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Klute
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Amide reduction: LiAlH4 vs BH3
I'm planning on reducing a secondary amide to the amine soon. The original procedure calls for 2eq of LiAlH4, but it's quite old (1961), and I
wondering if BH3.THF wouldn't be more suited here. I think I have some fresh BH3.THF at work so I won't even need to make it in-situ. I have a ref
where a compound very similar to the one I want to reduce (one CH2 more) is reduced with NaBH4-BF3.Et2O in good yields, after hydrolysis of the formed
amine-borane complexe. Now this is what makes we unconfortable. i have never done a BH3 workup, and although I think it should be similar to NaBH4
reductions, I don't want to loose my product during difficulties in the workup.
So I'm still unsure. What would your advice be? Anyone have some experience with BH3.THF he would like to share?
\"You can battle with a demon, you can embrace a demon; what the hell can you do with a fucking spiritual computer?\"
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JohnWW
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BH3-ether complexes, such as with THF and diethyl ether, are formed when B2H6 gas (spontaneously flammable in air, obtained by the acid hydrolysis of
an alkali or alkaline earth metal boride) is dissolved in the liquid ether, which also serves as the solvent. They are used primarily for reaction
with alkenes to obtain hydroborated compounds by addition of B and H across the double bond, i.e. borocarbons. However, they do not seem to be able to
reduce, on their own, amines or alcohols, or related compounds such as amides, carboxylic acids, esters, or ketones or aldehydes, under ordinary
conditions.
NaBH4, due to the negative charge on BH4-, will however reduce C=O double bonds to -OH in aldehydes and ketones and acyl chlorides by nucleophilic
attack, and can be used in aqueous or alcoholic solution. LiAlH4 is an even stronger reducing agent, reacting violently with water, and can
additionally reduce (preferably in ethereal solution) esters and carboxylic acids (water being added cautiously afterwards to hydrolyze the aluminate
complex), and should also reduce substituted amides to aminoalcohols, -CH(OH)-NR2. Alternatives, preferable on an industrial scale, are catalytic
hydrogenation with H2 and use of a sodium alkoxide in alcoholic solution.
But to further reduce an -OH group, as on an aminoalcohol -CH(OH)-NR2, to a secondary or tertiary amine would require even more rigorous conditions,
in the light of the textbooks. On the face of the above reactions, achieving it with a mixture of NaBH4 and BF3.Et2O complex (or is that an error for
BH3.Et2O complex?) in ethereal solution would seem unlikely, except possibly under conditions of elevated temperatures and pressures. NaH in an ether
would form an alkoxide and H2 with such a compound. So are you sure that the reference that asserts this further reduction is correct? Otherwise, the
only other method would be catalytic hydrogenation, probably under high pressure.
PS: I have come across one textbook instance, according to which an aromatic primary amide can be reduced by LiAlH4 in ethereal solution, followed by
water hydrolysis, all the way to benzylamine (or a derivative thereof) with 93% yield, although the other reaction conditions such as temperature and
pressure are not stated, or what would be the success with aliphatic amides. It states that this LiAlH4 reduction ALL THE WAY to an amine is specific
for amides and with this reagent and type of solvent only, and does not occur for other carboxylic acid derivatives such as esters, acids, or acyl
chlorides. It effectively converts the -C=O group to a -CH2- group.
[Edited on 20-7-09 by JohnWW]
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Eclectic
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http://www.erowid.org/archive/rhodium/pdf/zinc.borohydride.p...
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solo
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...how about using some 10% NaOH and regular bleach cold and stir in your amide ....Hoffman rearrangement....although I;m not sure about using this
method with a secondary amide.....it's worth a try.....solo
[Edited on 19-7-2009 by solo]
It's better to die on your feet, than live on your knees....Emiliano Zapata.
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Klute
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No, I can't do an hoffamn on this amide, it the kind R2N-CH(Me)-CO-NH-Ph, and I want to keep the N-phenyl.
JohnWW, borane is definatively able to reduce amides, such as mentionned inthis document:
http://www.d-orland.com/pdf/Bthf.pdf
In this document, they reduce a amide very close to my product:
http://www.alsnotebook.com/amidebh3.html
NaBH4 and BF3.Et2O simply genrates BH3.THF in-situ, which is the actuall reducting agent. NABH4 alone will not reduce the amide, unless one eq of
acetic acid or similar is added...
LiAlH4 will reduce the amide to the amine directly, without stopping at the amino-alcohol stage: the amino-alkoxide formed by reduction of the C=O is
rearranged to an iminium ion which is then reduced:
http://www.chem.ucalgary.ca/courses/351/Carey5th/Ch22/ch22-2...
I will find the origianl litt that use NaBH4 and BF3.Et2O, which is for nitrile reduction origianlly.
[Edited on 19-7-2009 by Klute]
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DJF90
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JohnWW: BH3.THF is perfectly capable of reducing many functionalities. It is "the reagent of choice" for reducing carboxylic acids to alcohols.
"The reduction of amides to amines is another major synthetic application of the reagent. The reactivity order is tertiary> secondary >>
primary. All types of amides and lactams are reduced rapidly and quantitatively by excess of borane in refluxing THF"
The following references are given (for amide reduction):
Brown, H. C.; Heim, P. JOC 1973, 38, 912
Danishefsky, S. J.; Hamson, P. J.; Webb, R. R.; O’Neill, B. T. JACS 1985, 107, 1421
Sammes, P. G.; Smith, S. Chem. Commun. (J. Chem. Soc.) 1982, 1143
Northrop, Jr., R. C.; Russ, P. L. JOC 1977, 42, 4148
Treadgill, M. D.; Webb, P. Synth. Commun. 1990, 20, 2319
Denmark, S. E.; Marlin, J. E. JOC 1987, 52, 5742
Nagarajan, S.; Ganem, B. JOC 1986, 51, 4856
Klute made no mention of reducing alcohols or amines, so I am not sure what your point is here. But you obviously didn't search for the capabilities
of the reagent in question.
Klute: I hope these references prove useful for you. I also expect they will provide experimental details concering work up and reaction conditions.
Good luck in your work.
Nitro groups, amines, organohalides, organosulfurs (thiols, sulfides, sulfones and sulfonic acids), and alcohols are not reduced by the reagent.
Phenols are stable too, but apparently there is hydrogen evolution.
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Klute
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Thanks alot DJF90, I look into them tomorow at work.
Finally I think I will try both, starting by LiAlH4 as this is the origianl ref, then BH3.THF to simplify the procedure if possible...
Here is th eref for the NaBH4/BF3.Et2O reduction of nitriles: Org Syn Vol 6 p.223
I checked out, fresh BF3.Et2O needs to be used, so I will have to distill it under vacuum over CaH2 in presence of a little exces ether (Purification
of Lab. Chemicals)
[Edited on 19-7-2009 by Klute]
\"You can battle with a demon, you can embrace a demon; what the hell can you do with a fucking spiritual computer?\"
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Klute
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I decided on using LiAlH4 to start with, as I realized i have 100mmol of amide to reduce, so this would use a whole bottle of BH3.THF... Pretty
pricey...
In an oven-dried 500mL 3-neck RBF equipped with a stir bar was charged 8.10g (213.4mmol, ~2eq) of fresh light grey LiAlH4. 200mL of
benzophenone-ketyl-dried THF is then added, which causes vigorous bubbling (even with a perfectly dried solvant!). The flask is fitted with a
condenser and a addition funnel, both oven-dried, and placed under argon atmospher. The flask is immersed in a ice bath, and stirred.
99.84mmol of the amide are placed in a sclenk, degassed and dissolved in 100mL of dry THF, and transfered to the addition funnel via canula. The amide
solution is added dropwise to the stirred hdyride, each drop causing vigorous fizzing. Half way through the addition, the hydride suspension takes a
light green tint.
Once the addition is finished, the ice bath is replaced by an oil bath, and the flask heated to reflux (90°C oil bath temp). The reaction mixture is
left to reflux overnight.
Work up using H2O and 15% NaOH will be done tomorow morning.
\"You can battle with a demon, you can embrace a demon; what the hell can you do with a fucking spiritual computer?\"
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Eclectic
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Zinc Borohydride did not look promising?
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Klute
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I simply don't have any! And I prefered sticking to the ref for the first try.. Did it by the book! Hopefully i will get the yields stated (80%)
[Edited on 21-7-2009 by Klute]
\"You can battle with a demon, you can embrace a demon; what the hell can you do with a fucking spiritual computer?\"
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Methyl.Magic
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Zinc borohydride can be prepared from ZnCl2 and NaBH4.
LINK HERE
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Klute
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Hum, stirring for 72h seems pretty long to me... Better throw in some LiAlH4 and reflux overnight IMHO.
Zinc borohydride seems like a pretty exotic reagent, used in particuliar cases. If I have to use NaBH4 + coreagent, I would use BF3.Et2O..
\"You can battle with a demon, you can embrace a demon; what the hell can you do with a fucking spiritual computer?\"
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Foss_Jeane
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This just might be a good candidate for an electrolytic reduction. Amides are, more or less, easily reduced electrolytically. It generally goes
easiest if the amide is attached to benzene as a side chain. For the aliphatics, it all depends regarding ease of reduction.
The general procedure is to use a partitioned cell, sulphuric acid solvent, and a lead cathode.
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Klute
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Hum, not too much in electrochemistry. I wait to see real results before considering it as a preparative methode. It more "it can work" than a good
option IMHO.
\"You can battle with a demon, you can embrace a demon; what the hell can you do with a fucking spiritual computer?\"
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DJF90
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I think the best options are LiAlH4 and BH3.THF. I have not heard of ZnBH4 being able to reduce amides; only in the article attached by Methyl.Magic.
However I have just read this:
| Quote: |
The alkali borohydrides in an ether medium do not reduce amides at room
temperature, but under reflux of THF secondary and tertiary amides are
reduced to amines.
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and these following references are cited:
H. C. Brown, S. Krishnamurthy, Tetrahedron 35, 567, (1979)
A. Pelter, K. Smith, Comprehensive organic chemistry vol. 3, p695 (Pergamon press, Oxford, 1979)
Also, this was said:
| Quote: |
In the presence of an organic acid and under reflux, NaBH4 reduces all amides to amines.
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And again here are the supporting references:
G. W Gribble and C. F. Nutaitis, Org. Prep. Proc. Int. 17, 317 (1985).
N. Umino, T. Iwakuma, and N. Itoh, Tetrahedron Lett., 2875 (1976).
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Klute
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Workup:
The flask was cooled in a ice bath, then 8,1mL of dH2O added very slowly, causing vigorous gas evolution and prcipitation of a white solide. Then 24mL
of 15% NaOh were added, followed by 24mL H2O. This gave a white solid very easy to filter. The salts were filtered on a glass frit with a plug of
celite, and the solids re-extracted with 2x100mL THF. The filtrate was dried and evaporated. The residu was dissolved in 200mL 10% HCl, washed with
3x100mL DCM, basified with conc. KOH which released a light yellow strongly smelling oil. The oil was extracted with DCM, organics washed, dried and
evaporated to offer the amine in 83,13% yield. An impurity, comming from the starting material, is present, so the freebase is currently being
purified by colum chromatography (eluant: 60:40 chloroform:pentane + 1% Et3N)
Definatively the right choice, the reduction was a breeze, easy workup, and great yields. The product is very pur execpt for the other amine present,
but no other side product du to the reduction are seen.
I don't even think I'll bother with BH3.THF now! I love LiAlH4! 
[Edited on 22-7-2009 by Klute]
\"You can battle with a demon, you can embrace a demon; what the hell can you do with a fucking spiritual computer?\"
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grind
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Why not use such methods like NaBH4 and I2 or CuSO4? There are a lot of references where they use NaBH4 + a simple (!) modification agent for reducing
amides. If I remember correctly they even use aqueous CuSO4 and get good results with amides. If you need a reference, I will take a look in my
files...
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Klute
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Yes, please post the ref! I prefered using a method published for my amine or its derivatives at first, and I am totally satisfied by the LiAlH4, I
don't think I will change even if I have to do the reaction again.
\"You can battle with a demon, you can embrace a demon; what the hell can you do with a fucking spiritual computer?\"
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grind
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Ok sorry for waiting. References I´ve found are:
Tetrahedron Letters 10, 763-766 (1976)
Synlett 419 (1990)
Angewandte Chemie Int. Ed. 28 (1989)
Tetrahedron 48, No. 22, 4623 (1992)
I have only hard copies of them...
Concerning the CuSO4 I was wrong. The CuSO4-modified NaBH4 reduces a lot of functional groups, but not amides.
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Luderlasse
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Sorry for the bump, but I am interested in amide reduction and I did not find any other suitable thread.
I heard somewhere that amides can be reduced with Al/Hg, but I can not find any references for this at all.
Does anyone here know if it is possible? Or maybe have a reference for this?
Thanks
Luderlasse
[Edited on 13-5-2015 by Luderlasse]
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karlos³
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Amides can be Reduced with Red-Al/Vitride, it isnt cheap, but its easier to handle than, say, LiAlH4.
Its IUPAC name is Sodium-bis(2-methoxyethoxy)-aluminiumhydride.
I would prefer it all the time over LiAlH4, much easier to work with and the work-up is a charm.
The price is ok for all its advantages over LiAlH4.
Well, maybe hard to get for some people, but if you can acquire it, do so.
Al/Hg doesnt reduce Amides. Zinc Borohydride does.
But not much else.
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CuReUS
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Al/Hg with HCl alone will not reduce amides.you have to pass H2 gas too.
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byko3y
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CuReUS, are you serious? Do you want to say it's actually possible to reduce amine by using aluminium metal?
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CuReUS
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Quote: Originally posted by byko3y  | | CuReUS, are you serious? Do you want to say it's actually possible to reduce amine by using aluminium metal? |
I saw it in a book,i am uploading that part in the word file
Attachment: reduction of amides.docx (98kB)
This file has been downloaded 418 times
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karlos³
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Well thats not Al/Hg, thats Zn/Hg. Thats a whole different element? Where comes your conclusion from that this method is transferable to Al?
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