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ShadowWarrior4444
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| Quote: | Originally posted by len1
I know arguing with f..ls is a waste of time - but just this once more ..
The guy above is continuing to insist that the article quoting a 'large' capacitor of several thousand microfarads across the audio amplifier is not
meant for bypassing the supply at HF audio as I said, but is actually supporting his bizarre notion that the battery cant smooth the alternator
voltage and a capacitor must do the job
Lets calculate the voltage drop across this capacitor during a single cycle engine revolution with the lights on - drawing 10A at 3000rpm = 50Hz, and
see how well it does - assume its 4700uF = .0047F.
dv = I dt/C = 10 * .005/.005 = 10V ripple at alternator frequency.
Of course no audio amp will operate well with the voltage varying 2-12V, and its the battery whcih is charged with the task of smoothing alternator
voltage, the cap is too small for this, its effect is to bypass the supply at HF audio |
Since you obviously have not read the article, I will paraphrase it:
It clearly states that the stiffening capacitor supplies the instantaneous Supply Current that the amplifier requires and that the battery is too slow
to supply. This goes to prove that a battery is not capable of instantaneously supplying high current, and therefore not capable of adequately
smoothing a high-current signal.
You are trying to obfuscate a very simple concept of response time with irrelevant and inadequately delineated equations. The fact is that for a power
supply to have a smooth voltage you need two components: a capacitor and a regulator. Neither of those are a lead acid battery, and any high current
electrolysis supply, whether transformer driven or alternator driven, will utilize a capacitor and regulator over a battery.
Why you insist on recommending the more dangerous, more costly, and less effective solution is still unclear.
Ancillary: 3000 RPM is only 50Hz on a 2-pole alternator.
P.S. It is entirely possible to run the cell off a lead-acid battery, however I would only recommend doing this if you had a battery charging circuit.
It would only be more economically efficient if you already had such devices, or if you wished to run the cell away from a mains source.
[Edited on 7-22-2008 by ShadowWarrior4444]
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gregxy
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The confusion here seems to be on current and frequency.
A battery can supply more charge (current over time) than
a capacitor, but the battery may have series inductance
that limits the rise or fall time for the current. It is therefore
useful to place a capacitor in parallel with the battery
to supply the current during the time that it takes for the
battery current to ramp up. Typically a 1uf cap should
be enough.
Large electrolytic caps have same problem of
series inductance, so often small
ceramic disk caps (which have very low inductance) are
place in parallel with large electrolytics.
Finally batteries are non linear, most can source much
larger currents than they can sink
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tumadre
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Car alternators are 6 pole, 2:1 off the engine so about 1200-1800 rpm at idle, where most cannot supply rated current, and full rated current is
typically at >4000 RPM due to the exceptionally high losses.
BUT it is three phase, which inherently has 4% ripple in theory, more like twice that, but under 10%. Adding a battery as a filter for a three phase
rectifier will only decrease power*, although it will drag the average voltage toward Vp.
Car alternators... the smoothing cap is relatively nonexistent except at >10Khz, as an RF and EMI filter, as others have stated it does a poor job
at that!
If you want a smooth dc voltage on a single phase Tx good luck achieving >70% efficiency using transformers at or beyond their Va rating. It
certainly could be done with a one farad cap but you will burn up at least 40% more copper loss in both the secondary and primary coils as opposed to
no filter. I could be wrong, it might be 20 and 41.41% ..still..)
A much better choice is a large inductor, at least the current forms a square wave, at or near 120 degrees of conduction for both half waves, rather
than a current spike decreasing in width and increasing in amplitude as the cap gets bigger.
Car audio caps are specifically for smoothing out sub 100Hz ripple, that 400 Amp peak drain is for those 3000Watt subs, not the 2000 hz midrange where
inductance becomes an issue, keep in mind the first thing a car audio amp does is boost the 12 volts into 100 or more volts, it must have enough
voltage to push 2000 watts into a 4 ohm resistor, and maintain linearity. A cheaper place to put those caps is on the 60-120 volt bus, depending on
the wattage rating and model, but who wants to do that?
*Assuming power is limited by allowable temperature rise, not cell resistance. Remember, the voltage is changeable, if you include the restraint of a
fixed voltage, then you definitely do not want an inductive input filter, as the output voltage will be (for single phase) 90% of Vrms, rather than
the capacitive 1.2-1.3 Vrms, 1.41 being the peak
[Edited on 22-7-2008 by tumadre]
[Edited on 22-7-2008 by tumadre]
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len1
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| Quote: | Originally posted by tumadre
BUT it is three phase, which inherently has 4% ripple in theory, more like twice that, but under 10%. Adding a battery as a filter for a three phase
rectifier will only decrease power*, although it will drag the average voltage toward Vp.
Car alternators... the smoothing cap is relatively nonexistent except at >10Khz, as an RF and EMI filter, as others have stated it does a poor job
at that!
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I think thats meant to be 14%
min( cos(x), cos(x+120) ) in the upper quadrant occurs
at x=30 degrees, cos(30)=0.866
it'll actually be worse due to diode switching.
A 3 stator winding alternator putting out rectified DC means to make any sense a capacitor must discharge considerably less than 14% over 1/6 rather
than 1/2 period. The audio bypass capacitor is compeltely useless for that as you say.
I will also note that the cell resistance is highly non-linear. So you have to maxmimize useful I rather than the power. I absolutely agree that
driving the generator into a battery (or any capacitive load) will only detriment P = V I, but it can in many cases increase cell efficiency. In a
simple form an electrolysis cell can be represented as a voltage source in series with a (rather low) resistance. This means V drops very rapidly
with voltage - especially so if the resitive power loss is small and cell efficiency high. On the other hand they have an optimum electrode current
density which should not be exceeded.
Its an interesting observation that the car battery will supply much more current than itll sink. I wonder the chemical reason for this.
[Edited on 23-7-2008 by len1]
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ShadowWarrior4444
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| Quote: | Originally posted by len1
Its an interesting observation that the car battery will supply much more current than itll sink. I wonder the chemical reason for this.
[Edited on 23-7-2008 by len1] |
This is most likely due to the difference in thermodynamic stability between PbO2 and PbSO4. The electrolytic conversion of PbSO4 to PbO2 may also
have a lower quantum efficiency than the reverse reaction, as evidenced by the need to use 15v to effect a ~99% conversion.
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evil_lurker
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Well to add to this thread, I'm only after inorganic stuff, like manganese ammonium alum, hydrogen, (per)chlorates, and maybe even one day some zinc
plating. Precision is not my goal, only something that half ass works and is above all simple.
Till I can soak it all up... 
[Edited on 22-7-2008 by evil_lurker]
Not all chemicals are bad. Without chemicals such as hydrogen and oxygen, for example, there would be no way to make water, a vital ingredient in
beer.
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ShadowWarrior4444
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Schematics that may be of interest:
http://www.osti.gov/bridge/servlets/purl/10178414-Y8y6y8/101...
http://www.elecfree.com/electronic/lm7232n3055-power-supply-...
Simplest:
http://www.aaroncake.net/CIRCUITS/supply2.asp
They range from complex to simple high current supplies, usually around 12v, however they can most likely be modified for 6v.
Paralleling two computer power supplies may be useful for high currents as well. Modification/cannibalization may also be useful:
http://www.wikihow.com/Convert-a-Computer-ATX-Power-Supply-t...
(This is likely the most simple method for obtaining an electrolytic power supply [other than buying a lab one.])
[Edited on 7-23-2008 by ShadowWarrior4444]
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gregxy
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For my chlorate cell, I used a variac, a transformer from a
dead UPS and a large fullwave bridge to give a variable
voltage from 0 to 12V at about 10 amps. No filter at all.
It worked great for the application.
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dann2
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Hello evil_lurker (that name always makes me laugh),
A good (relatively crude) power supply can be made from rewound microwave oven transformers. Put lots of taps on the rewound secondary to give
yourself different voltage tap off points. You can even use bare Copper tubing for the secondary if it is self supporting and you insulate it from
the core with some pieces of plastic.
A variable voltage transformer on the input would be even better. Sometimes you can get lucky at your local industrial brakers yard and pick up
variacs for the price of the scrap Copper in them.
If you use a center tap on the output can use a two diode rectifier (instead of four).
Some pics here:
http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Campus/5361/chlorate/...
You may need no smoothing depending on what you are making/doing.
Regarding exact voltages for making a particular substance in an electrolythic cell.
The quoted voltages for to obtain a substance is always measured using a third electrode in the cell (saturated calomel electrode, aka SCE, Hydrogen
electrode etc etc). You won't be using any of these. The cell voltage (measured accross cell) is not a suitable measurement for an exacting reading if
you are attempting to make something that requires a very accurate voltage to form. Most stuff we make does not require a very exact voltage to form
so the 'humpy' unsmoothed voltage will be OK.
If you are making some stuff that has a narrow fixed formation voltage go buy a Saturated Calomel Electrode + a well regulated (smooth voltage and
current out) power supply and go knock yourself out!!! (and done forget to tell us how you got on!!!)
$$$$$$$$$$
No doubt is is nice to have a very large output, well regulated, constant voltage/constant current (whichever suits the particular job in hand) DC
supply with Current and voltage readouts and an inbuilt Coulumb meter.
$$$$$$$$$$$$
Going off topic:
A question I have always been unable to answer it this:
A variac has a brush which contacts two wires at a time (one winding) as you turn the dial. Why is it that you do not get a hugh (one winding shorted,
low voltage) current flowing in this winding?
Dann2
[Edited on 23-7-2008 by dann2]
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tentacles
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I've been curious if it's possible to modify one of those inverter type DC welders to supply variable voltage (they are already variable current). Or,
if they will supply voltages low enough for electrolysis (chlorate, perchlorate) as is. My gut feeling is that they won't.
I'm talking about the cheap 80A units (50A @ 100% duty). Maybe all they need is a sturdy voltage reg. circuit on the output to prevent going over
voltage when the anode goes titsup?
They're like $89 on sale at harbor fright - http://www.harborfreight.com/cpi/ctaf/Displayitem.taf?itemnu...
[Edited on 23-7-2008 by tentacles]
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dann2
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or you could put a more crude (easier to do) affair which would simple sense output voltage and switch the whole unit off with a relay on the input
socket when the output voltage rose to (say) 7 volts.
Easy do do with a comparator or some such.
They are definitely a cheap high current power supply, and you will be getting a welder thrown in for free!!
Dann2
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tumadre
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| Quote: | Originally posted by tentacles
I've been curious if it's possible to modify one of those inverter type DC welders to supply variable voltage (they are already variable current). Or,
if they will supply voltages low enough for electrolysis (chlorate, perchlorate) as is. My gut feeling is that they won't.
I'm talking about the cheap 80A units (50A @ 100% duty). Maybe all they need is a sturdy voltage reg. circuit on the output to prevent going over
voltage when the anode goes titsup?
They're like $89 on sale at harbor fright - http://www.harborfreight.com/cpi/ctaf/Displayitem.taf?itemnu...
[Edited on 23-7-2008 by tentacles] |
i would be interested to know what is in those things. if its an IGBT and a ferrite core, yes, you could rewind it. I don't think it would be worth
the trouble, and you might blow it up the first few times unless you redesign the entire thing.
@len1 you are right, its 14%, i was thinking of the 12 pulse (cos 15)
Diode overlap is a much bigger issue for the 'star' arrangements, because the leakage inductance is drained through the conduction of the other diode,
rather than coupled through the other two coils to simply be a lagging power factor.
Below say 6-10 volts, the single diode drop can cut losses enough to justify the increased Tx loss. and for single phase, it certainly cuts diode cost
in half
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tentacles
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tumadre: There's a review of a very similar (but 125A) unit here: http://phelum.net/info/Mini142/
I suspect they are all very similar, IGBTs and ferrite cores.
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len1
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| Quote: | Going off topic:
A question I have always been unable to answer it this:
A variac has a brush which contacts two wires at a time (one winding) as you turn the dial. Why is it that you do not get a hugh (one winding shorted,
low voltage) current flowing in this winding? |
I think thats an interesting problem - I did some calc on this sometime - this might be of interest.
We have an autotransformer with turns N, voltage V, coil resistance R, Power P, so current at full power I = P/V
If you short out one turn the power developed is
(V/N)^2/(R/N) = 1/N V^2/R
If transformer efficiency is E, then assuming most of efficiency loss occurs as resistive loss in the core (rather than in the hysteresis curve of the
iron) we get
I^2R= =(P/V)^2 R = P (1-E)
so R = (1-E) V^2 / P
and the power loss shorted turn is
P(1 turn) = P/N (1-E)
Transformer iron for small-medium power transformers is wound at about 10 turns per volt, so a 230V primary will have as a representnative figure 2300
turns (less on larger transformers - as the maximum flux is about proportional to Xsecional area). Efficiency at full power is about 80%, take power
= 500W
P(1 turn) = 500 / (2300 0.2) about 1W
This a 500W transformer will dissipate without notice.
It is further reduced by the unpredicatble value of contact resistance.
[Edited on 25-7-2008 by len1]
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12AX7
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What, you calculated R as estimated iron resistivity? It's obviously the wire resistance, which depends on guage and length per turn.
Without knowing DCR, a better estimate would be assuming half resistive losses in the wire. A 90% efficient transformer (you're hard pressed to find
one less efficient than 90%, especially in a large size) will have 5% loss in the iron (hysteresis and eddy currents) and 5% in the wire. Therefore,
a 500VA (not watt), 230V autoformer might dissipate 50W under full load, 25W of which is resistive. Although current varies along the winding
(depending on where the tap is at), if that's assumed to be full length, then the full load of 2.17A is generating a voltage drop of 11.5V across the
resistance (11.5 * 2.17 = 25W). Therefore, the total DC resistance is 5.3 ohms.
Alternately, one can assume 5% voltage sag under full load for each winding of the transformer (this obviously works out differently for an
autoformer), which is also around 11.5V. The similarity of these two figures shouldn't come as a surprise, as they come from the same estimates,
merely expressed differently.
That said, an estimation of turns is needed. For a 500VA model, I would realistically guess closer to 2 turns per volt. This means 460T full
winding, so one turn has about 1/2V on it, and a resistance of 12 miliohms, for a current of 43A and 22W dissipation, which would quickly burn it up.
The brush is usually made of graphite, which has appreciable resistivity. A mere fraction of an ohm will dissipate this voltage effectively while
having no effect on output voltage, because output current is much lower. The caveat is, all that power is dissipated by the brush, which being
smaller than the wires, could get very hot indeed.
Tim
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ShadowWarrior4444
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The question was why there isn't a large current in a single winding when the brush contacts two windings?
Well, the current through any primary winding is dependant on the load and the saturation of the core. Bridging two windings will simply reduce the
current through the first one in sequence and increase the current in the second one.
The brush will not heat up appreciably unless large amounts of current are being drawn through the variac in the first place.
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12AX7
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No, primary current is the sum of reactive current, idle losses and load current. Saturation has nothing to do with it, because power transformers
are not usually designed to operate in saturation (examples that do include MOTs, ferroresonant transformers and magnetic amplifiers).
Each turn in the variac corresponds to a tap on the winding, therefore each tap corresponds to a reasonably low impedance voltage source. The
impedance is especially low between two adjecent turns. The series (primary and load) current has very little effect and the shorted turn can be
modeled in isolation as a seperate winding with little error, at least for low contact resistances. For high contact resistances, load and
short-circuit current have to be added to calculate the correct current and dissipation in the brush.
My point, to answer the question, was that the brush must have high contact resistance specifically in order to avoid this dangerously high
short-circuit current.
Tim
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len1
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What youve done is use different numbers applicable to more powerful transformers
E = 0.95 instead of 0.8, N=460 instead of 2300. Plugging this into the formula I gave
P(1 turn) = P/ N (1-E)
theres a factor of 5 increase due to N, and factor of 4 due to 1-E. So you get 22W instead of my 1W. But these are all just approximate numbers.
Having said that I have seen autotransformers with a metal brush and far more turns than 460 on the primary hence my result. I dont have an auto with
a carbon brush.
[Edited on 26-7-2008 by len1]
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len1
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Its interesting to calculate for the carbon brush
The bulk resistivity rho of graphite shows quite some variability but on average about 1000 that of copper. The resistance of a piece of size w x h x
l is
rho x l / (w x h)
Lets assume the carbon brush makes a w length contact along the winding, with the wire being l x l in cross section, and neglect the width of copper
insulation. The wire turn length is l2
The carbon resistance is approx (assuming contact along entire width of wire!!)
rho x l / (l xw) = rho/w (current in poissons eqn penetartes ~ length of contact)
the copper turn resistance is
0.001 rho x l2 / (l x l)
so the ratio of carbon brush resistance to the copper turn is
1000 l^2/ (w x l2).
If l=1mm, w = 5mm, l2=200mm the brush resistance is about same as that of copper turn so the power dissipation is decreased only by half, worse, the
brush heats up much more than the wire.
So this problem is not so simple, the contact of the graphite must be far smaller than turn diameter - which it would be anyway with wire being
circular cross section. The contact is probably along only 1/4 the diameter, decreasing dissipation by factor of ~ 5.
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ShadowWarrior4444
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| Quote: | Originally posted by 12AX7
No, primary current is the sum of reactive current, idle losses and load current. Saturation has nothing to do with it, because power transformers
are not usually designed to operate in saturation (examples that do include MOTs, ferroresonant transformers and magnetic amplifiers).
Each turn in the variac corresponds to a tap on the winding, therefore each tap corresponds to a reasonably low impedance voltage source. The
impedance is especially low between two adjecent turns. The series (primary and load) current has very little effect and the shorted turn can be
modeled in isolation as a seperate winding with little error, at least for low contact resistances. For high contact resistances, load and
short-circuit current have to be added to calculate the correct current and dissipation in the brush.
My point, to answer the question, was that the brush must have high contact resistance specifically in order to avoid this dangerously high
short-circuit current.
Tim |
*Raises an eyebrow* I don't actually see a short-circuit in the problem. Nothing seems to be shorted to ground.
I believe the reason that there is no high-current short lies in the inductive nature of the autotranformer. It is simply a large tapped inductor
after all, and inductances resist the flow of AC current.
Empirically, I have not noticed any appreciable heating of the brush when bridging two windings. (K-type thermocouple)
The solution should lie in the magnetic properties of the variac, perhaps saturation wasn’t the correct term--if I can only manage to remember what
the applicable theory is.
*One must note that current does not flow through the copper winding without a load when it is connected to an AC source, even though it is one
continuous conductor.
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12AX7
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| Quote: | Originally posted by ShadowWarrior4444
*Raises an eyebrow* I don't actually see a short-circuit in the problem. Nothing seems to be shorted to ground. |
A short doesn't have to be to ground. If you must, move the "ground" to one of the wires and then look at it. Please read up more on electronics
before taking an authoritative stand on the subject!
| Quote: | | I believe the reason that there is no high-current short lies in the inductive nature of the autotranformer. It is simply a large tapped inductor
after all, and inductances resist the flow of AC current. |
If that were the case, then the load would see the exact same effect, and it would be a very shitty "transformer", in fact not being a "transformer"
but an inductor! Obviously this is not the case. Voltage is fixed by turns ratio.
| Quote: |
The solution should lie in the magnetic properties of the variac, perhaps saturation wasn’t the correct term--if I can only manage to remember what
the applicable theory is. |
The primary winding has self-inductance which causes a small idle current (inductive phase), nothing else. It does not flow in the output or taps.
| Quote: |
*One must note that current does not flow through the copper winding without a load when it is connected to an AC source, even though it is one
continuous conductor. |
Except it does, due to self inductance. Again, please study electronics some more. A lot more. Until then, I recommend you stick to chemistry.
Tim
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len1
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Tim I wouldnt bother arguing, this guy is either mad, or hes taking the piss
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ShadowWarrior4444
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| Quote: | Originally posted by 12AX7
A short doesn't have to be to ground. If you must, move the "ground" to one of the wires and then look at it. Please read up more on electronics
before taking an authoritative stand on the subject! |
Of course it doesn't have to be to ground, it has to be an unintended low resistance connection causing excessive electrical current. Again, that is
obviously not the case here.
| Quote: | | If that were the case, then the load would see the exact same effect, and it would be a very shitty "transformer", in fact not being a "transformer"
but an inductor! Obviously this is not the case. Voltage is fixed by turns ratio. |
A transformer *is* an inductor. Do you know just how the voltage is fixed by turn ratio? Might it have something to do with a magnetic flux
induced in the core?
| Quote: |
Except it does, due to self inductance. Again, please study electronics some more. A lot more. Until then, I recommend you stick to chemistry.
Tim |
I was obviously not talking about the exciting current of the transformer. Nor was I referring to any self-inductance from the copper wires. (*mumbles
something about incorrect terms*)
I was attempting to coax readers into thinking about the properties and underlying EM theory that go into a transformer. However, since there seems to
be a bit of pig-headedness going around, I will give you the answer:
An autotransformer does not 'transform' 100% of the power delivered to the secondary. For example, a center tapped auto-transformer will transfer 50%
power by conduction to the secondary, and the other 50% will be 'transformed' (extracted from the magnetic field.) If you have two windings bridged by
the brush, all you are in essence doing is reducing resistance to the conducted component by removing the bridged coil from the circuit. Another thing
this does is reduce the flux density in the core by a corresponding amount, since power is conserved.
So then, to recap: by bridging two windings, you increase conduction, and decrease transformation, thereby increasing the voltage across the load.
(Exept for bridging the final two windings, of course.)
There may be a more simple, concise way to explain it, but honestly you should be able to see the solution now.
[Edited on 7-26-2008 by ShadowWarrior4444]
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12AX7
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You seem to forget that the magnetic field is constant regardless of load current. Primary amps cancel with secondary amps in exact proportion,
leaving magnetizing current. Which is why saturation doesn't enter in.
You've got a point Len, I'll take the high road now.
TIm
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ShadowWarrior4444
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| Quote: | Originally posted by 12AX7
You seem to forget that the magnetic field is constant regardless of load current. Primary amps cancel with secondary amps in exact proportion,
leaving magnetizing current. Which is why saturation doesn't enter in.
You've got a point Len, I'll take the high road now.
TIm |
The magnetic field is not constant. The 'flux' is constant only when the tap point is constant. Think about an autotransformer whose brush is sitting
on the same tap as the input, forming a 1:1 connection. Most of the current is then transferred to the secondary by conduction, and
the flux through the core is very low.
I in no way mentioned load current. I am talking about tap ("brush") location.
The phrase "power is conserved" means exactly what you just restated: "Primary amps cancel with secondary amps in exact proportion."
It is becoming clear that either of you have not worked on electrical circuitry professionally. Frequent erudition and unnecessary use of calculation
in a theory discussion are both signs. And even when I attempt to provoke a bit of thought by stating hints and terms deliberately vague, you
violently rebut it with your own version of misused jargon.
It’s simply mystifying how I can be insulted by people who suggested feeding an unregulated alternator into a battery and believe that a
transformer's quadranture current is actually called "self-inductance."
That said, I do not hold anything personal against you; a great many people get caught up in a stance, and lose the ability to see different
perspectives. I simply provide unbiased logic and research, what readers do with it is entirely up to them.
[Edited on 7-26-2008 by ShadowWarrior4444]
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