Supposedly a reanalysis is being done with results expected in days to weeks. I'm pretty busy right now so I see no reason to speculate; I'll let them
hash it out.Fyndium - 7-12-2020 at 07:48
So when are the current encryption standards at stake?
Connecting heterogeneous quantum networks by hybrid entanglement swapping
Giovanni Guccione, Tom Darras, Hanna Le Jeannic, Varun B. Verma, Sae Woo Nam, Adrien Cavaillès & Julien Laurat
Guccione et al., Sci. Adv. 2020; 6 : eaba4508 29 May 2020
Recent advances in quantum technologies are rapidly stimulating the building of quantum networks. With the parallel development of multiple physical
platforms and different types of encodings, a challenge for present and future networks is to uphold a heterogeneous structure for full functionality
and therefore support modular systems that are not necessarily compatible with one another. Central to this endeavor is the capability to distribute
and interconnect optical entangled states relying on different discrete and continuous quantum variables. Here, we report an entanglement swapping
protocol connecting such entangled states. We generate single-photon entanglement and hybrid entanglement between particle- and wave-like optical
qubits and then demonstrate the heralded creation of hybrid entanglement at a distance by using a specific Bell-state measurement. This ability opens
up the prospect of connecting heterogeneous nodes of a network, with the promise of increased integration and novel functionalities
So when are the current encryption standards at stake?
Now.or maybe soon. I wouldn't count on anything being unbreakable these days.leau - 6-12-2021 at 10:51
Teleportation Systems Toward a Quantum Internet
Raju Valivarthi, Samantha I. Davis, Cristián Peña, Si Xie , Nikolai Lauk, Lautaro Narváez, Jason P. Allmaras, Andrew D. Beyer, Yewon Gim, Meraj
Hussein, George Iskander , Hyunseong Linus Kim, Boris Korzh, Andrew Mueller, Mandy Rominsky, Matthew Shaw, Dawn Tang , Emma E. Wollman, Christoph
Simon, Panagiotis Spentzouris, Daniel Oblak, Neil Sinclair and Maria Spiropulu
Quantum teleportation is essential for many quantum information technologies, including long-distance quantum networks. Using fiber-coupled devices,
including state-of-the-art low-noise superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors and off-the-shelf optics, we achieve conditional quantum
teleportation of time-bin qubits at the telecommunication wavelength of 1536.5 nm. We measure teleportation fidelities of ≥ 90% that are consistent
with an analytical model of our system, which includes realistic imperfections. To demonstrate the compatibility of our setup with deployed quantum
networks, we teleport qubits over 22 km of single-mode fiber while transmitting qubits over an additional 22 km of fiber. Our systems, which are
compatible with emerging solid-state quantum devices, provide a realistic foundation for a high-fidelity quantum Internet with practical
devices.
[Edited on 6-12-2021 by leau]macckone - 6-12-2021 at 11:00
For reference purposes you need at minimum the number of qubits in a number to factor it.
They are at 50-60 qubits and RSA encryption is currently using 4096 bits for long duration keys and 2048 for normal use keys.
There is a good ways to go.
The NSA has recommended against ECC for a while now, so my guess is they have a shortcut for ECC at least with some curves.leau - 7-12-2021 at 13:20
How to profit from quantum technology without building quantum computers
Dmitry Green, Henning Soller, Yuval Oreg and Victor Galitski
There are a number of lower risk opportunities to invest in quantum technologies, other than quantum computers, but to make the most of them both
specialist knowledge and market awareness are required.
is attached
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leau - 8-12-2021 at 08:33
Experimental Fock-state bunching capability of non-ideal single-photon states
Petr Zapletal, Tom Darras, Hanna Le Jeannic, Adrien Cavaillès, Giovanni Guccione, Julien Laurat & Radim Filip
Vol. 8, No. 5 / May 2021 / Optica
Advanced quantum technologies, as well as fundamental tests of quantum physics, crucially require the interferenceof multiple single photons in
linear-optics circuits. This interference can result in the bunching of photons into higher Fock states, leading to a complex bosonic behavior. These
challenging tasks timely require to develop collective criteria to benchmark many independent initial resources. Here we determine whether n
independent imperfect single photons can ultimately bunch into the Fock state |ni. We thereby introduce an experimental Fock-state bunching capability
for single-photon sources, which uses phase-space interference for extreme bunching events as a quantifier. In contrast to autocorrelation functions,
this operational approach takes into account not only residual multi-photon components but also a vacuum admixture and the dispersion of individual
photon statistics. We apply this approach to high-purity single photons generated from an optical parametric oscillator and show that they can lead to
a Fock-state capability of at least 14. Our work demonstrates a novel collective benchmark for single-photon sources and their use in subsequent
stringent applications.
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leau - 9-12-2021 at 07:44
Validating multi-photon quantum interference with finite data
Fulvio Flamini, Mattia Walschaers, Nicolò Spagnolo, Nathan Wiebe, Andreas Buchleitner and Fabio Sciarrino
Multi-particle interference is a key resource for quantum information processing, as exemplified by Boson Sampling. Hence, given its fragile nature,
an essential desideratum is a solid and reliable framework for its validation. However, while several protocols have been introduced to this end,the
approach is still fragmented and fails to build a big picture for future developments. In this work, we propose an operational approach to validation
that encompasses and strengthens the state of the art for these protocols. To this end, we consider the Bayesian hypothesis testing and the
statistical benchmark as most favorable protocols for small- and large-scale applications, respectively. We numerically investigate their operation
with finite sample size, extending previous tests to larger dimensions, and against two adversarial algorithms for classical simulation: the
mean-field sampler and the metropolized independent sampler. To evidence the actual need for refined validation techniques, we show how the assessment
of numerically simulated data depends on the available sample size, as well as on the internal hyper-parameters and other practically relevant
constraints. Our analyses provide general insights into the challenge of validation, and can inspire the design of algorithms with a measurable
quantum advantage.
Raju Valivarthi, Samantha I. Davis, Cristián Peña, Si Xie, Nikolai Lauk, Lautaro Narváez, Jason P. Allmaras, Andrew D. Beyer, Yewon Gim, Meraj
Hussein, George Iskander, Hyunseong Linus Kim, Boris Korzh, Andrew Mueller, Mandy Rominsky, Matthew Shaw, Dawn Tang, Emma E. Wollman, Christoph Simon,
Panagiotis Spentzouris, Daniel Oblak, Neil Sinclair and Maria Spiropulu
Quantum teleportation is essential for many quantum information technologies, including long-distance quantum networks. Using fiber-coupled devices,
including state-of-the-art low-noise superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors and off-the-shelf optics, we achieve conditional quantum
teleportation of time-bin qubits at the telecommunication wavelength of 1536.5 nm. We measure teleportation fidelities of ≥ 90% that are consistent
with an analytical model of our system, which includes realistic imperfections. To demonstrate the compatibility of our setup with deployed quantum
networks, we teleport qubits over 22 km of single-mode fiber while transmitting qubits over an additional 22 km of fiber. Our systems, which are
compatible with emerging solid-state quantum devices, provide a realistic foundation for a high-fidelity quantum Internet with practical
devices.
Efficient Quantum Teleportation of Unknown Qubit Based on DV-CV Interaction Mechanism
Sergey A. Podoshvedov
Entropy 2019, 21, 150; doi:10.3390/e21020150
We propose and develop the theory of quantum teleportation of an unknown qubit based on the interaction mechanism between discrete-variable (DV) and
continuous-variable (CV) states on highly transmissive beam splitter (HTBS). This DV-CV interaction mechanism is based on the simultaneous
displacement of the DV state on equal in absolute value, but opposite in sign displacement amplitudes by coherent components of the hybrid in such a
way that all the information about the displacement amplitudes is lost with subsequent registration of photons in the auxiliary modes. The relative
phase of the displaced unknown qubit in the measurement number state basis can vary on opposite, depending on the parity of the basis states in the
case of the negative amplitude of displacement that is akin to action of nonlinear effect on the teleported qubit. All measurement outcomes of the
quantum teleportation are distinguishable, but the teleported state at Bob’s disposal may acquire a predetermined amplitude-distorting factor. Two
methods of getting rid of the factors are considered. The quantum teleportation is considered in various interpretations. A method for increasing the
efficiency of quantum teleportation of an unknown qubit is proposed.
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Attachment: entropy-21-00150.pdf (2.3MB) This file has been downloaded 227 times
[Edited on 11-12-2021 by leau]leau - 12-12-2021 at 07:54
Scheme for the generation of hybrid entanglement between time-bin and wavelike encodings
Élie Gouzien, Floriane Brunel, Sébastien Tanzilli, and Virginia D’Auria
Phys. Rev. A 102, 012603 – Published 2 July 2020
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.102.012603
We propose a scheme for the generation of hybrid states entangling a single-photon time-bin qubit with a coherent-state qubit encoded on phases.
Compared to other reported solutions, time-bin encoding makes hybrid entanglement particularly well adapted to applications involving long-distance
propagation in optical fibers. This makes our proposal a promising resource for future out of-the-laboratory quantum communication. In this
perspective, we analyze our scheme by taking into account realistic experimental resources and discuss the impact of their imperfections on the
quality of the obtained hybrid state.
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leau - 13-12-2021 at 10:32
Small quantum computers and large classical data sets
We introduce hybrid classical-quantum algorithms for problems involving a large classical data set X and a space of models Y such that a quantum
computer has superposition access to Y but not X. These algorithms use data reduction techniques to construct a weighted subset of X called a coreset
that yields approximately the same loss for each model. The coreset can be constructed by the classical computer alone, or via an interactive protocol
in which the outputs of the quantum computer are used to help decide which elements of X to use. By using the quantum computer to perform Grover
search or rejection sampling, this yields quantum speedups for maximum likelihood estimation, Bayesian inference and saddle-point optimization.
Concrete applications include k-means clustering, logistical regression, zero-sum games and boosting.
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leau - 14-12-2021 at 07:57
Highly photon loss tolerant quantum computing using hybrid qubits
S. Omkar, Y. S. Teo, Seung-Woo Lee, and H. Jeong
doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.103.032602 arXiv:2011.04209
We investigate a scheme for topological quantum computing using optical hybrid qubits and make an extensive comparison with previous all-optical
schemes. We show that the photon loss threshold reported by Omkar et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 060501 (2020)] can be improved further by employing
postselection and multi-Bell-state-measurement based entangling operation to create a special cluster state, known as Raussendorf lattice for
topological quantum computation. In particular, the photon loss threshold is enhanced up to 5.7 × 10 −3 , which is the highest reported value given
a reasonable error model. This improvement is obtained at the price of consuming more resources by an order of magnitude, compared to the scheme in
the aforementioned reference. Neverthless, this scheme remains resource-efficient compared to other known optical schemes for fault-tolerant quantum
computation.
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This article is an introductory review of the physics of quantum spin liquid (QSL) states. Quantum magnetism is a rapidly evolving field, and recent
developments reveal that the ground states and low-energy physics of frustrated spin systems may develop many exotic behaviors once we leave the
regime of semi-classical approaches. The purpose of this article is to introduce these developments. The article begins by explaining how
semi-classical approaches fail once quantum mechanics become important and then describes the alternative approaches for addressing the problem. We
discuss mainly spin 1/2 systems, and we spend most of our time in this article on one particular set of plausible spin liquid states in which spins
are represented by fermions. These states are spin-singlet states and may be viewed as an extension of Fermi liquid states to Mott insulators, and
they are usually classified in the category of so-called SU (2), U (1) or Z 2 spin liquid states. We review the basic theory regarding these states
and the extensions of these states to include the effect of spin-orbit coupling and to higher spin (S > 1/2) systems. Two other important
approaches with strong influences on the understanding of spin liquid states are also introduced: (i) matrix product states and projected entangled
pair states and (ii) the Kitaev honeycomb model. Experimental progress concerning spin liquid states in realistic materials, including anisotropic
triangular lattice systems (κ-(ET) 2 Cu 2 (CN) 3 and EtMe 3 Sb[(Pd(dmit) 2 ] 2 ), kagome lattice systems (ZnCu 3 (OH) 6 Cl 2 ) and hyperkagome
lattice systems (Na 4 Ir 3 O 8 ), is reviewed and compared against the corresponding theories.
is attached
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leau - 16-12-2021 at 09:52
Probing Topological Spin Liquids on a Programmable Quantum Simulator
G. Semeghini, H. Levine, A. Keesling, S. Ebadi, T. T. Wang, D. Bluvstein , R. Verresen, H. Pichler M. Kalinowski, R. Samajdar, A. Omran, S. Sachdev ,
A. Vishwanath , M. Greiner, V. Vuletić , M. D. Lukin
Quantum spin liquids, exotic phases of matter with topological order, have been a major focus of explorations in physical science for the past several
decades. Such phases feature long-range quantum entanglement that can potentially be exploited to realize robust quantum computation. We use a
219-atom programmable quantum simulator to probe quantum spin liquid states. In our approach, arrays of atoms are placed on the links of a kagome
lattice and evolution under Rydberg blockade creates frustrated quantum states with no local order. The onset of a quantum spin liquid phase of the
paradigmatic toric code type is detected by evaluating topological string operators that provide direct signatures of topological order and quantum
correlations. Its properties are further revealed by using an atom array with nontrivial topology, representing a first step towards topological
encoding. Our observations enable the controlled experimental exploration of topological quantum matter and protected quantum information
processing.
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leau - 17-12-2021 at 07:08
Supplementary Materials for Probing topological spin liquids on a programmable quantum simulator
Quantum Teleportation Between Discrete and Continuous Encodings of an Optical Qubit
Alexander E. Ulanov, Demid Sychev, Anastasia A. Pushkina, Ilya A. Fedorov, and A. I. Lvovsky
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.118.160501
The transfer of quantum information between physical systems of a different nature is a central matter in quantum technologies. Particularly
challenging is the transfer between discrete and continuous degrees of freedom of various harmonic oscillator systems. Here we implement a protocol
for teleporting a continuous-variable optical qubit, encoded by means of low-amplitude coherent states, onto a discrete-variable, single-rail
qubit—a superposition of the vacuum and single-photon optical states—via a hybrid entangled resource we test our protocol on a one-dimensional
manifold of the input qubit space and demonstrate the mappingonto the equator of the teleported qubit’s Bloch sphere with an average fidelity of
0.83 - 0.04. Our work opens up the way to the wide application of quantum information processing techniques where discrete- and continuous-variable
encodings are combined within the same optical circuit.
is attached
Attachment: ulanov2017.pdf (743kB) This file has been downloaded 234 times
leau - 23-12-2021 at 07:43
Hybrid entanglement between optical discrete polarizations and continuous quadrature variables
Jianming Wen, Irina Novikova, Chen Qian, Chuanwei Zhang and Shengwang Du
By coherently combining advantages while largely avoiding limitations of two mainstream platforms, optical hybrid entanglement involving both discrete
and continuous variables has recently garnered widespread attention and emerged as a promising idea for building heterogenous quantum networks.
Different from previous results, here we propose a new scheme to remotely generate hybrid entanglement between discrete-polarization and
continuous-quadrature optical qubits heralded by two-photon Bell state measurement. As a novel nonclassical light resource, we further utilize it to
discuss two examples of ways – entanglement swapping and quantum teloportation – in which quantum information processing and communications could
make use of this hybrid technique.
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[Edited on 23-12-2021 by leau]
Attachment: 2105.04602 (368kB) This file has been downloaded 210 times
leau - 24-12-2021 at 06:13
Quantum Ising Hamiltonian Programming in Trio, Quartet, and Sextet Qubit Systems
Minhyuk Kim, Yunheung Song, Jaewan Kim and Jaewook Ahn
Rydberg-atom quantum simulators are of keen interest because of their possibilities towards high-dimensional qubit architectures. Here we report
continuous tuning of quantum Ising Hamiltonians of Rydberg atoms in three-dimensional arrangements. Various connected graphs of Rydberg atoms
constructed with vertices and edges respectively representing atoms and Rydberg-blockaded atom pairs, and their eigenenergies are probed along with
their geometric intermediates during structural transformations.Conformation spectra of star, complete, cyclic, and diamond graphs are probed for four
interacting atoms and antiprism structures for six atoms. The energy level shifts and merges of the tested structural transformations are clearly
observed with Fourier-transform spectroscopy, in good agreement with the model few-body quantum Ising Hamiltonian. This result demonstrates the
possibility of continuous geometry tuning and thus programming of many-body spin-Hamiltonian systems.
Quantum mechanics sets fundamental limits on how fast quantum states can be transformed in time. Two well-known quantum speed limits are the
Mandelstam-Tamm and the Margolus-Levitin bounds, which relate the maximum speed of evolution to the system’s energy uncertainty and mean energy,
respectively. Here, we test concurrently both limits in a multilevel system by following the motion of a single atom in an optical trap using fast
matter wave interferometry. We find two different regimes: one where the Mandelstam-Tamm limit constrains the evolution at all times, and a second
where a crossover to the Margolus-Levitin limit occurs at longer times. We take a geometric approach to quantify the deviation from the speed limit,
measuring how much the quantum evolution deviates from the geodesic path in the Hilbert space of the multilevel system. Our results are important to
understand the ultimate performance of quantum computing devices and related advanced quantum technologies.
is attached
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leau - 26-12-2021 at 08:05
Resonance from antiferromagnetic spin fluctuations for superconductivity in UTe 2
Chunruo Duan, R. E. Baumbach, Andrey Podlesnyak, Yuhang Deng, Camilla Moir, Alexander J. Breindel, M. Brian Maple, E. M. Nica, Qimiao Si and Pengcheng
Dai
Superconductivity has its universal origin in the formation of bound (Cooper) pairs of electrons that can move through the lattice without resistance
below the superconducting transition temperature Tc. While electron Cooper pairs in most superconductors form anti-parallel spin-singlets with total
spin S=0, they can also form parallel spin-triplet Cooper pairs with S=1 and an odd parity wavefunction, analogous to the equal spin pairing state in
the superfluid 3He. Spin-triplet pairing is important because it can host topological states and Majorana fermions relevant for fault tolerant quantum
computation. However, spin-triplet pairing is rare and has not been unambiguously identified in any solid state systems. Since spin-triplet pairing is
usually mediated by ferromagnetic (FM) spin fluctuations, uranium based heavy-fermion materials near a FM instability are considered ideal candidates
for realizing spin-triplet superconductivity. Indeed, UTe2, which has a Tc=1.6K, has been identified as a strong candidate for chiral spin-triplet
topological superconductor near a FM instability, although the system also exhibits antiferromagnetic (AF) spin fluctuations]. Here we use inelastic
neutron scattering (INS) to show that superconductivity in UTe2 is coupled with a sharp magnetic excitation at the Brillouin zone (BZ) boundary near
AF order, analogous to the resonance seen in high-Tc copper oxide, iron-based, and heavy-fermion superconductors. We find that the resonance in UTe2
occurs below Tc at an energy Er=7.9kBTc (kB is Boltzmann's constant) and at the expense of low-energy spin fluctuations. Since the resonance has only
been found in spin-singlet superconductors near an AF instability, its discovery in UTe2 suggests that AF spin fluctuations can also induce
spin-triplet pairing for superconductivity.
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Attachment: 2106.14424 (4.1MB) This file has been downloaded 242 times
leau - 27-12-2021 at 08:10
Real-Time Error Correction for Quantum Computing Philip Ball Physics 14, 184 | DOI: 10.1103/Physics.14.184 Random
errors incurred during computation are one of the biggest obstacles to unleashing the full power of quantum computers. Researchers have now
demonstrated a technique that allows errors to be detected and corrected in real time as the computation proceeds. It also allows error correction to
be conducted several times on a single quantum bit (qubit) during the calculation. Both features are needed to make the basic elements—the logical
qubits—of a fully error-tolerant quantum computer that can be scaled up and used for applications beyond the specialized ones that these machines
have tackled so far.
is attached
Attachment: Physics.14.184.pdf (1.2MB) This file has been downloaded 212 times
Variational quantum algorithms dominate contemporary gate-based quantum enhanced optimization, eigen-value estimation, and machine learning. Here we
establish the quantum computational universality of variational quantum computation by developing two objective functions which minimize to prepare
outputs of arbitrary quantum circuits. The fleeting resource of variational quantum computation is the number of expected values which must be
iteratively minimized using classical-to-quantum outer loop optimization. An efficient solution to this optimization problem is given by the quantum
circuit being simulated itself. The first construction is efficient in the number of expected values for n-qubit circuits containing O(poly ln n)
non-Clifford gates—the number of expected values has no dependence on Clifford gates appearing in the simulated circuit. The second approach yields
O(L 2 ) expected values whereas introducing not more than O(ln L) slack qubits for a quantum circuit partitioned into L gates. Hence, the utilitarian
variational quantum programming procedure—based on the classical evaluation of objective functions and iterated feedback—is, in principle, as
powerful as any other model of quantum computation. This result elevates the formal standing of the variational approach whereas establishing a
universal model of quantum computation.
Quantum Information Scrambling on a Superconducting Qutrit Processor
M. S. Blok, V. V. Ramasesh , T. Schuster, K. O’Brien, J. M. Kreikebaum, D. Dahlen, A. Morvan, B. Yoshida, N. Y. Yao and I. Siddiqi
PHYSICAL REVIEW X 11, 021010 (2021)
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevX.11.021010
The dynamics of quantum information in strongly interacting systems, known as quantum information scrambling, has recently become a common thread in
our understanding of black holes, transport in exotic non-Fermi liquids, and many-body analogs of quantum chaos. To date, verified experimental
implementations of scrambling have focused on systems composed of two-level qubits. Higher-dimensional quantum systems, however, may exhibit different
scrambling modalities and are predicted to saturate conjectured speed limits on the rate of quantum information scrambling. We take the first steps
toward accessing such phenomena, by realizing a quantum processor based on superconducting qutrits (three-level quantum systems). We demonstrate the
implementation of universal two-qutrit scrambling operations and embed them in a five-qutrit quantum teleportation protocol. Measured teleportation
fidelities F avg ¼ 0.568 0.001 confirm the presence of scrambling even in the presence of experimental imperfections and decoherence. Our
teleportation protocol, which connects to recent proposals for studying traversable wormholes in the laboratory, demonstrates how quantum technology
that encodes information in higher-dimensional systems can exploit a larger and more connected state space to achieve the resource efficient encoding
of complex quantum circuits.
is attached
Attachment: PhysRevX.11.021010.pdf (1.9MB) This file has been downloaded 234 timesleau - 30-12-2021 at 06:19
Fabrication of low-loss quasi-single-mode PPLN waveguide and its application to a modularized broadband high-level
squeezer
A continuous-wave (CW) broadband high-level optical quadrature squeezer is essential for high-speed large-scale fault-tolerant quantum computing on a
time-domain-multiplexed continuous-variable optical cluster state. CW THz-bandwidth squeezed light can be obtained with a waveguide optical parametric
amplifier (OPA); however, the squeezing level has been insufficient for applications of fault-tolerant quantum computation because of degradation of
the squeezing level due to their optical losses caused by the structural perturbation and pump-induced phenomena. Here, by using mechanical polishing
processes, we fabricated a low-loss quasi-single-mode periodically poled LiNbO 3(PPLN) waveguide, which shows 7% optical propagation loss with a
waveguide length of 45 mm. Using the waveguide, we assembled a low-loss fiber-pigtailed OPA module with a total insertion loss of 21%. Thanks to its
directly bonded core on a LiTaO 3 substrate, the waveguide does not show pump-induced optical loss even under a condition of hundreds of milliwatts
pumping. Furthermore, the quasi-single-mode structure prohibits excitation of higher-order spatial modes and enables us to obtain larger squeezing
level. Even with including optical coupling loss of the modularization, we observe 6.3-dB squeezed light from the DC component up to a 6.0-THz
sideband in a fully fiber-closed optical system. By excluding the losses due to imperfections of the modularization and detection, the squeezing
level at the output of the PPLN waveguide is estimated to be over 10 dB. Our waveguide squeezer is a promising quantum light source for high-speed
large-scale faulttolerant quantum computing.
is attached
Attachment: 5.0063118.pdf (2.3MB) This file has been downloaded 263 times
leau - 31-12-2021 at 07:01
Asymptotic Improvements to Quantum Circuits via Qutrits
Pranav Gokhale, Natalie C. Brown, Casey Duckering, Jonathan M. Baker, Kenneth R. Brown & Frederic T. Chong
Quantum computation is traditionally expressed in terms of quantum bits, or qubits. In this work, we instead consider three-level qutrits. Past work
with qutrits has demonstrated only constant factor improvements, owing to the log 2 (3) binary-to-ternary compression factor. We present a novel
technique using qutrits to achieve a logarithmic depth (runtime) decomposition of the Generalized Toffoli gate using no ancilla a significant
improvement over linear depth for the best qubit-only equivalent. Our circuit construction also features a 70x improvement in two-qudit gate count
over the qubit-only equivalent decomposition. This results in circuit cost reductions for important algorithms like quantum neurons and Grover search.
We develop an open-source circuit simulator for qutrits, along with realistic near-term noise models which account for the cost of operating qutrits.
Simulation results for these noise models indicate over 90% mean reliability (fidelity) for our circuit construction, versus under 30% for the
qubit-only baseline. These results suggest that qutrits offer a promising path towards scaling quantum computation.
Prospects for Simulating a Qudit-Based Model of (1+1)d Scalar QED
Erik J. Gustafson
Phys. Rev. D 103, 114505 (2021)
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.103.114505
We present a gauge invariant digitization of (1 + 1)d scalar quantum electrodynamics for an arbitrary spin truncation for qudit-based quantum
computers. We provide a construction of the Trotter operator in terms of a universal qudit-gate set. The cost savings of using a qutrit based spin-1
encoding versus a qubit encoding are illustrated. We show that a simple initial state could be simulated on current qutrit based hardware using noisy
simulations for two different native gate set.
is attached
Attachment: 2104.10136 (550kB) This file has been downloaded 227 times
leau - 2-1-2022 at 07:18
Experimental quantum cryptography with qutrits
Simon Gröblacher, Thomas Jennewein, Alipasha Vaziri, Gregor Weihs and Anton Zeilinger
New Journal of Physics 8 (2006) 75
doi:10.1088/1367-2630/8/5/075
We produce two identical keys using, for the first time, entangled trinary quantum systems (qutrits) for quantum key distribution. The advantage of
qutrits over the normally used binary quantum systems is an increased coding density and a higher security margin. The qutrits are encoded into the
orbital angular momentum of photons, namely Laguerre–Gaussian modes with azimuthal index l + 1, 0 and −1, respectively. The orbital angular
momentum is controlled with phase holograms. In an Ekert-type protocol the violation of a three-dimensional Bell inequality verifies the security of
the generated keys.A key is obtained with a qutrit error rate of approximately 10%.
is attached
Attachment: pdf (326kB) This file has been downloaded 366 times
leau - 3-1-2022 at 06:20
Quantum Cryptography Based On Bell Inequalities for Three-Dimensional System
Dagomir Kaszlikowski, Kelken Chang, D. K. L. Oi, L.C. Kwek and C.H. Oh
We present a crytographic protocol based upon entangled qutrit pairs. We analyse the scheme under a symmetric incoherent attack and plot the region
for which the protocol is secure and compare this with the region of violations of certain Bell inequalities.
is attached
Attachment: 0206170v1.pdf (278kB) This file has been downloaded 200 times
[Edited on 3-1-2022 by leau]leau - 4-1-2022 at 06:23
Quantum Information Scrambling on a Superconducting Qutrit Processor
M. S. Blok, V. V. Ramasesh , T. Schuster, K. O’Brien, J. M. Kreikebaum, D. Dahlen, A. Morvan, B. Yoshida, 3 N. Y. Yao and I. Siddiqi .
PHYSICAL REVIEW X 11, 021010 (2021) DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevX.11.021010
The dynamics of quantum information in strongly interacting systems, known as quantum information scrambling, has recently become a common thread in
our understanding of black holes, transport in exotic non-Fermi liquids, and many-body analogs of quantum chaos. To date, verified experimental
implementations of scrambling have focused on systems composed of two-level qubits. Higher-dimensional quantum systems, however, may exhibit different
scrambling modalities and are predicted to saturate conjectured speed limits on the rate of quantum information scrambling. We take the first steps
toward accessing such phenomena, by realizing a quantum processor based on superconducting qutrits (three-level quantum systems). We demonstrate the
implementation of universal two-qutrit scrambling operations and embed them in a five-qutrit quantum teleportation protocol. Measured teleportation
fidelities F avg ¼ 0.568 0.001 confirm the presence of scrambling even in the presence of experimental imperfections and decoherence. Our
teleportation protocol, which connects to recent proposals for studying traversable wormholes in the laboratory, demonstrates how quantum technology
that encodes information in higher-dimensional systems can exploit a larger and more connected state space to achieve the resource efficient encoding
of complex quantum circuits
Quantum bits, or qubits, are an example of coherent circuits envisioned for next-generation computers and detectors. A robust superconducting qubit
with a coherent lifetime of O(100 µs) is the transmon: a Josephson junction functioning as a non-linear inductor shunted with a capacitor to form an
anharmonic oscillator. In a complex device with many such transmons, precise control over each qubit frequency is often required, and thus variations
of the junction area and tunnel barrier thickness must be sufficiently minimized to achieve optimal performance while avoiding spectral overlap
between neighboring circuits. Simply transplanting our recipe optimized for single, stand-alone devices to wafer-scale (producing 64, 1x1 cm dies from
a 150 mm wafer) initially resulted in global drifts in room-temperature tunneling resistance of ± 30%. Inferring a critical current I c variation
from this resistance distribution, we present an optimized process developed from a systematic 38 wafer study that results in < 3.5% relative
standard deviation (RSD) in critical current (≡ σ I c / hI c i) for 3000 Josephson junctions (both single-junctions and asymmetric SQUIDs) across
an area of 49 cm 2 . Looking within a 1x1 cm moving window across the substrate gives an estimate of the variation characteristic of a given qubit
chip. Our best process, utilizing ultrasonically assisted development, uniform ashing, and dynamic oxidation has shown σ I c / hI c i = 1.8% within
1x1 cm, on average, with a few 1x1 cm areas having σ I c / hI c i < 1.0% (equivalent to σ f / h f i < 0.5%). Such stability would drastically
improve the yield of multi-junction chips with strict critical current requirements.
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leau - 6-1-2022 at 04:41
Conditional teleportation of quantum-dot spin states
Haifeng Qiao, Yadav P. Kandel, Sreenath K. Manikandan, Andrew N. Jordan Geoffrey C. Gardner, Michael J. Manfra, John M. Nichol & Saeed Fallahi
Among the different platforms for quantum information processing, individual electron spins in semiconductor quantum dots stand out for their long
coherence times and potential for scalable fabrication. The past years have witnessed substantial progress in the capabilities of spin qubits.
However, coupling between distant electron spins, which is required for quantum error correction, presents a challenge, and this goal remains the
focus of intense research. Quantum teleportation is a canonical method to transmit qubit states, but it has not been implemented in quantum-dot spin
qubits. Here, we present evidence for quantum teleportation of electron spin qubits in semiconductor quantum dots. Although we have not performed
quantum state tomography to definitively assess the teleportation fidelity, our data are consistent with conditional teleportation of spin
eigenstates, entanglement swapping, and gate teleportation. Such evidence for all-matter spin-state teleportation underscores the capabilities of
exchange-coupled spin qubits for quantum-information transfer.
Lydia A. Kanari-Naish, Jack Clarke, Michael R. Vanner and Edward A. Laird
Testing the limits of the applicability of quantum mechanics will deepen our understanding of the universe and may shed light on the interplay between
quantum mechanics and gravity. At present there is a wide range of approaches for such macroscopic tests spanning from matter-wave interferometry of
large molecules to precision measurements of heating rates in the motion of micro-scale cantilevers. The “displacemon” is a proposed
electromechanical device consisting of a mechanical resonator flux-coupled to a superconducting qubit enabling generation and readout of mechanical
quantum states. In the original proposal, the mechanical resonator was a carbon nanotube, containing 10 6 nucleons. Here, in order to probe quantum
mechanics at a more macroscopic scale, we propose using an aluminum mechanical resonator on two larger mass scales, one inspired by the
Marshall–Simon–Penrose–Bouwmeester moving-mirror proposal, and one set by the Planck mass. For such a device, we examine the experimental
requirements needed to perform a more macroscopic quantum test and thus feasibly detect the decoherence effects predicted by two objective collapse
models: Di osi–Penrose and continuous spontaneous localization. Our protocol for testing these two theories takes advantage of the displacemon
architecture to create non-Gaussian mechanical states out of equilibrium with their environment and then analyzes the measurement statistics of a
superconducting qubit. We find that with improvements to the fabrication and vibration sensitivities of these electromechanical devices, the
displacemon device provides a new route to feasibly test decoherence mechanisms beyond standard quantum theory.
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leau - 8-1-2022 at 16:50
Measurement-Induced Entanglement Transitions in the Quantum Ising Chain: From Infinite to Zero Clicks
Xhek Turkeshi, Alberto Biella, Rosario Fazio, Marcello Dalmonte and Marco Schiró
Phys. Rev. B 103, 224210 (2021) DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.103.224210
We investigate measurement-induced phase transitions in the Quantum Ising chain coupled to a monitoring environment. We compare two different limits
of the measurement problem, the stochastic quantum-state diffusion protocol corresponding to infinite small jumps per unit of time and the no-click
limit, corresponding to post-selection and described by a non-Hermitian Hamiltonian. In both cases we find a remarkably similar phenomenology as the
measurement strength γ is increased, namely a sharp transition from a critical phase with logarithmic scaling of the entanglement to an area-law
phase, which occurs at the same value of the measurement rate in the two protocols. An effective central charge, extracted from the logarithmic
scaling of the entanglement, vanishes continuously at the common transition point, although with different critical behavior possibly suggesting
different universality classes for the two protocols. We interpret the central charge mismatch near the transition in terms of noise-induced
disentanglement, as suggested by the entanglement statistics which displays emergent bimodality upon approaching the critical point. The non-Hermitian
Hamiltonian and its associated subradiance spectral transition provide a natural framework to understand both the extended critical phase, emerging
here for a model which lacks any continuous symmetry, and the entanglement transition into the area law
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leau - 9-1-2022 at 03:46
e Measurement-induced Transition in Long-range Interacting Quantum Circuits
Maxwell Block, Yimu Bao, Soonwon Choi, Ehud Altman and Norman Y. Yao
The competition between scrambling unitary evolution and projective measurements leads to a phase transition in the dynamics of quantum entanglement.
Here, we demonstrate that the nature of this transition is fundamentally altered by the presence of long-range, power-law interactions. For
sufficiently weak power-laws, the measurement-induced transition is described by conformal field theory, analogous to short-range-interacting hybrid
circuits. However, beyond a critical power-law, we demonstrate that long-range interactions give rise to a continuum of non-conformal universality
classes, with continuously varying critical exponents. We numerically determine the phase diagram for a one-dimensional, long-range-interacting hybrid
circuit model as a function of the power-law exponent and the measurement rate. Finally, by using an analytic mapping to a long-range quantum Ising
model, we provide a theoretical understanding for the critical power-law.
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leau - 10-1-2022 at 07:41
Quantum State Complexity in Computationally Tractable Quantum Circuits
Jason Iaconis
PRX QUANTUM 2, 010329 (2021)
Characterizing the quantum complexity of local random quantum circuits is a very deep problem with implications to the seemingly disparate fields of
quantum information theory, quantum many-body physics, and high-energy physics. While our theoretical understanding of these systems has progressed in
recent years, numerical approaches for studying these models remains severely limited. In this paper, we discuss a special class of numerically
tractable quantum circuits, known as quantum automaton circuits, which may be particularly well suited for this task. These are circuits that preserve
the computational basis, yet can produce highly entangled output wave functions. Using ideas from quantum complexity theory, especially those
concerning unitary designs, we argue that automaton wave functions have high quantum state complexity. We look at a wide variety of metrics, including
measurements of the output bit-string distribution and characterization of the generalized entanglement properties of the quantum state, and find
that automaton wave functions closely approximate the behavior of fully Haar random states. In addition to this, we identify the generalized
out-of-time ordered 2k-point correlation functions as a particularly useful probe of complexity in automaton circuits. Using these correlators, we are
able to numerically study the growth of complexity well beyond the scrambling time for very large systems. As a result, we are able to present
evidence of a linear growth of design complexity in local quantum circuits, consistent with conjectures from quantum information theory.
Deterministic Shallow Dopant Implantation in Silicon with Detection Confidence Upper‐Bound to 99.85% by Ion‐Solid
Interactions
November 2021 Advanced Materials
DOI:10.1002/adma.202103235
Alexander M. Jakob, Simon G. Robson, Vivien Schmitt, Vincent Mourik, Matthias Posselt, Daniel Spemann, Brett C. Johnson, Hannes R. Firgau, Edwin
Mayes, Jeffrey C. McCallum, Andrea Morello, and David N. Jamieson
Silicon chips containing arrays of single dopant atoms could be the material of choice for both classical and quantum devices that exploit single
donor spins. For example, group-V-donors implanted in isotopically purified ²⁸Si crystals are attractive for large-scale quantum computers. Useful
attributes include long nuclear and electron spin lifetimes of ³¹P, hyperfine clock transitions in ²⁰⁹Bi or electrically controllable ¹²³Sb
nuclear spins. Promising architectures require the ability to fabricate arrays of individual near-surface dopant atoms with high yield. Here we employ
an on-chip detector electrode system with 70 eV r.m.s. noise (∼20 electrons) to demonstrate near room temperature implantation of single 14 keV
³¹P⁺ ions. The physics model for the ion-solid interaction shows an unprecedented upper-bound single ion detection confidence of 99.85±0.02% for
near-surface implants. As a result, the practical controlled silicon doping yield is limited by materials engineering factors including surface gate
oxides in which detected ions may stop. For a device with 6 nm gate oxide and 14 keV ³¹P⁺ implants we demonstrate a yield limit of 98.1%. Thinner
gate oxides allow this limit to converge to the upper-bound. Deterministic single ion implantation can therefore be a viable materials engineering
strategy for scalable dopant architectures in silicon devices.
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leau - 16-1-2022 at 09:07
Spin-orbit driven electrical manipulation of the zero-field splitting in high-spin centers in solids
Biktagirov, Timur & Gerstmann, Uwe
PHYSICAL REVIEW RESEARCH 2, 023071 (2020) DOI:10.1103/PhysRevResearch.2.023071
In recent years, spin-orbit coupling has attracted significant attention due to its promising applications in spintronic devices. In solid-state spin
qubits, the spin-orbit coupling allows for the lifting of spin degeneracy in the absence of an external magnetic field. Such spin-orbit driven
zero-field splitting can be directly tuned by external electric fields. Here we present a reliable theoretical framework to address this phenomenon in
extended periodic systems. We unravel the microscopic origin of the zero-field splitting in light-element semiconductors and propose its implications
for coherent electrical control. The reported theoretical results open up promising possibilities for a rational design and tuning of high-spin
centers suitable for quantum information processing. is attached
Attachment: 1596790.pdf (154kB) This file has been downloaded 197 times
leau - 19-1-2022 at 11:08
Controllable freezing of the nuclear spin bath in a single-atom spin qubit
Mateusz T. Mądzik, Thaddeus D. Ladd, Fay E. Hudson, Kohei M. Itoh, Alexander M. Jakob, Brett C. Johnson, David N. Jamieson, Jeffrey C. McCallum,
Andrew S. Dzurak, Arne Laucht and Andrea Morello
The quantum coherence and gate fidelity of electron spin qubits in semiconductors is often limited by noise arising from coupling to a bath of nuclear
spins. Isotopic enrichment of spin-zero nuclei such as 28 Si has led to spectacular improvements of the dephasing time T 2 ∗ which, surprisingly,
can extend two orders of magnitude beyond theoretical expectations. Using a single-atom 31 P qubit in enriched 28 Si, we show that the abnormally long
T 2 ∗ is due to the controllable freezing of the dynamics of the residual 29 Si nuclei close to the donor. Our conclusions are supported by a nearly
parameter-free modeling of the 29 Si nuclear spin dynamics, which reveals the degree of back-action provided by the electron spin as it interacts with
the nuclear bath. This study clarifies the limits of ergodic assumptions in analyzing many-body spin-problems under conditions of strong, frequent
measurement, and provides novel strategies for maximizing coherence and gate fidelity of spin qubits in semiconductors.
Quantum tomography of an entangled three-qubit state in silicon Kenta Takeda, Akito Noiri Seigo Tarucha & Takashi
Nakajima Nature Nanotechnology (2021) DOI: 10.1038/s41565-021-00925-0 Quantum entanglement is a fundamental property of coherent quantum states and
an essential resource for quantum computing. In large-scale quantum systems, the error accumulation requires concepts for quantum error correction. A
first step toward error correction is the creation of genuinely multipartite entanglement, which has served as a performance benchmark for quantum
computing platforms such as superconducting circuits, trapped ions and nitrogen-vacancy centres in diamond. Among the candidates for large-scale
quantum computing devices, silicon-based spin qubits offer an outstanding nanofabrication capability for scaling-up. Recent studies demonstrated
improved coherence times, high-fidelity all-electrical control, high-temperature operation and quantum entanglement of two spin qubits.Here we
generated a three-qubit Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger state using a low-disorder, fully controllable array of three spin qubits in silicon. We
performed quantum state tomography and obtained a state fidelity of 88.0%. The measurements witness a genuine Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger class
quantum entanglement that cannot be separated into any biseparable state. Our results showcase the potential of silicon-based spin qubit platforms for
multiqubit quantum algorithms.
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leau - 21-1-2022 at 07:00
Fidelity benchmarks for two-qubit gates in silicon
W. Huang, C. H. Yang, K. W. Chan, T. Tanttu, B. Hensen, R. C. C. Leon, M. A. Fogarty, J. C. C. Hwang, F. E. Hudson, K. M. Itoh, A. Morello, A. Laucht
& A. S. Dzurak
Universal quantum computation will require qubit technology based on a scalable platform, together with quantum error correction protocols that place
strict limits on the maximum infidelities for one- and two-qubit gate operations. While a variety of qubit systems have shown high fidelities at the
one-qubit level, superconductor technologies have been the only solid-state qubits manufactured via standard lithographic techniques which have
demonstrated two-qubit fidelities near the fault-tolerant threshold. Silicon-based quantum dot qubits are also amenable to large-scale manufacture and
can achieve high single-qubit gate fidelities (exceeding 99.9%) using isotopically enriched silicon. However, while two-qubit gates have been
demonstrated in silicon, it has not yet been possible to rigorously assess their fidelities using randomized benchmarking, since this requires
sequences of significant numbers of qubit operations (≳20) to be completed with non-vanishing fidelity. Here, for qubits encoded on the electron
spin states of gate-defined quantum dots, we demonstrate Bell state tomography with fidelities ranging from 80% to 89%, and two-qubit randomized
benchmarking with an average Clifford gate fidelity of 94.7% and average Controlled-ROT (CROT) fidelity of 98.0%. These fidelities are found to be
limited by the relatively low gate times employed here compared with the decoherence times T∗2 of the qubits. Silicon qubit designs employing fast
gate operations based on high Rabi frequencies, together with advanced pulsing techniques, should therefore enable significantly higher fidelities in
the near future.
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leau - 23-1-2022 at 10:09
Quantum logic with spin qubits crossing the surface code threshold
Xiao Xue, Maximilian Russ, Nodar Samkharadze, Brennan Undseth, Amir Sammak, Giordano Scappucci & Lieven M. K. Vandersypen
High-fidelity control of quantum bits is paramount for the reliable execution of quantum algorithms and for achieving fault tolerance—the ability to
correct errors aster than they occur. The central requirement for fault tolerance is expressed in terms of an error threshold. Whereas the actual
threshold depends on many details, a common target is the approximately 1% error threshold of the well-known surface code. Reaching two-qubit gate
fidelities above 99% has been a long-standing major goal for semiconductor spin qubits. These qubits are promising for scaling, as they can leverage
advanced semiconductor technology. Here we report a spin-based quantum processor in silicon with single-qubit and two-qubit gate fidelities, all of
which are above 99.5%, extracted from gate-set tomography. The average single-qubit gate fidelities remain above 99% when including crosstalk and
idling errors on the neighbouring qubit. Using this high-fidelity gate set, we execute the demanding task of calculating molecular ground-state
energies using a variational quantum eigensolver algorithm. Having surpassed the 99% barrier for the two-qubit gate fidelity, semiconductor qubits are
well positioned on the path to fault tolerance and to possible applications in the era of noisy intermediate-scale quantum devices.
Fault-tolerant quantum computers which can solve hard problems rely on quantum error correction. One of the most promising error correction codes is
the surface code, which requires universal gate fidelities exceeding the error correction threshold of 99 per cent. Among many qubit platforms, only
superconducting circuits, trapped ions, and nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond have delivered those requirements. Electron spin qubits in silicon are
particularly promising for a large-scale quantum computer due to their nanofabrication capability, but the two-qubit gate fidelity has been limited to
98 per cent due to the slow operation. Here we demonstrate a two-qubit gate fidelity of 99.5 per cent, along with single-qubit gate fidelities of 99.8
per cent, in silicon spin qubits by fast electrical control using a micromagnet-induced gradient field and a tunable two-qubit coupling. We identify
the condition of qubit rotation speed and coupling strength where we robustly achieve high-fidelity gates. We realize Deutsch-Jozsa and Grover search
algorithms with high success rates using our universal gate set. Our results demonstrate the universal gate fidelity beyond the fault-tolerance
threshold and pave the way for scalable silicon quantum computers.
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leau - 25-1-2022 at 11:12
The Potential Impact of Quantum Computers on Society
Ronald de Wolf
Ethics and Information Technology, 19(4):271-276, 2017
This paper considers the potential impact that the nascent technology of quantum computing may have on society. It focuses on three areas:
cryptography, optimization, and simulation of quantum systems. We will also discuss some ethical aspects of these developments, and ways to mitigate
the risks.
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[Edited on 25-1-2022 by leau]
[Edited on 25-1-2022 by leau]
[Edited on 25-1-2022 by leau]leau - 26-1-2022 at 11:50
Probing Topological Spin Liquids on a Programmable Quantum Simulator
G. Semeghini, H. Levine, A. Keesling, S. Ebadi, T. T. Wang, D. Bluvstein, R. Verresen, H. Pichler, M. Kalinowski, R. Samajdar, A. Omran, S. Sachdev,
A. Vishwanath, M. Greiner, V. Vuletić & M. D. Lukin
Quantum spin liquids, exotic phases of matter with topological order, have been a major focus of explorations in physical science for the past several
decades. Such phases feature long-range quantum entanglement that can potentially be exploited to realize robust quantum computation.we use a 219-atom
programmable quantum simulator to probe quantum spin liquid states. In our approach, arrays of atoms are placed on the links of a kagome lattice and
evolution under Rydberg blockade creates frustrated quantum states with no local order. The onset of a quantum spin liquid phase of the paradigmatic
toric code type is detected by evaluating topological string operators that provide direct signatures of topological order and quantum correlations.
Its properties are further revealed by using an atom array with nontrivial topology, representing a first step towards topological encoding. Our
observations enable the controlled experimental exploration of topological quantum matter and protected quantum information processing.
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leau - 27-1-2022 at 09:46
The Search for the Quantum Spin Liquid in Kagome Antiferromagnets
We systematically study the low-temperature specific heats for the two-dimensional kagome antiferromagnet, Cu3Zn(OH)6FBr. The specific heat exhibits a
T1.7 dependence at low temperatures and a shoulder-like feature above it. We construct a microscopic lattice model of Z2 quantum spin liquid and
perform large-scale quantum Monte Carlo simulations to show that the above behaviors come from the contributions from gapped anyons and magnetic
impurities. Surprisingly, we find the entropy associated with the shoulder decreases quickly with grain size d, although the system is paramagnetic to
the lowest temperature. While this can be simply explained by a core-shell picture in that the contribution from the interior state disappears near
the surface, the 5.9-nm shell width precludes any trivial explanations. Such a large length scale signifies the coherence length of the nonlocality of
the quantum entangled excitations in quantum spin liquid candidate, similar to Pippard's coherence length in superconductors. Our approach therefore
offers a new experimental probe of the intangible quantum state of matter with topological order.
We report that a possible Z 2 quantum spin liquid (QSL) can be observed in a new class of frustrated system: spinor bosons subject to a π flux in a
square lattice. We construct a new class of Ginsburg-Landau (GL) type of effective action to classify possible quantum or topological phases at any
coupling strengths. It can be used to reproduce the frustrated SF with the 4 sublattice 90 ◦coplanar spin structure plus its excitations in the weak
coupling limit and the FM Mott plus its excitations in the strong coupling limit achieved in our previous work. It also establishes deep and intrinsic
connections between the GL effective action and the order from quantum disorder (OFQD) phenomena in the weak coupling limit. Most importantly, it
predicts two possible new phases at intermediate couplings: a FM SF phase or a frustrated magnetic Mott phase. We argue that the latter one is more
likely and melts into a Z 2 quantum spin liquid (QSL) phase. If the heating issue can be under a reasonable control at intermediate couplings U/t ∼
1, the topological order of thhe Z 2 QSL maybe uniquely probed by the current cold atom or photonic experimental techniques
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[Edited on 28-1-2022 by leau]leau - 29-1-2022 at 05:33
Preparing for Quantum-Safe Cryptography
An NCSC whitepaper about mitigating the threat to cryptography from development in Quantum Computing.
Quantum phases of Rydberg atoms on a kagome lattice
Rhine Samajdar, Wen Wei Ho, Hannes Pichler , Mikhail D. Lukin, and Subir Sachdev
Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2021 Jan 26;118(4):e2015785118.
doi: 10.1073/pnas.2015785118.
We analyze the zero-temperature phases of an array of neutral atoms on the kagome lattice, interacting via laser excitation to atomic Rydberg states.
Density-matrix renormalization group calculations reveal the presence of a wide variety of complex solid phases with broken lattice symmetries. In
addition, we identify a regime with dense Rydberg excitations that has a large entanglement entropy and no local order parameter associated with
lattice symmetries. From a mapping to the triangular lattice quantum dimer model, and theories of quantum phase transitions out of the proximate solid
phases, we argue that this regime could contain one or more phases with topological order. Our results provide the foundation for theoretical and
experimental explorations of crystalline and liquid states using programmable quantum simulators based on Rydberg atom arrays.
is attached
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leau - 31-1-2022 at 09:49
Evidence for a Z 2 topological ordered quantum spin liquid in a kagome-lattice antiferromagnet
Yuan Wei, Zili Feng, Wiebke Lohstroh, D. H. Yu, Clarina dela Cruz, Wei Yi, Z. F. Ding, J. Zhang, Cheng Tan, Lei Shu, Yan-Cheng Wang, Han-Qing Wu,
Jianlin Luo, Jia-Wei Mei, Zi Yang Meng, Youguo Shi and Shiliang Li
A quantum spin liquid with a Z 2 topological order has long been thought to be important for the application of quantum computing and may be related
to high-temperature superconductivity. While a two-dimensional kagome antiferromagnet may host such a state, strong experimental evidences are still
lacking]. Here we show that the spin excitations from the kagome planes in magnetically ordered Cu 4 (OD) 6 FBr and non-magnetically ordered Cu 3
Zn(OD) 6 FBr are similarly gapped although the content of inter-kagome-layer Cu 2+ ions changes dramatically. This suthat the spin triplet gap and
continuum of the intrinsic kagome antiferromagnet are robust against the interlayer magnetic impurities. Our results show that the ground state of Cu
3 Zn(OD) 6 FBr is a gapped quantum spin liquid with Z 2 topological order.
We propose a scheme for the generation of hybrid states entangling a single-photon time-bin qubit with a coherent-state qubit encoded on phases.
Compared to other reported solutions, time-bin encoding makes hybrid entanglement particularly well adapted to applications involving long-distance
propagation in optical fibers. This makes our proposal a promising resource for future out-of-the-laboratory quantum communication. In this
perspective, we analyze our scheme by taking into account realistic experimental resources and discuss the impact of their imperfections on the
quality of the obtained hybrid state
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We present a "hybrid quantum repeater" protocol for the long-distance distribution of atomic entangled states beyond qubits. In our scheme, imperfect
noisy entangled pairs of two qudits, i.e., two discrete-variable d-level systems, each of, in principle, arbitrary dimension d, are initially shared
between the intermediate stations of the channel. This is achieved via local, sufficiently strong light-matter interactions, involving optical
coherent states and their transmission after these interactions, and optical measurements on the transmitted field modes, especially (but not
restricted to) efficient continuous-variable homodyne detections ("hybrid" here refers to the simultaneous exploitation of discrete and continuous
variable degrees of freedom for the local processing and storage of entangled states as well as their non-local distribution, respectively). For
qutrits we quantify the light-matter entanglement that can be effectively shared through an elementary lossy channel, and for a repeater spacing of up
to 10 km we show that the realistic (lossy) qutrit entanglement is even larger than any ideal (loss-free) qubit entanglement. After including qudit
entanglement purification and swapping procedures, we calculate the long-distance entangled-pair distribution rates and the final entangled-state
fidelities for total communication distances of up to 1280 km. With three rounds of purification, entangled qudit pairs of near-unit fidelity can be
distributed over 1280 km at rates of the order of, in principle, 100 Hz.
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leau - 3-2-2022 at 08:24
Superconductivity in an extreme strange metal
D. H. Nguyen, A. Sidorenko, M. Taupin, G. Knebel, G. Lapertot, E. Schuberth & S. Paschen
Some of the highest-transition-temperature superconductors across various materials classes exhibit linear-in-temperature ‘strange metal’ or
‘Planckian’ electrical resistivities in their normal state. It is thus believed by many that this behavior holds the key to unlock the secrets of
high-temperature superconductivity. However, these materials typically display complex phase diagrams governed by various competing energy scales,
making an unambiguous identification of the physics at play difficult. Here we use electrical resistivity measurements into the micro-Kelvin regime
to discover superconductivity condensing out of an extreme strange metal state—with linear resistivity over 3.5 orders of magnitude in temperature.
We propose that the Cooper pairing is mediated by the modes associated with a recently evidenced dynamical charge localization–delocalization
transition, a mechanism that may well be pertinent also in other strange metal superconductors.
Multicomponent superconducting order parameter in UTe 2
I. M. Hayes, D. S. Wei, T. Metz, J. Zhang, Y. S. Eo, S. Ran, S. R. Saha , J. Collini, N. P. Butch, D. F. Agterberg, A. Kapitulnik & J. Paglione
Cite as: I. M. Hayes et al., Science
DOI: 10.1126/science.abb0272 (2021).
An unconventional superconducting state was recently discovered in UTe 2 , where spin-triplet superconductivity emerges from the paramagnetic normal
state of a heavy fermion material. The coexistence of magnetic fluctuations and superconductivity, together with the crystal structure of this
material, suggest that a unique set of symmetries, magnetic properties, and topology underlie the superconducting state. Here, we report observations
of a non-zero polar Kerr effect and of two transitions in the specific heat upon entering the superconducting state, which together suggest that the
superconductivity in UTe 2 is characterized by a two-component order parameter that breaks time reversal symmetry. These data place constraints on the
symmetries of the order parameter and inform the discussion on the presence of topological superconductivity in UTe 2 .
Spatially inhomogeneous superconductivity in UTe 2
S. M. Thomas, C. Stevens, F. B. Santos, S. S. Fender, E. D. Bauer, F. Ronning, J. D. Thompson, A. Huxley, and P. F. S. Rosa
July 2021Science 373(6556):eabb0272
DOI:10.1126/science.abb0272
Newly-discovered superconductor UTe 2 is a strong contender for a topological spin-triplet state wherein a multi-component order parameter arises from
two nearly-degenerate superconducting states. A key issue is whether both of these states intrinsically exist at ambient pressure. Through thermal
expansion and calorimetry, we show that UTe 2 at ambient conditions exhibits two detectable transitions only in some samples, and the size of the
thermal expansion jump at each transition varies when the measurement is performed in different regions of the sample. This result indicates that the
two transitions arise from two spatially separated regions that are inhomogeneously mixed throughout the volume of the sample, each with a discrete
superconducting transition temperature (T c ). Notably, samples with higher T c only show a single transition at ambient pressure. Above 0.3 GPa,
however, two transitions are invariably observed in ac calorimetry. Our results not only point to a nearly vertical line in the pressure-temperature
phase diagram but also provide a unified scenario for the sample dependence of UTe 2 .
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leau - 6-2-2022 at 05:30
Universal Scaling Law for the Condensation Energy, U, Across a Broad Range of Superconductor Classes
One of the goals in understanding any new class of superconductors is to search for commonalities with other known superconductors. The present work
investigates the superconducting condensation energy, U, in the iron based superconductors (IBS), and compares their U with a broad range of other
distinct classes of superconductor, including conventional BCS elements and compounds and the unconventional heavy Fermion, Sr 2 RuO 4 , Li 0.1 ZrNCl,
(BEDT-TTF) 2 Cu(NCS) 2 and optimally doped cuprate superconductors. Surprisingly, both the magnitude and T c dependence (U @ T c3.4±0.2 ) of U are
– contrary to the previously observed behavior of the specific heat discontinuity at T c , C, – quite similar in the IBS and BCS materials for T c
>1.4 K. In contrast, the heavy Fermion superconductors’ U vs T c are strongly (up to a factor of 100) enhanced above the IBS/BCS while the
cuprate superconductors’ U are strongly (factor of 8) reduced. However, scaling of U with the specific heat (or C) brings all the superconductors
investigated onto one universal dependence upon T c . This apparent universal scaling U T c2 for all superconductor classes investigated, both weak
and strong coupled and both conventional and unconventional, links together extremely disparate behaviors over almost seven orders of magnitude for U
and almost three orders of magnitude for T c . Since U has not yet been explicitly calculated beyond the weak coupling limit, the present results can
help direct theoretical efforts into the medium and strong coupling regimes.
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leau - 7-2-2022 at 04:12
Core-Level Photoelectron Spectroscopy Study of UTe 2
Shin-ichi Fujimori, Ikuto Kawasaki, Yukiharu Takeda, Hiroshi Yamagami, Ai Nakamura, Yoshiya Homma and Dai Aoki
Journal of the Physical Society of Japan 90, 015002 (2021)
DOI: 10.7566/JPSJ.90.015002
The valence state of UTe 2 was studied by core-level photoelectron spectroscopy. The main peak position of the U 4 f core-level spectrum of UTe 2
coincides with that of UB 2 , which is an itinerant compound with a nearly 5 f 3 configuration. However, the main peak of UTe 2 is broader than that
of UB 2 , and satellite structures are observed in the higher binding energy side of the main peak, which are characteristics of mixed-valence uranium
compounds. These results suggest that the U 5 f state in UTe 2 is in a mixed valence state with a dominant contribution from the itinerant 5 f 3
configuration.
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Attachment: 10.1.1.473.518.pdf (231kB) This file has been downloaded 190 times
leau - 8-2-2022 at 13:56
Theory of spin-polarized superconductors –an analogue of superfluid 3 He A-phase
It is shown theoretically that ferromagnetic superconductors, UGe 2 , URhGe, and UCoGe can be described in terms of the A-phase like triplet pairing
similar to superfluid 3 He in a unified way, including peculiar reentrant, S-shape, or L-shape H c2 curves. The associated double transition
inevitable between the A 1 and A 2 -phases in the H-T plane is predicted, both of which are characterized by non-unitary state with broken time
reversal symmetry and the half-gap. UTe 2 , which has been discovered quite recently to be a spin-polarized superconductor, is analyzed successively
in the same view point, pointing out that the expected A 1 -A 2 transition is indeed emerging experimentally. Thus the four heavy Fermion compounds
all together are entitled to be topologically rich solid state materials worth further investigating together with superfluid 3 He A-phase.
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[Edited on 8-2-2022 by leau]
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leau - 9-2-2022 at 08:06
Spin-Orbit Coupling Induced Degeneracy in the Anisotropic Unconventional Superconductor UTe2
Alexander B. Shick, Warren E. Pickett
Phys. Rev. B 100, 134502 (2019)
DOI:10.1103/PhysRevB.100.134502
The orthorhombic uranium dichalcogenide UTe2 displays superconductivity below 1.7 K, with the anomalous feature of retaining 50% of normal state
(ungapped) carriers, according to heat capacity data from two groups. Incoherent transport that crosses over from above 50 K toward a low temperature,
Kondo lattice Fermi liquid regime indicates strong magnetic fluctuations and the need to include correlation effects in theoretical modeling. We
report density functional theory plus Hubbard U (DFT+U) results for UTe2 to provide a platform for modeling its unusual behavior, focusing on
ferromagnetic (FM, time reversal breaking) long range correlations along the a^ axis as established by magnetization measurements and confirmed by our
calculations. States near the Fermi level are dominated by the j=52 configuration, with the jz=±12 sectors being effectively degenerate and
half-filled. Unlike the small-gap insulating nonmagnetic electronic spectrum, the FM Fermi surfaces are large (strongly metallic) and display low
dimensional features, reminiscent of the FM superconductor UGe2.
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leau - 10-2-2022 at 06:31
Spin Susceptibility of the Topological Superconductor UPt 3 from Polarized Neutron Diffraction
Phys. Rev. B 96, 041111 (2017)
doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.96.041111
W. J. Gannon, W. P. Halperin, M. R. Eskildsen, Pengcheng Dai, U. B. Hansen, K. Lefmann & A. Stunault
Experiment and theory indicate that UPt 3 is a topological superconductor in an odd-parity state, based in part from temperature independence of the
NMR Knight shift. However, quasiparticle spin-flip scattering near a surface, where the Knight shift is measured, might be responsible. We use
polarized neutron scattering to measure the bulk susceptibility with H||c, finding consistency with the Knight shift but inconsistent with theory for
this field orientation. We infer that neither spin susceptibility nor Knight shift are a reliable indication of odd-parity.
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leau - 11-2-2022 at 10:38
Magnetic Properties under Pressure in Novel Spin-Triplet Superconductor UTe 2
J. Sato, Yoshiya Homma, Yusei Shimizu, Jun Ishizuka, Youichi Yanase, Georg Knebel, Jacques Flouquet, and Dai Aoki We report the magnetic
susceptibility and the magnetization under pressures up to 1.7 GPa above the critical pressure, P c ∼ 1.5 GPa, for H ∥ a, b, and c-axes in the
novel spin triplet superconductor UTe 2 . The anisotropic magnetic susceptibility at low pressure with the easy magnetization a-axis changes to the
quasi-isotropic behavior at high pressure, revealing a rapid suppression of the susceptibility for a-axis, and a gradual increase of the
susceptibility for the b-axis. At 1.7 GPa above P c , magnetic anomalies are detected at T MO ∼ 3 K and T WMO ∼ 10 K. The former anomaly
corresponds to long-range magnetic order, most likely antiferromagnetism, while the latter shows a broad anomaly, which is probably due to the
development of short range order. The unusual decrease and increase of the susceptibility below T WMO for H ∥ a and b-axes, respectively, indicate
the complex magnetic properties at low temperatures above P c . This is related to the interplay between multiple fluctuations dominated by
antiferromagnetism, ferromagnetism, valence and Fermi surface instabilities.
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leau - 12-2-2022 at 10:29
Feedback of superconductivity on the magnetic excitation spectrum of UTe 2
Stéphane Raymond, William Knafo, Georg Knebel, Koji Kaneko, Jean-Pascal Brison, Jacques Flouquet, Dai Aoki & Gérard Lapertot
We investigate the spin dynamics in the superconducting phase of UTe 2 by triple-axis inelastic neutron scattering on a single crystal sample. At the
wave-vector k 1 =(0, 0.57, 0), where the normal state antiferromagnetic correlations are peaked, a modification of the excitationspectrum is
evidenced, on crossing the superconducting transition, with a reduction of the relaxation rate together with the development of an inelastic peak at
Ω ≈ 1 meV. The low dimensional nature and the the a-axis polarization of the fluctuations, that characterise the normal state, are essentially
maintained below T sc . The high ratio Ω/k B T sc ≈ 7.2 contrasts with the most common behaviour in heavy fermion superconductors.
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leau - 13-2-2022 at 13:05
Enabling Dataflow Optimization for Quantum Programs
David Ittah, Thomas Häner, Vadym Kliuchnikov, Torsten Hoefler
We propose an IR for quantum computing that directly exposes quantum and classical data dependencies for the purpose of optimization. The Quantum
Intermediate Representation for Optimization (QIRO) consists of two dialects, one input dialect and one that is specifically tailored to enable
quantum-classical co-optimization. While the first employs a perhaps more intuitive memory-semantics (quantum operations act as side-effects), the
latter uses value-semantics (operations consume and produce states). Crucially, this encodes the dataflow directly in the IR, allowing for a host of
optimizations that leverage dataflow analysis. We discuss how to map existing quantum programming languages to the input dialect and how to lower the
resulting IR to the optimization dialect. We present a prototype implementation based on MLIR that includes several quantum-specific optimization
passes. Our benchmarks show that significant improvements in resource requirements are possible even through static optimization. In contrast to
circuit optimization at run time, this is achieved while incurring only a small constant overhead in compilation time, making this a compelling
approach for quantum program optimization at application scale.
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leau - 15-2-2022 at 10:59
A systematic mapping on quantum software development in the context of software engineering
Quantum Computing is a new paradigm that enables several advances which are impossible using classical technology. With the rise of quantum computers,
the software is also invited to change so that it can better fit this new computation way. However, although a lot of research is being conducted in
the quantum computing field, it is still scarce studies about the differences of the software and software engineering in this new context. Therefore,
this article presents a systematic mapping study to present a wide review on the particularities and characteristics of software that are developed
for quantum computers. A total of 24 papers were selected using digital libraries with the objective of answering three research questions elaborated
in the conduct of this research.
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leau - 17-2-2022 at 08:54
An attack to quantum systems through RF radiation tracking
A newfound security breach in the physical nature of single photon detectors that are generally used in quantum key distribution is explained, we
found that the bit contents of a quantum key transmission system can be intercepted from far away by exploiting the ultrawideband electromagnetic
signals radiated from hi-voltage avalanche effect of single photon detectors. It means that in fact any Geiger mode avalanche photodiode that is used
inside single photon detectors systematically acts like a downconverter that converts the optical-wavelength photons to radio-wavelength photons that
can be intercepted by an antenna as side channel attack. Our experiment showed that the radiated waveforms captured by the antenna can be used as a
fingerprint. These finger prints were fed to a deep learning neural network as training data, and after training the neural network was able to clone
the bit content of quantum transmission.
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Attachment: 2004.14445 (1.4MB) This file has been downloaded 212 times
leau - 18-2-2022 at 09:18
Cryptographic Attack Possibilities over RSA Algorithm through Classical and Quantum Computation
Kapil Kumar Soni Akhtar Rasool
International Conference on Smart Systems and Inventive Technology (ICSSIT 2018) IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP18P17-ART; ISBN:978-1-5386-5873-4
Cryptographic attack possibilities have several parameters and one of the possibilities is to attack over the cryptographic algorithm. Large integer
factorization is still a challenging problem since the emergence of mathematics and computer science. Benchmark cryptographic protocol, the RSA
Algorithm requires factorization of large integers.Classical computation does not have any polynomial time algorithm that can factor any arbitrary
large integer. The remarkable but not efficient, classical algorithms for integer factorization are Trial Division, General Number Field Sieve and
Quadratic Sieve. The influence of Shor’s algorithm assures to get the efficient solution of such factorization problem in polynomial time and
challenges the security parameters of the existing cryptosystem, but algorithm implementation limits to be executed on a quantum computer.
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Attachment: soni2018.pdf (451kB) This file has been downloaded 180 times
leau - 19-2-2022 at 11:07
An Efficient Quantum Computing technique for cracking RSA using Shor’s Algorithm
Vaishali Bhatia & K.R. Ramkumar
2020 IEEE 5th International Conference on Computing Communication and Automation (ICCCA) Galgotias University, Greater Noida, UP, India. Oct 30-31,
2020
DOI: 10.1109/ICCCA49541.2020.9250806
Quantum Computing is a prominent word in this era as it allows computation to be performed in no time. The motive of using Quantum Computing (QC) is
that even exponentially large number of problems can be solved using it which was earlier difficult with the classical computing. Conventional methods
are based on usage of bits which consist of 0’s and 1’s while QC works with qubits. The main issue is that conventional computing has issue of
storage as well as computation even when parallel computation is performed on it. Concept of quantum parallelism allows the computation to be
performed in exponentially very low time as compared to conventional method. This paper will discuss about Quantum Computing Algorithms and how
Shor’s algorithm is able to break RSA algorithms is discussed. Entanglement and superposition of qubits helps fast computation. The demonstration of
the applicability has been evaluated based on computation time, storage capacity, accuracy, confidentiality, efficiency, integrity, and availability.
Among various algorithms Shor’s technique is able to break various encryption algorithm with more supremacy as compared to conventional computing
methods. In nutshell, paper will discuss about various QC algorithms and will illustrate how shor’s algorithm is able to crack RSA.
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[Edited on 19-2-2022 by leau]
Attachment: bhatia2020.pdf (709kB) This file has been downloaded 220 times
Quantum computers are becoming more mainstream. As more programmers are starting to look at writing quantum programs, they face an inevitable task of
debugging their code. How should the programs for quantum computers be debugged? In this paper, we discuss existing debugging tactics, used in
developing programs for classic computers, and show which ones can be readily adopted. We also highlight quantum-computer-specific debugging issues
and list novel techniques that are needed to address these issues. The practitioners can readily apply some of these tactics to their process of
writing quantum programs, while researchers can learn about opportunities for future work.
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Attachment: 2001.10870 (181kB) This file has been downloaded 192 times
Strange metal behavior refers to a linear temperature dependence of the electrical resistivity at temperatures below the Mott-Ioffe-Regel limit. It is
seen in numerous strongly correlated electron systems, from the heavy fermion compounds, via transition metal oxides and iron pnictides, to magic
angle twisted bi-layer graphene, frequently in connection with unconventional or “high temperature” superconductivity. To achieve a unified
understanding of these phenomena across the different materials classes is a central open problem in condensed matter physics. Tests whether the
linear-in-temperature law might be dictated by Planckian dissipation—scattering with the rate ∼ k B T/h̄, are receiving considerable attention.
Here we assess the situation for strange metal heavy fermion compounds. They allow to probe the regime of extreme correlation strength, with effective
mass or Fermi velocity renormalizations in excess of three orders of magnitude. Adopting the same procedure as done in previous studies, i.e.,
assuming a simple Drude conductivity with the above scattering rate, we find that for these strongly renormalized quasiparticles, scattering is much
weaker than Planckian, implying that the linear temperature dependence should be due to other effects. We discuss implications of this finding and
point to directions for further work.
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Attachment: 2201.02820.pdf (2.6MB) This file has been downloaded 190 times
leau - 22-2-2022 at 10:33
Connecting heterogeneous quantum networks by hybrid entanglement swapping
Giovanni Guccione, Tom Darras, Hanna Le Jeannic, Varun B. Verma, Sae Woo Nam, Adrien Cavaillès and Julien Laurat
Recent advances in quantum technologies are rapidly stimulating the building of quantum networks. With the parallel development of multiple physical
platforms and different types of encodings, a challenge for present and future networks is to uphold a heterogeneous structure for full functionality
and therefore support modular systems that are not necessarily compatible with one another. Central to this endeavor is the capability to distribute
and interconnect optical entangled states relying on different discrete and continuous quantum variables. Here, we report an entanglement swapping
protocol connecting such entangled states. We generate single-photon entanglement and hybrid entanglement between particle- and wave-like optical
qubits and then demonstrate the heralded creation of hybrid entanglement at a distance by using a specific Bell-state measurement. This ability opens
up the prospect of connecting heterogeneous nodes of a network, with the promise of increased integration and novel functionalities.
Transferring quantum information between distant nodes of a network is a key capability. This transfer can be realized via remote state preparation
where two parties share entanglement and the sender has full knowledge of the state to be communicated. Here we demonstrate such a process between
heterogeneous nodes functioning with different information encodings, i.e., particle-like discrete-variable optical qubits and wave-like
continuous-variable ones. Using hybrid entanglement of light as a shared resource, we prepare arbitrary coherent-state superpositions controlled by
measurements on the distant discrete-encoded node. The remotely prepared states are fully characterized by quantum state tomography and negative
Wigner functions are obtained. This work demonstrates a novel capability to bridge discrete- and continuous-variable platforms.
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Attachment: 1809.10700.pdf (6.3MB) This file has been downloaded 206 times
leau - 25-2-2022 at 10:51
Conference 10082: Solid State Lasers XXVI: Technology and Devices
SPIE Photonics West 2017
Part of Proceedings of SPIE Vol. 10082 Solid State Lasers XXVI: Technology and Devices
Correlated band theory implemented as a combination of density functional theory with exact diagonalization [DFT+U(ED)] of the Anderson impurity term
with Coulomb repulsion U in the open 14-orbital 5f shell is applied to UTe 2 . The small gap for U =0, evidence of the half-filled j = 52 subshell of
5f 3 uranium, is converted for U =3 eV to a flat band semimetal with small heavy-carrier Fermi surfaces that will make properties sensitive to
pressure, magnetic field, and off-stoichiometry, as observed experimentally. Two means of identification from the Green’s function give a mass
enhancement of the order of 12 for already heavy (flat) bands, consistent with the common heavy fermion characterization of UTe 2 . The predicted
Kondo temperature around 100 K matches the experimental values from resistivity. The electric field gradients for the two Te sites are calculated by
DFT+U(ED) to differ by a factor of seven, indicating a strong site distinction, while the anisotropy factor η = 0.18 is similar for all three sites.
The calculated uranium moment < M 2 > 1/2 of 3.5µ B is roughly consistent with the published experimental Curie-Weiss values of 2.8µ B and
3.3µ B (which are field-direction dependent), and the calculated separate spin and orbital moments are remarkably similar to Hund’s rule values for
an f 3 ion. The U =3 eV spectral density is compared with angle-integrated and angle-resolved photoemission spectra, with agreement that there is
strong 5f character at, and for several hundred meV below, the Fermi energy. Our results support the picture that the underlying ground state of UTe 2
is that of a half-filled j = 52 subshell with two half-filled m j = ± 2 1 orbitals forming a narrow gap by hybridization, then driven to a conducting
state by configuration mixing (spin-charge fluctuations). UTe 2 displays similarities to UPt 3 with its 5f dominated Fermi surfaces rather than a
strongly localized Kondo lattice system.
The challenge posed by the many-body problem in quantum physics originates from the difficulty of describing the nontrivial correlations encoded in
the many-body wave functions with high complexity. Quantum neural network provides a powerful tool to represent the large-scale wave function, which
has aroused widespread concern in the quantum superiority era. A significant open problem is what exactly the representational power boundary of the
single-layer quantum neural network is. In this paper, we design a 2-local Hamiltonian and then give a kind of Quantum Restricted Boltzmann Machine
(QRBM, i.e. single-layer quantum neural network) based on it. The proposed QRBM has the following two salient features. (1) It is proved universal for
implementing quantum computation tasks. (2) It can be efficiently implemented on the Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) devices. We successfully
utilize the proposed QRBM to compute the wave functions for the notable cases of physical interest including the ground state as well as the Gibbs
state (thermal state) of molecules on the superconducting quantum chip. The experimental results illustrate the proposed QRBM can compute the above
wave functions with an acceptable error.
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leau - 28-2-2022 at 11:03
Quantum Humanities: A First Use Case for Quantum-ML in Media Science
Quantum computers are becoming real. Therefore, it is promising to use their potentials in different applications areas, which includes research in
the humanities.Due to an increasing amount of data that needs to be processed in the digital humanities the use of quantum computers can contribute to
this research area. To give an impression on how beneficial such involvement of quantum computers can be when analyzing data from the humanities, a
use case from the media science is presented. Therefore, both the theoretical basis and the tooling support for analyzing the data from our digital
humanities project MUSE is described. This includes a data analysis pipeline, containing e.g. various approaches for data preparation, feature
engineering, clustering, and classification where several steps can be realized classically, but also supported by quantum computers.
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leau - 1-3-2022 at 11:59
Feature Learning with Gaussian Restricted Boltzmann Machine for Robust Speech Recognition
Xin Zheng, Zhiyong Wu, Helen Meng, Weifeng Li, Lianhong Cai
In this paper, we first present a new variant of Gaussian restricted Boltzmann machine (GRBM) called multivariate Gaussian restricted Boltzmann
machine (MGRBM), with its definition and learning algorithm. Then we propose using a learned GRBM or MGRBM to extract better features for robust
speech recognition. Our experiments on Aurora2 show that both GRBM-extracted and MGRBM-extracted feature performs much better than Mel-frequency
cepstral coefficient (MFCC) with either HMM-GMM or hybrid HMM-deep neural network (DNN) acoustic model, and MGRBM-extracted feature is slightly
better.
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leau - 2-3-2022 at 10:35
An Algorithm of Quantum Restricted Boltzmann Machine Network Based on Quantum Gates and Its Application
We present an algorithm of quantum restricted Boltzmann machine network based on quantum gates. The algorithm is used to initialize the procedure that
adjusts the qubit and weights. After adjusting, the network forms an unsupervised generative model that gives better classification performance than
other discriminative models. In addition, we show how the algorithm can be constructed with quantum circuit for quantum computer.
The heavy-fermion system UTe 2 is a candidate for spin-triplet superconductivity, which is of considerable interest to quantum engineering. Among the
outstanding issues is the nature of the pairing state. A recent surprising discovery is the observation of a resonance in the spin excitation spectrum
at an antiferromagneticwavevector [C. Duan et al., Nature 600, 636 (2021)], which stands in apparent contrast to the ferromagnetic nature of the
interactions expected in this system. We show how the puzzle can be resolved by a multiorbitalspin-triplet pairing constructed from local degrees of
freedom. Because it does not commute with the kinetic part of the Hamiltonian, the pairing contains both intra- and inter- band terms in the band
basis. We demonstrate that the intraband pairing component naturally yields a spin resonance at the antiferromagnetic wavevector. Our work illustrates
how orbital degrees of freedom can enrich the nature and properties of spin-triplet superconductivity of strongly-correlated quantum materials.
We have implemented a Walsh-Hadamard gate, which performs a quantum Fourier transform, in a superconducting qutrit. The qutrit is encoded in the
lowest three energy levels of a capacitively shunted flux device, operated at the optimal flux-symmetry point. We use an efficient decomposition of
the Walsh-Hadamard gate into two unitaries, generated by off-diagonal and diagonal Hamiltonians, respectively. The gate implementation utilizes
simultaneous driving of all three transitions between the three pairs of energy levels of the qutrit, one of which is implemented with a two-photon
process. The gate has a duration of 35 ns and an average fidelity over a representative set of states, including preparation and tomography errors, of
99.2%, characterized with quantum-state tomography. Compensation of ac-Stark and Bloch-Siegert shifts is essential for reaching high gate fidelities.
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leau - 6-3-2022 at 12:26
Generalized Optical Signal Processing Based on Multi-Operator Metasurfaces Synthesized by Susceptibility Tensors
Ali Momeni, Hamid Rajabalipanah, Ali Abdolali, Karim Achouri
This paper theoretically proposes a multichannel functional metasurface computer characterized by Generalized Sheet Transition Conditions (GSTCs) and
surface susceptibility tensors. The study explores a polarization- and angle-multiplexed metasurfaces enabling multiple and independent parallel
analog spatial computations when illuminated by differently polarized incident beams from different directions. The proposed synthesis overcomes
substantial restrictions imposed by previous designs such as large architectures arising from the need of additional subblocks, slow responses, and
most importantly, supporting only the even reflection symmetry operations for normal incidences, working for a certain incident angle or polarization,
and executing only single mathematical operation. The versatility of the design is demonstrated in a way that an ultra-compact, integrable and planar
metasurface-assisted platform can execute a variety of optical signal processing operations such as spatial differentiation and integration. It is
demonstrated that a metasurface featuring non-reciprocal property can be thought of as a new paradigm to break the even symmetry of reflection and
perform both even- and odd-symmetry mathematical operations at normal incidences. Numerical simulations also illustrate different aspects of
multichannel edge detection scheme through projecting multiple images on the metasurface from different directions. Such appealing findings not only
circumvent the major potential drawbacks of previous designs but also may offer an efficient, easy-to-fabricate, and flexible approach in wave-based
signal processing, edge detection, image contrast enhancement, hidden object detection, and equation solving without any Fourier lens.
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Variational quantum algorithms (VQAs) have shown strong evidences to gain provable computational advantages for diverse fields such as finance,
machine learning, and chemistry. However, the heuristic ansatz exploited in modern VQAs is incapable of balancing the tradeoff between expressivity
and trainability, which may lead to the degraded performance when executed on the noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) machines. To address this
issue, here we demonstrate the first proof-of-principle experiment of applying an efficient automatic ansatz design technique, i.e., quantum
architecture search (QAS), to enhance VQAs on an 8-qubit superconducting quantum processor. In particular, we apply QAS to tailor the
hardware-efficient ansatz towards classification tasks. Compared with the heuristic ansatze, the ansatz designed by QAS improves test accuracy from
31% to 98%. We further explain this superior performance by visualizing the loss landscape and analyzing effective parameters of all ansatze. Our work
provides concrete guidance for developing variable ansatze to tackle various large-scale quantum learning problems with advantages.
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leau - 9-3-2022 at 09:41
Reciprocal space study of Heisenberg exchange interactions in ferromagnetic metals
The modern quantum theory of magnetism in solids is getting commonly derived using Green's functions formalism. The popularity draws itself from
remarkable opportunities to capture the microscopic landscape of exchange interactions, starting from a tight-binding representation of the electronic
structure. Indeed, the conventional method of infinitesimal spin rotations, considered in terms of local force theorem, opens vast prospects of
investigations regarding the magnetic environment, as well as pairwise atomic couplings. However, this theoretical concept practically does not devoid
of intrinsic inconsistencies. In particular, naturally expected correspondence between single and pairwise infinitesimal spin rotations is being
numerically revealed to diverge. In this work, we elaborate this question on the model example and canonical case of bcc iron. Our analytical
derivations discovered the principal preference of on-site magnetic precursors if the compositions of individual atomic interactions are in focus. The
problem of extremely slow or even absent spatial convergence while considering metallic compounds was solved by suggesting the original technique,
based on reciprocal space framework. Using fundamental Fourier transform-inspired interconnection between suggested technique and traditional spatial
representation, we shed light on symmetry breaking in bcc Fe on the level of orbitally decomposed total exchange surrounding.
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leau - 10-3-2022 at 10:31
PREPARING FOR Q-DAY
Davide Castelvecchi
Nature, Vol 602, 10 February 2022 pp 198-201
The quantum-computer revolution could give hackers superpowers. New encryption algorithms will keep them at bay.
