.137 g/100 g (16 °C)[2][3][4]
Solubility in ethanol 80% 1.83 g/100 g (0 °C)
5.93 g/100 g (78.4 °C)[5]
Vapor pressure ~0 mmHg
Thermochemistry
104 J·mol-1·K-1
-1.7 kJ/mol
Hazards
Safety data sheet Sigma-Aldrich
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
27 mg/kg (rat, oral)
Related compounds
Related compounds
Lithium azide
Sodium azide
Rubidium azide
Caesium azide
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
Infobox references

Potassium azide is an inorganic chemical compound with the formula KN3.

Properties

Chemical

Potassium azide decomposes when heated, to potassium metal and nitrogen gas, and may explode during decomposition.

Physical

Potassium azide is a colorless solid, soluble in water. It does not appear to be hygroscopic.

Explosive

The decomposition of potassium azide is known to be explosive.[6][7] Violent decomposition only occurs above 100 °C, below this temperature there doesn't appear to be any violent decomposition.[8]

Availability

Potassium azide is sold by chemical suppliers, but due to the high toxicity of azides, it's not readily available for the amateur chemist.

Preparation

Very pure potassium azide can be produced by reacting potassium amide with nitrous oxide, at 270-280 °C, in an inert atmosphere, in rotating furnace. KOH and ammonia may be produced as byproducts. Yield of this reaction is given as ~99%.[9] An older preparation used a lower temperature range of 150-250 °C, though the yield is not given.[10][11]

Potassium azide can be prepared by heating a mixture of ammonium nitrate or potassium nitrate with potassium amide at 90 °C, in closed tube. Yield is given as 75%. If lead(II) nitrate is used instead, the yield of the reaction is 80%.[12]

More conveniently, it can be prepared by adding a solution of potassium sulfate to another solution of either barium azide or lead(II) azide. The insoluble sulfate precipitate is then filtered, and the filtered solution is gently dried to remove the water.

Can also be easily produced in high purity by neutralizing hydrazoic acid with potassium hydroxide or potassium carbonate.

Projects

  • Azidation agent
  • Nitrification inhibitor
  • Blasting cap

Handling

Safety

Potassium azide is extremely toxic. The toxicity of azides is similar that of cyanides. There is no known antidote.

Storage

Potassium azide should be stored in spark-free containers, away from moisture or any acidic vapors.

Disposal

When disposed of, it must never be poured down the drain, as it will react to either copper or lead plumbing to yield copper azide, which is highly sensitive. Hydrolysis can also occur in aqueous solutions, at certain pH. Potassium azide must be treated with nitrous acid before being discarded. This can be easily obtained by acidifying sodium nitrite.

References

  1. Seidell A. Solubilities of inorganic and metal organic compounds. - 3ed., vol.1. - New York: D. Van Nostrand Company, 1940
  2. Cranston; Livingstone; Journal of the Chemical Society; (1926); p. 503
  3. Справочник химика. - Т. 2. - Л.-М.: Химия, 1964
  4. Химическая энциклопедия. - Т. 2. - М.: Советская энциклопедия, 1990
  5. Janz G.J., Tomkins R.P.T. Nonaqueous Electrolytes Handbook. - Vol. 2. - New York and London: Academic Press, 1973 pp. 41
  6. Mayans, Júlia; Stoumpos, Constantinos C.; Font-Bardia, Mercé; Escuer, Albert; Chemistry - A European Journal; vol. 26; nb. 49; (2020); p. 11158 - 11169
  7. Bloch, Susanne; Carreira, Erick M.; Hansen, Moritz E.; Kravina, Alberto G.; Pehlivanoglu, Deren; Pultar, Felix; Riniker, Sereina; Wolfrum, Susanne; Böselt, Lennard; Fróis-Martins, Ricardo; Leibundgut-Landmann, Salomé; Schäffer, Christina; Journal of the American Chemical Society; vol. 143; nb. 27; (2021); p. 10389 - 10402
  8. Reckeweg, Olaf; Simon, Arndt; Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung, B: Chemical Sciences; vol. 58; nb. 11; (2003); p. 1097 - 1104
  9. Hoth, W.; Pyl, G.; Angewandte Chemie; vol. 42; (1929); p. 890
  10. Dennis, L. M.; Browne, A. W.; Zeitschrift fur anorganische Chemie; vol. 40; (1904); p. 90 - 94
  11. Joannis, A.; Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences; vol. 118; (1894); p. 713
  12. Franklin, E. C.; Journal of the American Chemical Society; vol. 56; (1934); p. 586

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