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2024-03-29T09:21:50Z
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https://www.sciencemadness.org/smwiki/index.php?title=Cyanoguanidine&diff=15648
Cyanoguanidine
2024-03-28T18:41:34Z
<p>Mabus: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Chembox<br />
| Name = Cyanoguanidine<br />
| Reference =<br />
| IUPACName = 2-Cyanoguanidine<br />
| PIN =<br />
| SystematicName =<br />
| OtherNames = 1-Cyanoguanidine<br>2-Cyanoguanidine<br>DCD<br>Dicy<br>Dicyandiamide<br>Dicyanodiamide<br>Didin<br>Guanidine-1-carbonitrile<br>N-Cyanoguanidine<br />
<!-- Images --><br />
| ImageFile = Dicyandiamide.jpg<br />
| ImageSize = 300<br />
| ImageAlt = <br />
| ImageName = <br />
| ImageCaption = Magnified crystals of dicyanamide<br />
| ImageFile1 = <br />
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| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers<br />
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| SMILES = <br />
}}<br />
| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties<br />
| AtmosphericOHRateConstant = <br />
| Appearance = White crystalline solid<br />
| BoilingPt = <br />
| BoilingPtC = 252<br />
| BoilingPt_ref = <br />
| BoilingPt_notes = <br />
| Density = 1.404 g/cm<sup>3</sup> (20 °C)<ref>Hughes; Journal of the American Chemical Society; vol. 62; (1940); p. 1259</ref><br />
| Formula = C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>N<sub>4</sub><br>(H<sub>2</sub>N)<sub>2</sub>C=N-CN<br />
| HenryConstant = <br />
| LogP = −0.52<br />
| MolarMass = 84.08 g/mol<br />
| MeltingPt = <br />
| MeltingPtC = 209-212<br />
| MeltingPt_ref = <br />
| MeltingPt_notes = <ref>Singh, L. Jaideva; Singh, R. K. Hemakumar; Chemical Papers; vol. 68; nb. 2; (2014); p. 223 - 232</ref><br />
| Odor = Odorless<br />
| pKa = <br />
| pKb = <br />
| Solubility = 1.283 g/100 ml (0 °C)<br>3.101 g/100 ml (20 °C)<br>4.762 g/100 ml (30 °C)<br>7.236 g/100 ml (40 °C)<br>15.97 g/100 ml (60 °C)<br>27.54 g/100 ml (80 °C)<ref>Yalkowsky S.H., Yan H., Jain P. Handbook of aqueous solubility data. – 2nd ed. - CRC Press, 2010</ref><br />
| SolubleOther = Somewhat soluble in alcohols<br>Poorly soluble in [[acetone]]<br>Insoluble in [[chloroform]], [[ether]]s, hydrocarbons<br />
| Solubility1 = 1.7 g/100 ml (30 °C)<br>2.2 g/100 ml (50 °C)<ref>Вирпша З., Бжезиньский Я. Аминопласты. - М.: Химия, 1973 pp. 20 (Virpsha Z., Brzezinski J. Amino plastics - M.: Chemistry, 1973 pp. 20)</ref><br />
| Solvent1 = acetone<br />
| Solubility2 = 0.008 g/100 ml (30 °C)<br />
| Solvent2 = benzene<br />
| Solubility3 = 0.0006 g/100 ml (0 °C)<br>0.0015 g/100 ml (25 °C)<br>0.0026 g/100 ml (35.3 °C)<ref>Seidell A. Solubilities of organic compounds. - 3ed., vol.2. - New York: D. Van Nostrand Company, 1941</ref><br />
| Solvent3 = diethyl ether<br />
| Solubility4 = 0.937 g/100 ml (0 °C)<br>1.26 g/100 ml (13 °C)<br>1.70 g/100 ml (26.4 °C)<br>2.26 g/100 ml (35 °C)<br>3.30 g/100 ml (49.9 °C)<br>4.13 g/100 ml (60.1 °C)<ref name="buchanan">Бьюкенен Дж. Г. Цианистые соединения и их анализ. - Л., 1933 (J. Grant Buchanan, Cyanide compounds and their analysis. - L., 1933)</ref><br />
| Solvent4 = ethanol<br />
| Solubility5 = 3.46 g/100 ml (1 °C)<br>4.88 g/100 ml (20 °C)<br>5.63 g/100 ml (29.5 °C)<br>7.45 g/100 ml (39 °C)<br>12.35 g/100 ml (63 °C)<ref name="buchanan" /><br />
| Solvent5 = methanol<br />
| VaporPressure = ~0 mmHg<br />
}}<br />
| Section3 = {{Chembox Structure<br />
| Coordination = <br />
| CrystalStruct = <br />
| MolShape = <br />
}}<br />
| Section4 = {{Chembox Thermochemistry<br />
| DeltaGf = <br />
| DeltaHc = -1,387.04 kJ/mol<ref>[https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01188a011 Salley; Gray; Journal of the American Chemical Society; vol. 70; (1948); p. 2652]</ref><br />
| DeltaHf = <br />
| Entropy = <br />
| HeatCapacity = 117.82 J·mol<sup>−1</sup>·K<sup>−1</sup><ref>[https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01124a006 Stephenson; Berets; Journal of the American Chemical Society; vol. 74; (1952); p. 882]</ref><br />
}}<br />
| Section5 = {{Chembox Explosive<br />
| ShockSens = <br />
| FrictionSens = <br />
| DetonationV = <br />
| REFactor = <br />
}}<br />
| Section6 = {{Chembox Hazards<br />
| AutoignitionPt = Non-flammable<br />
| ExploLimits = Non-flammable<br />
| ExternalMSDS = [https://www.docdroid.net/yj3R21f/dicyandiamide-sa-pdf Sigma-Aldrich]<br />
| FlashPt = Non-flammable<br />
| LD50 = 30,000 mg/kg (rat, oral)<br>1,000 mg/kg (mouse, oral)<br />
| LC50 = <br />
| MainHazards = Irritant<br />
| NFPA-F = <br />
| NFPA-H = <br />
| NFPA-R = <br />
| NFPA-S = <br />
}}<br />
| Section7 = {{Chembox Related<br />
| OtherAnions = <br />
| OtherCations = <br />
| OtherFunction = <br />
| OtherFunction_label = <br />
| OtherCompounds = [[Cyanamide]]<br>[[Guanidine]]<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
'''Dicyanamide''', '''dicyandiamide''' or '''2-cyanoguanidine''' (IUPAC name), is an organic chemical compound, a nitrile derived from [[guanidine]]. It is a dimer of [[cyanamide]], with the formula '''C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>N<sub>4</sub>'''.<br />
<br />
The name "2-cyanoguanidine" or just "cyanoguanidine" is often chosen for this compound in literature, as dicyanamide (also known as dicyanamine) is also the name for the anionic species [N(CN)<sub>2</sub>]<sup>−</sup>, which may form 2-cyanoguanidine on formal addition of ammonia.<br />
<br />
==Properties==<br />
===Chemical===<br />
Two tautomeric forms exist (1-cyanoguanidine and 2-cyanoguanidine), differing in the protonation and bonding of the nitrogen to which the nitrile group is attached.<br />
<br />
2-Cyanoguanidine can also exist in a zwitterionic form via a formal acid–base reaction among the nitrogens.<br />
<br />
Cyanoguanidine reacts with [[dimethylamine]] at high temperatures to yield the anti-diabetic drug [[metformin]].<br />
<br />
Reaction of 2-cyanoguanidine with [[hydrazine sulfate]] yields guanazoguanazole.<br />
<br />
===Physical===<br />
2-Cyanoguanidine is a white crystalline solid, soluble in hot water, and somewhat soluble in [[methanol]] and [[ethanol]], but not nonpolar organic solvents. It can take on various crystal shapes such as needles, rhombus and scales.<ref>Ji-Biao Zhang, Zhi-Cheng Tan, Shuang-He Meng, Shao-Hui Li, Li-Ming Zhang, Thermochimica Acta 1997, 307, 1, 11-15, [https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-6031(97)00323-7 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-6031(97)00323-7]</ref><br />
<br />
==Availability==<br />
2-Cyanoguanidine is sold by chemical suppliers.<br />
<br />
==Preparation==<br />
Dicyanamide can be prepared by treating cyanamide with base, as cyanamide dimerizes at high pH.<br />
<br />
: 2 H<sub>2</sub>N-CN → (H<sub>2</sub>N)<sub>2</sub>C=N-CN<br />
<br />
The simplest route, which encapsulates the reaction above, can be achieve by boiling [[calcium cyanamide]] fertilizer in water for 15 or 30 minutes. As this type of fertilizer already contains enough calcium oxide/hydroxide to make it strongly alkaline, the reaction proceeds directly from CaCN<sub>2</sub> to dicyanamide.<br />
<br />
: 2 CaCN<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O + OH<sup>-</sup> → (H<sub>2</sub>N)<sub>2</sub>C=N-CN + 2 Ca<sup>2+</sup> + OH<sup>-</sup><br />
<br />
After the boiling is complete, the fertilizer suspension is taken off the heat and filtered to remove the insoluble products. However, even if the resulting filtrate is clear, calcium hydroxide will still be present in said filtrate (solubility of Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub> is 0.066 g/100 ml at 100 °C and its solubility increases with the decrease in temperature), and thus needs to be removed, to prevent it from interfering with the recrystallization of cyanoguanidine. While it's possible to precipitate it by adding small amounts of dil. sulfuric or phosphoric acid, the best route to remove the dissolved calcium is by bubbling [[carbon dioxide]] into the filtrate. This will cause the calcium to precipitate out of the solution as [[calcium carbonate]], and as a bonus will also remove the foul smelling sulfurous contamination. Thus, this step should be done either outside or in a fumehood. The pH should be measured throughout the process, and must be maintained at 8 or above. The filtrate is concentrated and then allowed to cool, which causes the cyanoguanidine to crystallize as rhombic crystal aggregates or needle-like crystals.<br />
<br />
A good procedure was described by SM user Diachrynic: Commercial calcium cyanamide fertilizer prills containing around 50% CaCN<sub>2</sub> with the rest being mostly calcium carbonate are boiled for 30 minutes with twice their weight in water, hot filtered and the filtrate left to crystallize. The needle shaped crystals are recovered and the filtrate reused for the next run, being topped off to the required volume. The yield is usually ~30% for the first extraction and around ~50% for subsequent runs. A more detailed description is provided in the forum thread [http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=157156 here].<br />
<br />
The reaction of [[thiourea]] with [[copper(II) oxide]] or [[copper(II) carbonate]] will yield dicyanamide. The reaction in the procedure is described as following:<br />
<br />
: 2 (H<sub>2</sub>N)<sub>2</sub>C=S + 2 CuO → (H<sub>2</sub>N)<sub>2</sub>C=N-CN + 2 CuS + H<sub>2</sub>O<br />
<br />
152 g thiourea is added in 500 ml water, which is brought to boiling temperature. A total of 175 g CuO is added in portions. The suspension is boiled for 4 hours, and filtered off, to remove the precipitated CuS and residual CuO. The filter cake is further washed with a small portion of hot water and filtrate was evaporated until colorless prism crystals started to form. Total yield: 77 g (92%). The mother liquor contains some residual dicyandiamide and thiourea, which can be reused.<ref>[https://chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cber.19701030146 Hausigk, D.; Chemische Berichte; vol. 103; (1970); p. 325 - 326]</ref><br />
<br />
==Projects==<br />
*Make various guanidine derivates<br />
*Make [[metformin]]<br />
*Slow fertilizer<br />
*Curing agent for epoxy resins<br />
<br />
==Handling==<br />
===Safety===<br />
2-Cyanoguanidine is irritant to eyes, lungs and nose. The compound does not appear to induce serious health risks. There is no clear evidence that it may increase the risk of organ damage, cancer, reproductive issues or neurological damage. <br />
<br />
Cyanoguanidine displays antimicrobial properties, by interfering with the synthesis of folic acid, which inhibits the growth of bacteria. This inhibits the production of DNA and protein, thereby leading to cell death.<br />
<br />
Dicyanamide is not flammable and will not ignite even in contact with red hot metal. Mixtures with an oxidizer, like potassium nitrate, will react.<ref>https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/15751/4/14</ref><br />
<br />
===Storage===<br />
Should be kept in closed plastic or glass bottles.<br />
<br />
===Disposal===<br />
No special disposal is required. The compound can be used as fertilizer, if diluted.<br />
<br />
Several studies have shown that was cyanoguanidine completely biodegraded within 34 weeks under aerobic conditions, while two-thirds of the total<br />
was biodegraded within 60 weeks under anaerobic conditions.<ref>Amberger, V. A. and Vilsmeier, K.: Untersuchungen zur Auswaschung von Dicyandiamid und dessen Abbau in Ueberstauten Boeden, Z. Wasser-AbwasserForsch, 21, 140-144(1988)</ref> Microorganisms will readily degrade this compound to non-hazardous byproducts.<ref>Hallinger, S., Wallnoefer, P. R., Goldbach, H. and Amberger, A. (1990). Naturwissenschaften. 77, 332-334</ref><br />
<br />
==Gallery==<br />
<gallery widths="200" position="center" columns="4" orientation="none"><br />
Dicyandiamide beaker.jpg|Needle-shaped crystals are obtained from the fertilizer<br />
Dicyandiamide_crystal_aggregates.jpg|Recrystallization from water may cause a different crystal shape to form<br />
Dicyandiamid2.jpg|Close-up of the different crystals<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
===Relevant Sciencemadness threads===<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=157156 Dicyandiamide from calcium cyanamide fertilizer]<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=149987 Dicyandiamide nitrate & nitrodicyandiamide]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Chemical compounds]]<br />
[[Category:Organic compounds]]<br />
[[Category:Nitrogen compounds]]<br />
[[Category:Guanidines]]<br />
[[Category:Nitriles]]<br />
[[Category:Solids]]</div>
Mabus
https://www.sciencemadness.org/smwiki/index.php?title=Rubidium_nitrate&diff=15647
Rubidium nitrate
2024-03-28T17:59:23Z
<p>Mabus: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Chembox<br />
| Name = Rubidium nitrate<br />
| Reference =<br />
| IUPACName = Rubidium nitrate<br />
| PIN = Rubidium nitrate<br />
| SystematicName = Rubidium nitrate<br />
| OtherNames = Nitric acid, rubidium salt<br />
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<!-- Sections --><br />
| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers<br />
| 3DMet = <br />
| Abbreviations = <br />
| SMILES = <br />
}}<br />
| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties<br />
| AtmosphericOHRateConstant = <br />
| Appearance = White hygroscopic solid<br />
| BoilingPt = <br />
| BoilingPtC = <br />
| BoilingPt_ref = <br />
| BoilingPt_notes = Decomposes<br />
| Density = 3.11 g/cm<sup>3</sup> (at 25 °C)<br />
| Formula = RbNO<sub>3</sub><br />
| HenryConstant = <br />
| LogP = <br />
| MolarMass = 147.473 g/mol <br />
| MeltingPt = <br />
| MeltingPtC = 310<br />
| MeltingPt_ref = <br />
| MeltingPt_notes = (decomposes)<br />
| Odor = Odorless<br />
| pKa = <br />
| pKb = <br />
| Solubility = 44.28 g/100 ml (16 °C)<br>65.0 g/100 ml (25 °C)<br />
| SolubleOther = Slightly soluble in [[acetone]]<br />
| Solvent = <br />
| VaporPressure = ~0 mmHg<br />
}}<br />
| Section3 = {{Chembox Structure<br />
| Coordination = <br />
| CrystalStruct = Trigonal<br />
| MolShape = <br />
}}<br />
| Section4 = {{Chembox Thermochemistry<br />
| DeltaGf = <br />
| DeltaHc = <br />
| DeltaHf = <br />
| Entropy = <br />
| HeatCapacity = <br />
}}<br />
| Section5 = {{Chembox Explosive<br />
| ShockSens = <br />
| FrictionSens = <br />
| DetonationV = <br />
| REFactor = <br />
}}<br />
| Section6 = {{Chembox Hazards<br />
| AutoignitionPt = Non-flammable<br />
| ExploLimits = Non-flammable<br />
| ExternalMSDS = [https://www.docdroid.net/9oAmxVD/rubidium-nitrate-sa-pdf Sigma-Aldrich]<br />
| FlashPt = Non-flammable<br />
| LD50 = 4,625 mg/kg (rat, oral)<br />
| LC50 = <br />
| MainHazards = Oxidizer<br />
| NFPA-F = <br />
| NFPA-H = <br />
| NFPA-R = <br />
| NFPA-S = <br />
}}<br />
| Section7 = {{Chembox Related<br />
| OtherAnions = <br />
| OtherCations = <br />
| OtherFunction = <br />
| OtherFunction_label = <br />
| OtherCompounds = [[Lithium nitrate]]<br>[[Sodium nitrate]]<br>[[Potassium nitrate]]<br>[[Caesium nitrate]]<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
'''Rubidium nitrate''' is an inorganic compound with the formula '''RbNO<sub>3</sub>'''.<br />
<br />
==Properties==<br />
===Chemical===<br />
Rubidium nitrate is an oxidizer and mixtures with combustible materials are flammable.<br />
<br />
Rubidium nitrate will decompose above 300-310 °C to yield [[rubidium nitrite]] and oxygen.<br />
<br />
===Physical===<br />
Rubidium nitrate is a white crystalline powder that is highly soluble in water and very slightly soluble in [[acetone]]. In a flame test, RbNO<sub>3</sub> gives a mauve/light purple color.<br />
<br />
==Availability==<br />
Rubidium nitrate is sold by chemical suppliers, but it's not cheap.<br />
<br />
==Preparation==<br />
Can be easily prepared by dissolving rubidium carbonate in nitric acid, the recrystallized from the resulting solution. [[Rubidium hydroxide]] can also be used, albeit this reaction is very exothermic, so the neutralization should be done slowly.<br />
<br />
: Rb<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> + 2 HNO<sub>3</sub> → 2 RbNO<sub>3</sub> + H<sub>2</sub> + CO<sub>2</sub><br />
<br />
: RbOH + HNO<sub>3</sub> → RbNO<sub>3</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O<br />
<br />
==Projects==<br />
*Oxidizer<br />
*Compound collecting<br />
<br />
==Handling==<br />
===Safety===<br />
Rubidium nitrate is an oxidizer and should be handled with care.<br />
<br />
===Storage===<br />
In closed bottles.<br />
<br />
===Disposal===<br />
Should be recycled, as rubidium compounds are expensive.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
===Relevant Sciencemadness threads===<br />
<br />
[[Category:Chemical compounds]]<br />
[[Category:Inorganic compounds]]<br />
[[Category:Rubidium compounds]]<br />
[[Category:Nitrates]]<br />
[[Category:Neutral salts]]<br />
[[Category:Oxidizing agents]]</div>
Mabus
https://www.sciencemadness.org/smwiki/index.php?title=Lab_suppliers&diff=15646
Lab suppliers
2024-03-19T21:32:10Z
<p>Mabus: /* Europe */</p>
<hr />
<div>It can be difficult to find chemicals, [[glassware]], and other suppliers, because large chemical suppliers either refuse to sell to individuals for reasons of liability, or they overcharge on chemicals that can be found at a cheaper price.<br />
<br />
This is a list of '''suppliers''' which sell to individuals. Editors are free to insert their reviews.<br />
<br />
This list is categorized by geographical location, however some suppliers will ship internationally. In particular, there are a number of Chinese suppliers that will ship worldwide for free, though it's advised to only order from verified suppliers.<br />
<br />
== Africa ==<br />
?<br />
<br />
== Asia ==<br />
<br />
=== Deschem on [https://www.ebay.com/str/deschemsciencesupply eBay US] and [https://deschem.aliexpress.com Aliexpress] (China) ===<br />
A Chinese seller that offers a wide range of of common glassware equipment for a low price. Mostly 24/40 and 24/29 glassware, plus many other lab essentials. Ships worldwide for free<br />
==== Reviews ====<br />
* Quality is somewhat variable, but the pricing mostly makes up for that. Shipping to the UK is much faster than stated on the aliexpress store. They did once send a defective item, and although I got a refund from aliexpress, they seemed to have blacklisted me so I couldn't order from them - until I sent a message asking why, when they stated it was 'a mistake'. - [[User:DavidJR|DavidJR]] ([[User talk:DavidJR|talk]])<br />
<br />
=== Nanshin Glassware on [https://www.ebay.com/str/nanshinglassware eBay US] (China) ===<br />
A Chinese seller specialized in large volume glassware, but also sells common glassware. Cheap prices and free shipping worldwide<br />
<br />
== Europe ==<br />
=== [https://www.alquera.com Alquera] (Spain) ===<br />
Common and generic reagents, as well as lab equipment. Will ship EU-wide. Also have an [https://www.amazon.de/s?k=Alquera Amazon page].<br />
<br />
=== [https://apcpure.com APC Pure] / [https://atomscientific.com Atom Scientific] (UK) ===<br />
Lab reagent supplier. [https://apcpure.com APC Pure] is the same company as [https://atomscientific.com Atom Scientific], but the two sites have slightly different catalogues, and APC pure is usually cheaper for the same item.<br />
<br />
==== Reviews ====<br />
* Fast shipping & good quality products. I have used them many times - [[User:DavidJR|DavidJR]] ([[User talk:DavidJR|talk]])<br />
<br />
=== [http://www.betterequipped.co.uk Better Equipped] (UK) ===<br />
Education supplier. Has lots of cheap non-jointed glassware and other equipment. Has a limited range of 'non-hazardous' chemicals which they will sell to individuals.<br />
==== Reviews ====<br />
* Good pricing on glassware - [[User:DavidJR|DavidJR]] ([[User talk:DavidJR|talk]])<br />
<br />
=== [https://sklep.biomus.eu/en/ Biomus] (Poland) ===<br />
Sells a wide variety of basic reagents.<br />
<br />
=== [https://www.bonnymans.co.uk Bonnymans] (UK) ===<br />
Focusses on cleaning chemicals, but has a selection of technical grade products including KOH, NaOH, HCl<sub>(aq)</sub>, NH<sub>4</sub>OH, alcohols, glycols.<br />
<br />
=== [https://www.bulksupplements.com/ Bulk Supplements] (UK) ===<br />
Sells a variety of amino acids, some even on multi-kg quantities.<br />
<br />
=== [https://www.ceramic-glazes.com Ceramic-Glazes] (Bulgaria) ===<br />
Sells metal oxides, ceramic glazes, colloidal gold and platinum.<br />
<br />
=== [https://chemcraft.su Chemcraft] (Russia) ===<br />
Sells an extremely wide array of chemical compounds, both organic and inorganic, elements as well as obscure or rare chemical compounds. The quality of each product varies, but overall they have one of the best price-to-quantity ratio of all the chemical suppliers. Payment used to be done via Paypal, but since 2022 it's Bitcoins only.<br />
<br />
=== [https://www.chemdiscount.de Chemdiscount] (Germany) ===<br />
Mostly technical and food industry chemicals.<br />
<br />
=== [https://www.fischar.de Fischar] (Germany) ===<br />
Mostly technical and food industry chemicals.<br />
<br />
=== [https://www.etsy.com/at/shop/FreyaLab?page=1#items FreyaLab (Etsy)] (Bulgaria) ===<br />
Sells a variety of salts.<br />
<br />
=== [https://www.jaytee.com Jaytee Biosciences] (UK) ===<br />
Various parts, consumables, accessories for HPLC and GC.<br />
<br />
=== [https://www.labchem.de Labchem] (Germany) ===<br />
Sells organic and inorganic chemicals, as well as elements.<br />
<br />
=== [https://www.laboratoriumdiscounter.nl/en/ Laboratoriumdiscounter] (Netherlands) ===<br />
A wide variety of reagents ranging from organic and inorganic compounds, solvents, salts, elements. Ships in all EU countries. Contacting the seller can be quickly done via the chat embedded in the site.<br />
<br />
==== Reviews ====<br />
*Excellent quality products, shipping was quick and products are packed properly. -Mabus<br />
<br />
=== [http://www.laborhandel-krumpholz.de/shop/Startseite Laborhandel-Krumpholz] (Germany) ===<br />
A wide range of glassware with fair prices and various other things such as devices or test strips.<br />
<br />
==== Reviews ====<br />
* My first order was a respirator from Moldex with filters. It works great and delivery was very fast. But my second order, 100€ worth of glassware, wasn't even shipped away, and the order is from 4 months ago. So if ordering from this supplier right now during the corona pandemic, expect exceedingly long delivery times. But I think once orders are shipped much faster again, this could be a great source of glassware. - [[User:Draeger|Draeger]] ([[User talk: Draeger|talk]])<br />
<br />
=== [https://www.laborladen.de/ Laborladen] (Germany) ===<br />
Sells a large number of basic reagents and metallic powders.<br />
<br />
==== Reviews ====<br />
*Very cheap and good quality products. -Mabus<br />
<br />
=== [http://labstuff.nl Labstuff] (Netherlands) ===<br />
Labstuff is a chemistry online store located in the Netherlands. They ship to the Netherlands and Belgium.<br />
<br />
==== Reviews ====<br />
* Shipping can take a while. -Prof_genius<br />
<br />
=== [https://www.limac.lv/catalog/ LiMac Science] (Latvia) ===<br />
Has a really big catalog of organic and inorganic compounds, can even buy in bulk. Ships worldwide, shipping costs depend on location.<br />
<br />
==== Reviews ====<br />
* Excellent quality products. Friendly and helpful proprietor. My order of out-of-stock items was delayed a bit beyond the initially stated lead time however. - [[User:DavidJR|DavidJR]] ([[User talk:DavidJR|talk]])<br />
<br />
=== [https://www.lpchemicals.co.uk LP Chemicals] (UK) ===<br />
Lab reagent supplier, orders are only available through e-mail or phone only.<br />
<br />
=== [https://www.minerals-water.co.uk Minerals Water] (UK) ===<br />
Chemical supplier. Often has good prices.<br />
<br />
==== Reviews ====<br />
* Although I have ordered from Minerals Water several times, I will not order from them again. I ordered zinc powder and although the label on the container said zinc, the contents turned out to be iron powder. This resulted in a lot of wasted time and reagents when a reaction failed. I have sent two emails explaining the situation and asking for a refund, but I have not received any reply. - [[User:DavidJR|DavidJR]] ([[User talk:DavidJR|talk]])<br />
<br />
=== [https://mistralni.co.uk Mistral Industrial Chemicals] (UK) ===<br />
Technical grade chemicals. Small quantities tend to be quite expensive, but they do have some good prices if you want to buy in bulk (eg 25kg bags). Free UK shipping.<br />
<br />
==== Reviews ====<br />
* On two occasions I ordered a 25kg sack of anhydrous sodium sulphite. Very fast shipping by DPD. Although the website states that they are business-to-business sales, they didn't question my orders. - [[User:DavidJR|DavidJR]] ([[User talk:DavidJR|talk]])<br />
<br />
=== [https://www.mysticmomentsuk.com/ Mystic Moments] (UK) ===<br />
Sells a variety of chemicals, especially solvents at a good price. Thy also sell some chemicals in bulk.<br />
<br />
=== [http://onyxmet.com/ Onyxmet] (Poland) ===<br />
Wide range of organic and inorganic compounds plus pure elements in different forms. Purity of compounds is not always mentioned, the range is 98-99,9%. Shipping costs depend on your location and the minimum order (without shipping) is ~15 USD.<br />
<br />
=== [https://phygenera.de/Home Phygenera] (Germany) ===<br />
Sells mostly growth media, vitamins, sugars, amino acids, phytohormones, etc.<br />
<br />
=== [https://pellwall.com/ Pell Wall] (UK ) ===<br />
Contains a variety of perfume-related products, albeit they're expensive.<br />
<br />
=== [https://polymet.de Polymet] (Germany) ===<br />
While not a particular large supplier, it does sell a quite impressive variety of metals, alloys, electrodes, as well as graphite rods and plates.<br />
<br />
Also have an [https://www.amazon.de/-/en/stores/Polymet-ReineMetalle/page/35814AED-0796-4D9D-AF5B-D9A11BC68A6A?ref_=ast_bln Amazon page].<br />
<br />
=== [https://pyrohub.eu/ Pyrohub] (Denmark) ===<br />
Sells various reagents mostly used for pyrotechnics (metallic powders, oxidizers, etc.) as well as parts used for fireworks (fuses, cases, etc.).<br />
<br />
=== [https://www.pyropowders.de Pyropowders] (Germany) ===<br />
Sells a large number metallic powders, basic reagents, as well as other lab equipment, like ball mills, sieves, plasticizers, etc. While in German, they respond to English in e-mail.<br />
<br />
=== [http://rathburn.co.uk Rathburn Chemicals] (UK) ===<br />
Scottish manufacturer specialising in high-purity solvents, primarily for analytical work. They also have some of the more obscure and hard to find solvents like [[Carbon disulfide]] available at good prices. Not an online shop, a phone call or an email is necessary to place an order. <br />
==== Reviews ====<br />
* Friendly/helpful staff. Very happy with my HPLC-grade methanol/acetonitrile from Rathburn - [[User:DavidJR|DavidJR]] ([[User talk:DavidJR|talk]])<br />
<br />
=== [https://www.restauro-online.com/epages/63807438.sf/en_GB/?ViewObjectPath=%2FShops%2F63807438%2FCategories%2FProdotti_chimici Restauro Online] (Italy)===<br />
Generic reagents, art supplies (shellac, resins, waxes, pigments), various tools, etc.<br />
<br />
==== Reviews ====<br />
* I have ordered about 300 E of products from them. You will most likely find all that you need on their shop. Shipping is fast. - [https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=101288 BaFuxa]<br />
<br />
=== [https://shop.es-drei.de S3 Chemicals] (Germany) ===<br />
Wide range of organic chemicals and solvents at a very good price.<br />
<br />
=== [http://www.scientificglass.co.uk Scientific Glass Laboratories] (UK) ===<br />
Scientific glassware manufacturer. Large catalogue of jointware. They also do custom glassblowing and repairs. You need to email them to place an order, but the prices are all listed on their site.<br />
==== Reviews ====<br />
* High quality products, but understandably a bit more expensive than buying from China. - [[User:DavidJR|DavidJR]] ([[User talk:DavidJR|talk]])<br />
<br />
=== [https://www.subolab.de Subolab] (Germany) ===<br />
Sells a variety of general reagents, growth media and elements. If a chemical is considered dangerous, it is not delivered, the payment is returned with deductions.<br />
<br />
=== [https://warchem.pl Warchem] (Poland) ===<br />
Sells a wide variety of reagents.<br />
<br />
== Oceania ==<br />
=== [https://allchemical.com.au All Chemical] (Aus) ===<br />
General reagents and other chemicals.<br />
<br />
==== Reviews ====<br />
<br />
=== [https://www.argentscientific.com/shop/ Argent Scientific] (Aus) ===<br />
Niche reagents :cool:<br />
<br />
==== Reviews ====<br />
<br />
=== [https://asisscientific.com.au ASIS Scientific] (Aus) ===<br />
They've been in the game for years now. Great service, and very good prices. e.g. 2.5L of AR grade Diethyl ether ~$137<br />
<br />
==== Reviews ====<br />
<br />
=== [https://auschemsource.com.au Aus Chem Source] (Aus) ===<br />
Wide range of chemicals and glassware.<br />
<br />
==== Reviews ====<br />
<br />
=== [https://auschems.com AusChems] (Aus) ===<br />
General chemicals and glassware.<br />
<br />
==== Reviews ====<br />
<br />
=== [https://www.chemsupplies.com.au ChemSupplies] (Aus) ===<br />
General chemical reagents.<br />
<br />
==== Reviews ====<br />
*I thought it would be worth adding Chemsupplies to this list. I recently stumbled across their web site and thought I would give them a go. They don't have a huge range of chemicals, maybe they are just starting out. Of interest to me was their phosphorus pentoxide. It was well packed and arrived 3 business days after placing the order. I haven't used it yet so I can't comment on purity/quality of the reagent. I will report beck if I come across any issues. - B(a)P<br />
<br />
=== [https://labsupply.com.au/ITEM%20HEADINGS/contents11.html Lab Supply] (Aus) ===<br />
Scientific equipment and chemical supply. A bit pricey but they have some "exotic" reagents.<br />
<br />
==== Reviews ====<br />
<br />
=== [https://www.melbournefooddepot.com Melbourne Food Depot] (Aus) ===<br />
Lots of "food grade" (still relatively pure) compounds including organic acids(propionic, pyruvic etc) inorganic reagents(NH4HCO3 etc) and even potential PTC catalyst precursors.<br />
<br />
==== Reviews ====<br />
<br />
=== [https://paramountchemicals.com.au Paramount Chemicals] (Aus) ===<br />
Solvents with a focus on cleaning products. Some reagents.<br />
<br />
==== Reviews ====<br />
<br />
=== [http://www.scienceessentials.com.au Science Essentials] (Aus) ===<br />
Extensive range of equipment and chemicals<br />
<br />
==== Reviews ====<br />
<br />
=== [https://www.ssapl.com.au Science Supply Australia] (Aus) ===<br />
Lots of exotic chemicals and at decent prices. e.g. 2.5 L of THF ~$100 :D<br />
<br />
==== Reviews ====<br />
<br />
=== [https://www.sydneysolvents.com.au Sydney Solvents] (Aus) ===<br />
Good pricing on small to large qty of solvents e.g.<br />
20 L xylene $90 !! That's good value<br />
<br />
==== Reviews ====<br />
<br />
=== [https://www.techtrader.com.au Tech Trader] (Aus) ===<br />
Suppliers of new and used lab equipment.<br />
<br />
==== Reviews ====<br />
*You are not going to find yourself a super bargains with these guys, but they have a huge range of quality new and used laboratory equipment and glassware (I checked out their warehouse). They back both their new and used products, they claim that anything that has issues can be returned to them for replacement or repair. They are a very friendly and knowledgable bunch that work there. - B(a)P<br />
<br />
=== [https://www.vanbar.com.au/catalogue/ Vanbar Imaging] (Aus) ===<br />
Mostly reagents related to classical photography.<br />
<br />
==== Reviews ====<br />
*If you order one item freight will be expensive, but combined freight for 5 or 6 remains the same as for one. And the items arrived 3 working days later. Note however that they supply all their items in sealed bags, not bottles. They are also on eBay, but they do not list their full range on eBay. - Lion850<br />
<br />
=== [https://www.wiltronics.com.au/product-category/science/ Wiltronics] (Aus) ===<br />
Lab/chemistry equipment<br />
<br />
==== Reviews ====<br />
<br />
== North America ==<br />
<br />
=== [https://www.ambeed.com/ AmBeed] (USA) ===<br />
Sells a large variety of chemicals, at various prices.<br />
<br />
=== [http://sciplus.com American Science and Surplus] (USA) ===<br />
American Science and Surplus, or AS&S, is a surplus supplier. Although they supply surplus, their inventory stays relatively constant, lasting at least 3 to 5 years for most items. They do not focus on chemistry, but are a good source for some cheap chemistry lab equipment, and microscope accessories.<br />
Products include:<br />
* Inexpensive China Borosilicate glassware (beakers and Flasks)<br />
* Lab stand hardware<br />
* Lots of storage containers (Glasses and Plastics, bulk or not, and cheap)<br />
* Reagent bottles<br />
* Two distillation rigs<br />
* 'Essential Oils' Distillation kit, ground glass<br />
* Microscope Accessories<br />
* Microbiology equipment - Agar and Petri dishes<br />
* Inexpensive boxes of Kimax ampoules<br />
* Cheap separatory funnels<br />
<br />
=== [https://carolinachemical.com/ CarolinaChemical] (USA) ===<br />
Sells a variety of chemical reagents, including solvents, though they will not ship some reagents, like diethyl ether, to Canada.<br />
<br />
=== [https://chemsavers.com/contact-us/ Chemsavers] (USA) ===<br />
Prices are a bit high, but will ship to PO boxes and residential addresses.<br />
<br />
=== [http://www.cynmar.com Cynmar] (USA) ===<br />
Cynmar is a science supplier based in Illinois. They will ship to anywhere, but extra charges apply for shipping outside of the contiguous United States. Although they state on their website that they no longer sell to individuals, this is not true.<br />
Products include:<br />
* Glassware (of various quality levels)<br />
* Lab equipment<br />
* Reagents<br />
* Books<br />
* Lab furniture<br />
* Lab appliances<br />
* Biology supplies<br />
* Homebrewing/winemaking supplies<br />
==== Reviews====<br />
* I've bought most of my equipment from them. I'm quite happy with all of it. The only downside I've encountered is that shipping can be slow sometimes.<br />
<br />
=== [http://www.dudadiesel.com Duda Diesel] (USA) ===<br />
Duda Diesel is an Alabama based alternative energy company specializing in biodiesel. They sell a variety of industrial chemicals.<br />
Products include:<br />
* Industrial Chemicals<br />
* Bulk Industrial Chemicals<br />
* Limited lab equipment.<br />
====Reviews====<br />
* I bought a few pounds of sulfur from them a while ago. It shipped fairly fast and seems to be of good quality. -zts16<br />
* Purchased both glacial acetic acid and food grade sodium nitrite, arrived incredibly quickly and inexpensively. Definitely an excellent supplier. —Velzee<br />
<br />
=== [http://www.elementalscientific.net/ Elemental Scientific] (USA) ===<br />
Elemental Scientific is a science supplier based in Minnesota. They have one of the largest selections of lab supplies available to amateur chemists. One great thing about Elemental Scientific is that they interact directly with the amateur chemistry community. The owner is on the Sciencemadness Discussion Board as the user tomholm.<br />
Products include:<br />
* Glassware<br />
* Lab equipment<br />
* A wide variety of chemicals<br />
* Chemistry Sets<br />
<br />
=== [http://www.mcssl.com/store/gallium-source/ GalliumSource] (USA) ===<br />
GalliumSource is a California-based company which has received consistently positive reviews from YouTube, including NurdRage.<br />
Products include:<br />
GalliumSource sells metals and alloys, as well as some nonmetals and metalloids, and ships them internationally.<br />
* Gallium<br />
* Magnesium in numerous forms, including ingot, turnings, and ribbon<br />
* Galinstan<br />
* Sodium. Lots and lots of it.<br />
* And even more strontium.<br />
* Ferrocerium<br />
* Arsenic<br />
* Molybdenmum<br />
* Cerium<br />
* Tungsten<br />
* Niobium<br />
<br />
=== [http://elementsales.com/ Metallium] (USA) ===<br />
Metallium is an online store for element collectors based in Massachusetts, founded in 2003 by Dave Hamric. He has supplied some materials to Theodore Gray (of Periodic Table Table fame). Ships internationally<br />
Products include: ALL of the stable elements, as either bulk form or stored in ampoules. They also sell element coins for collectors. This is one of the few sources of rare earth elements. Turnings and powders are available by request.<br />
==== Reviews ====<br />
* Quick shipping and a very nice selection, but you may not get a quick response to your emails and calls. For a 5 gram sample of terbium metal I got about .75 grams extra. A REALLY good deal. [[User:Brain&#38;Force|Brain&#38;Force]] ([[User talk:Brain&#38;Force|talk]]) 23:35, August 12, 2014 (UTC)<br />
<br />
=== [https://shop.perfumersapprentice.com/ Perfumer’s Apprentice] (USA) ===<br />
Contains a large variety of perfume-related products, inclusing samples of various perfume essences (like ling chain alcohols).<br />
<br />
=== [https://plasticworld.ca/ Plastic World] (Canada) ===<br />
Mostly solvents, not a great variety, but will also ship to residential addresses.<br />
<br />
=== [http://www.rotometals.com/ Rotometals] (USA) ===<br />
Rotometals has been around since 1939 and specializes in marine applications of non-ferrous metals. Products include Aluminium alloys, Bismuth, Gallium, Indium, Lead, Magnesium anodes, Tin, and Zinc.<br />
<br />
=== [https://www.sciencecompany.com/ Science Company] (USA) ===<br />
Based in Lakewood, Colorado, it sells a large variety of reagents and solvents.<br />
<br />
=== [https://www.stellarchemicalcorp.com/ Stellar Chemical Corp] (USA) ===<br />
Sells a variety of various chemical reagents. Prices are a bit higher compared to other suppliers.<br />
<br />
=== [http://unitednuclear.com/ United Nuclear] (USA) ===<br />
Sells pretty much everything an amateur chemist would want. <br />
<br />
A selection of some of their more interesting and useful supplies: Uranium compounds, Borated paraffin, Giberellic acid, Rocket nozzle mix, Pre-mixed thermite, Activated zinc sulfide, Ferrofluid, Radioactive ores, Aerogel, Spinthariscopes, Radioactive sources, Ultra-bright glow powder, X-ray components, Geiger counters, Powerful magnets<br />
<br />
Any somewhat interesting chemical, including anything radioactive or oxidizing, is not available to be shipped anywhere but America. Many other chemicals, the site claims, can be requested personally, for a higher price. Due to the fact that the site is owned by Bob Lazar, a UFO theorist, the entire site cannot be taken seriously, though it is a wonderful source for all chemists.<br />
<br />
=== [http://www.uspigment.com US Pigment Corp.] (USA) ===<br />
US Pigment is a pottery supplier based in Illinois. They will ship to the United States and Canada. For each chemical, the minimum order quantity is one pound, except for various expensive materials such as europium oxide and silver nitrate.<br />
<br />
Products include:<br />
* Various rare earth oxides<br />
* Many transition metal oxides and carbonates<br />
* Elemental tin, cadmium, and selenium<br />
* Alkali and alkaline earth carbonates<br />
* Tungsten and molybdenum compounds<br />
* White and Red lead<br />
==== Reviews ====<br />
* Shipping was really fast, ordered on a Friday came the following Monday. Some things are sold at a great price (CoCO<sub>3</sub> for $20/pound) others are rather expensive considering the grade (NiCO<sub>3</sub> $30/pound). -gdflp<br />
<br />
=== [https://www.voyageursoapandcandle.com/ Voyageur Soap & Candle Co] (Canada) ===<br />
A local suppliers, will sell a variety of soap-related products, and even triethanolamine, for an accessible price.<br />
<br />
=== [https://www.xenexlabs.com/ Xenex Laboratories] (Canada) ===<br />
Lots of reagents, though some are restricted to business only, and rapid shipping.<br />
<br />
== South America ==<br />
?<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Chemistry]]<br />
[[Category:Lab equipment]]</div>
Mabus
https://www.sciencemadness.org/smwiki/index.php?title=Barium_hypophosphite&diff=15642
Barium hypophosphite
2024-03-13T20:37:15Z
<p>Mabus: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Chembox<br />
| Name = Barium hypophosphite<br />
| Reference =<br />
| IUPACName = Barium hypophosphite<br />
| PIN =<br />
| SystematicName =<br />
| OtherNames = Barium bisphosphinate<br>Barium dioxidophosphanium<br />
<!-- Images --><br />
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<!-- Sections --><br />
| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers<br />
| 3DMet = <br />
| Abbreviations = <br />
| SMILES = <br />
}}<br />
| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties<br />
| AtmosphericOHRateConstant = <br />
| Appearance = Colorless solid<br />
| BoilingPt = <br />
| BoilingPtC = <br />
| BoilingPt_ref = <br />
| BoilingPt_notes = Decomposition<br />
| Density = 2.9 g/cm<sup>3</sup><br />
| Formula = BaH<sub>4</sub>O<sub>4</sub>P<sub>2</sub><br />
| HenryConstant = <br />
| LogP = <br />
| MolarMass = 267.30 g/mol<br />
| MeltingPt = <br />
| MeltingPtC = 150<br />
| MeltingPt_ref = <br />
| MeltingPt_notes = (decomposes)<br />
| Odor = Odorless<br />
| pKa = <br />
| pKb = <br />
| Solubility = 28.6 g/100 ml (17 °C)<br>33.3 g/100 ml (100 °C)<br />
| SolubleOther = Insoluble in alcohols<br />
| Solvent = <br />
| VaporPressure = ~0 mmHg<br />
}}<br />
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}}<br />
| Section5 = {{Chembox Explosive<br />
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| Section6 = {{Chembox Hazards<br />
| AutoignitionPt = <br />
| ExploLimits = <br />
| ExternalMSDS = None<br />
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| LC50 = <br />
| MainHazards = Harmful<br />
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| Section7 = {{Chembox Related<br />
| OtherAnions = <br />
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| OtherCompounds = [[Sodium hypophosphite]]<br />
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}}<br />
'''Barium hypophosphite''' is an inorganic chemical compound, with the formula '''BaH<sub>4</sub>O<sub>4</sub>P<sub>2</sub>'''.<br />
<br />
==Properties==<br />
===Chemical===<br />
Barium hypophosphite will react with concentrated [[sulfuric acid]] to yield concentrated [[hypophosphorous acid]] and barium sulfate. <br />
<br />
===Physical===<br />
Barium hypophosphite is a colorless solid, soluble in water.<br />
<br />
==Availability==<br />
Barium hypophosphite is sold by chemical suppliers.<br />
<br />
==Preparation==<br />
Can be prepared by neutralizing [[barium hydroxide]] with [[hypophosphorous acid]].<br />
<br />
: Ba(OH)<sub>2</sub> + HO-P(O)H<sub>2</sub> → BaH<sub>4</sub>O<sub>4</sub>P<sub>2</sub> + 2 H<sub>2</sub>O<br />
<br />
Alternatively, it can also be prepared by adding white [[phosphorus]] to an aq. suspension of barium hydroxide.<ref>Rose, Pogg. Ann. 9, 370 (1827); Klement in Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry Vol. 1, G. Brauer, Ed. (Academic Press, New York, 2nd ed., 1963) p 557.</ref><br />
<br />
==Projects==<br />
*Make transition metal hypophosphites<br />
<br />
==Handling==<br />
===Safety===<br />
Barium hypophosphite is harmful and should be handled with care.<br />
<br />
===Storage===<br />
In closed plastic or glass bottles, away from oxidizers.<br />
<br />
===Disposal===<br />
Addition of [[hydrogen peroxide]] to barium hypophosphite will give barium phosphate, which has low toxicity due to its poor solubility.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
===Relevant Sciencemadness threads===<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=20207 What are the best salts to keep?]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Chemical compounds]]<br />
[[Category:Inorganic compounds]]<br />
[[Category:Phosphorus compounds]]<br />
[[Category:Barium compounds]]<br />
[[Category:Hypophosphites]]<br />
[[Category:Reducing agents]]</div>
Mabus
https://www.sciencemadness.org/smwiki/index.php?title=Barium_oxide&diff=15640
Barium oxide
2024-03-13T20:32:57Z
<p>Mabus: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Chembox<br />
| Name = Barium oxide<br />
| Reference =<br />
| IUPACName = Barium oxide<br />
| PIN =<br />
| SystematicName =<br />
| OtherNames = Baria<br>Barium protoxide<br>Barium monoxide<br>Calcined baryta<br />
<!-- Images --><br />
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<!-- Sections --><br />
| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers<br />
| 3DMet = <br />
| Abbreviations = <br />
| SMILES = <br />
}}<br />
| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties<br />
| AtmosphericOHRateConstant = <br />
| Appearance = White solid<br />
| BoilingPt = <br />
| BoilingPtC = 2,000<br />
| BoilingPt_ref = <br />
| BoilingPt_notes = <br />
| Density = 5.72 g/cm<sup>3</sup><br />
| Formula = BaO<br />
| HenryConstant = <br />
| LogP = <br />
| MolarMass = 153.326 g/mol<br />
| MeltingPt = <br />
| MeltingPtC = 1,923<br />
| MeltingPt_ref = <br />
| MeltingPt_notes = <br />
| Odor = Odorless<br />
| pKa = <br />
| pKb = <br />
| Solubility = Reacts<br />
| SolubleOther = Reacts with alcohols, acids, [[bromine]], [[phenol]]<br>Insoluble in liq. [[ammonia]], organic solvents<br />
| Solvent = <br />
| VaporPressure = ~0 mmHg<br />
}}<br />
| Section3 = {{Chembox Structure<br />
| Coordination = Octahedral<br />
| CrystalStruct = Cubic, cF8<br />
| MolShape = <br />
}}<br />
| Section4 = {{Chembox Thermochemistry<br />
| DeltaGf = <br />
| DeltaHc = <br />
| DeltaHf = −582 kJ/mol<br />
| Entropy = 70 J·mol<sup>−1</sup>·K<sup>−1<sup><br />
| HeatCapacity = <br />
}}<br />
| Section5 = {{Chembox Explosive<br />
| ShockSens = <br />
| FrictionSens = <br />
| DetonationV = <br />
| REFactor = <br />
}}<br />
| Section6 = {{Chembox Hazards<br />
| AutoignitionPt = Non-flammable<br />
| ExploLimits = Non-explosive<br />
| ExternalMSDS = [https://www.docdroid.net/jnFwJuu/barium-oxide-sa.pdf Sigma-Aldrich]<br />
| FlashPt = Non-flammable<br />
| LD50 = 146 mg/kg (rat, oral)<br />
| LC50 = <br />
| MainHazards = Caustic<br>Toxic<br />
| NFPA-F = <br />
| NFPA-H = <br />
| NFPA-R = <br />
| NFPA-S = <br />
}}<br />
| Section7 = {{Chembox Related<br />
| OtherAnions = <br />
| OtherCations = <br />
| OtherFunction = <br />
| OtherFunction_label = <br />
| OtherCompounds = [[Strontium oxide]]<br>[[Calcium oxide]]<br>[[Magnesium oxide]]<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
'''Barium oxide''' is a white hygroscopic compound with the chemical formula '''BaO'''.<br />
<br />
==Properties==<br />
===Chemical===<br />
Barium oxide reacts exothermically with water to give [[barium hydroxide]].<br />
<br />
: BaO + H<sub>2</sub>O → Ba(OH)<sub>2</sub><br />
<br />
Reaction with acids yields barium salts.<br />
<br />
: BaO + 2 HX → BaX<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O<br />
<br />
Barium oxide reacts with oxygen to form [[barium peroxide]], above 500 °C, but breaks down to barium oxide and oxygen above 820 °C.<br />
<br />
: 2 BaO + O<sub>2</sub> ⇌ 2 BaO<sub>2</sub><br />
<br />
===Physical===<br />
Barium oxide is a white solid, insoluble in solvents.<br />
<br />
==Availability==<br />
Barium oxide is sold by chemical suppliers. Can also be bought online.<br />
<br />
==Preparation==<br />
Barium oxide can be prepared by burning [[barium]] metal in an [[oxygen]] atmosphere.<br />
<br />
: 2 Ba + O<sub>2</sub> → 2 BaO<br />
<br />
Thermal decomposition of barium carbonate will yield barium oxide.<br />
<br />
: BaCO<sub>3</sub> → BaO + CO<sub>2</sub><br />
<br />
Reducing [[barium carbonate]] with [[carbon]] will also give barium oxide.<br />
<br />
: BaCO<sub>3</sub> + C → BaO + 2 CO<br />
<br />
==Projects==<br />
*Make barium salts<br />
*Make [[barium peroxide]]<br />
*Ethoxylation catalyst<br />
*Make crown glass<br />
<br />
==Handling==<br />
===Safety===<br />
Barium oxide is caustic and very toxic.<br />
<br />
===Storage===<br />
In closed plastic bottles, away from moisture and acids.<br />
<br />
===Disposal===<br />
Should be converted to [[barium sulfate]], which can be dumped in trash.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
===Relevant Sciencemadness threads===<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=85085 Barium Oxide from Barium Carbonate]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Chemical compounds]]<br />
[[Category:Inorganic compounds]]<br />
[[Category:Barium compounds]]<br />
[[Category:Oxides]]<br />
[[Category:Materials that react with water]]<br />
[[Category:Materials unstable in acidic solution]]<br />
[[Category:Irritants]]<br />
[[Category:Air-sensitive materials]]<br />
[[Category:Heavy metal toxicants]]</div>
Mabus
https://www.sciencemadness.org/smwiki/index.php?title=Safe_handling_and_storage_of_chemicals&diff=15639
Safe handling and storage of chemicals
2024-03-13T20:11:07Z
<p>Mabus: /* A-L */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Stub}}<br />
'''Storage''' of many chemicals require additional or special requirements, to avoid hazards as well as contamination. However, manipulating said chemicals does not end with the storage area and '''handling them safely''', during various lab practices, such as purification, distillation, transferring, reaction conditions or simply when moving them around the lab, is equally important.<br />
<br />
==Storage area guidelines==<br />
===Storage cabinets and shelves===<br />
*Oxidizing acids and flammable solvents must be stored in separate locations.<br />
*Solvents in general must be stored away from any source of heat and light.<br />
*Hazardous materials, especially those that are water sensitive, should not be stored under sinks (except cleaners).<ref>http://www2.lbl.gov/ehs/chsp/html/storage.shtml</ref><br />
<br />
===Corrosive chemicals cabinet===<br />
Strong acids are usually stored here<br />
*Such cabinets should either be made from chemical resistant materials or lined with such.<br />
*A double door is recommended.<br />
*Scrubbers are optional, but recommended. An open container of baking soda should take care of acidic vapors.<br />
*Do not store metals or other reducing chemicals in the same cabinet.<br />
*Do not store nitrates and oxochlorine anions in the acids cabinet.<br />
*Amines should also not be stored in the same cabinet as acids, as their fumes will react to form a very fine dust.<br />
<br />
===[[Refrigerator]]s===<br />
Refrigerators can be used to store volatile substances and to cool exothermic reactions.<br />
Although domestic refrigerators can be used to store many chemicals, they are unsuitable for storing corrosive chemicals, such as acids. Several important guidelines:<br />
*Avoid storing acids, as the escaping vapors will corrode the refrigerator.<br />
*'''Do not store food in the same refrigerator. Do not reuse a chemical refrigerator for food.'''<br />
<br />
===Cryonics===<br />
*Avoid storing the cryogenic container in light or near a heat source.<br />
*Periodically check the valves.<br />
*Always ensure that cryogenic container has a pressure release valve<br />
<br />
===Distillation===<br />
*Always turn on the cooling first before performing any other operation.<br />
*Ethers and long-chained alcohols must never be distilled to dryness, as they tend form explosive peroxides during storage that can explode when dry.<br />
<br />
===Containers===<br />
*Never store solvents in plastic containers, even those which are supposed to be insoluble in the solvent. One exception is hydrofluoric acid, which cannot be kept in glass, and is generally kept in thick polyethylene or PTFE bottles.<br />
*Periodically open the lids of chemicals which decompose, to allow pressure buildup to release itself. ALWAYS do this when you move a solvent bottle from a cold place to a warm one (some solvents have a very high vapor pressure and can burst if too much pressure builds up inside the reagent bottle).<br />
*Although it is usually not a safety hazard, make sure to store dehydrated chemicals in completely sealed, (usually) glass, containers.<br />
*While not a general rule, it's a good idea to keep extremely hazardous chemicals in plastic bottles, as long as they're compatible, as in the unfortunate event you drop the container on a hard surface, the container must not break, and thus spread the hazardous material all over the floor, which will require cleaning and decontamination. If the hazardous material cannot be stored in a plastic container, and only glass, keep the glass container in a plastic box at all times. This method however is impractical for large bottles, but except for volatile acids you won't usually work with large quantities of hazardous chemicals.<br />
<br />
==Storage of specific materials==<br />
===Alkali metals===<br />
====[[Lithium]]====<br />
Lithium poses an unusual problem in that it is lighter than almost every single nonpolar organic solvent. The only ones in which it sinks are liquid [[ethane]] and [[methane]], which are generally not available or feasible to the amateur chemist. Weighting pieces of lithium down with a heavier metal, such as copper or lead, is common practice. If the metal consists of large or flat pieces, a neat trick is to place a flipped small stainless steel sifter over them. The sieve's weight will hold the lithium chunks at the bottom of the oil container, while allowing the oil to pass through its holes. And since lithium is harder than the other alkali metals, it will not extrude itself through the sifter holes due to its buoyancy. Try using sifters with large holes.<br />
<br />
If the bottle can be sealed efficiently, you can also simply flip it upside down, like seen [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lithium_element.jpg here]. This reduces significantly the amount of oxygen that enters the bottle, as oxygen is extremely poorly soluble in mineral oil.<br />
<br />
====[[Sodium]]====<br />
Sodium is more reactive than lithium, but it's denser than mineral oil and most organic solvents and can be easily stored for months.<br />
<br />
====[[Potassium]]====<br />
Potassium is more reactive than the first two and while it can be stored under mineral oil, it will corrode much faster. A a black layer of oxides and superoxides will slowly form on the surface of the metal after 1-2 months, which is known to be a shock sensitive explosive when thick enough. As such, sealing the bottle is recommended. Ampouling is sometimes used.<br />
<br />
If you cannot ampoule the metal or use it quickly, you must clean it every few weeks by removing the black layer, using isopropanol.<br />
<br />
====[[Rubidium]] and [[caesium]]====<br />
Both rubidium and cesium are extremely reactive and even pyrophoric. They can only be stored under mineral oil for short periods, ampouling is used instead.<br />
<br />
====[[NaK]]====<br />
Unlike the pure alkali metals, the sodium-potassium mixture, in a 77:23 K-Na ratio, is liquid at standard conditions. It is pyrophoric and less dense than water. It is usually stored under hexane or ampouled, since it's lighter than most organic solvents used to store alkali metals. It will also corrode PTFE.<br />
<br />
===[[Ammonium]] compounds===<br />
While ammonium salts of strong acids are stable and can be kept for long periods of time, even in the presence of moisture, the salts of weaker acids will slowly decompose over time, to release [[ammonia]] gas, as well as vapors of the said acid ([[ammonium acetate]] for example tends to give off a strong vinegar smell over time). This can be limited if the container is kept at low temperatures. Such container should be open periodically, to release the ammonia build-up.<br />
<br />
===Bases===<br />
====Alkali bases====<br />
Most alkali bases are extremely hygroscopic and will slowly attack glass, and will degrade plastic materials. They also tend to absorb carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide from air. Alkali bases should be kept in closed thick bottles, made of PE. Stainless steel containers are also suitable for storage.<br />
<br />
Alkali hydrides will react with both water and air, and must be kept in sealed containers or ampoules.<br />
<br />
====Alkaline earth bases====<br />
Alkaline earth bases are less hygroscopic that their alkali counterparts, but will still react with water and carbon and sulfur dioxides. They can be kept in both plastic and glass containers, as they react much slower with them than the alkali bases.<br />
<br />
Alkaline earth hydrides are less reactive that their alkali counterparts, but they still have to be kept in sealed containers, away from moisture and most gasses.<br />
<br />
===[[Beryllium]]===<br />
Although beryllium and its compounds have very useful properties in many applications, their toxicity limits their use. Beryllium metal will slowly oxidize in open air to form beryllium oxide, which is easy to scrape off the metal and get airborne. If inhaled, beryllium can cause various illnesses, such as berylliosis. Bulk metal is less prone to releasing toxic dust, but finely powdered beryllium is a greater hazard, and is best to keep it ampouled or in a container with inert gas, to limit oxidation.<br />
<br />
===Carbides===<br />
====[[Calcium carbide]]====<br />
Calcium carbide, like most alkaline earth carbides is sensitive to moisture, and will release acetylene gas in contact with water. Consumer grade CaC<sub>2</sub> also contains traces of calcium phosphide, which in contact with water releases toxic [[phosphine]] gas, which gives carbide its bad smell, and may also pose a fire hazard. Always keep the calcium carbide in a closed or sealed container, and absolutely away from moisture. Since air contains moisture, the bottle must also be kept airtight.<br />
<br />
===Ethers===<br />
Ethers stored for long periods of time in contact with air will form explosive peroxides, that are a hazard, usually during the distillation, or when opening the storage bottle. Ethers like [[dimethyl ether]], [[methyl tert-butyl ether]] or [[di-tert-butyl ether]] do not form explosive peroxides, while common ethers, like [[diethyl ether]] or [[THF]] will slowly form explosive peroxides over the course of several months. [[Diisopropyl ether]] tends to form explosive peroxides much easier than the former two, and its use in chemistry is generally avoided. To avoid this unpleasant effect, adding small amounts of an anti-oxidant like BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene), or a clean copper wire will prevent the formation of peroxides. Sodium metal can also be added to destroy the peroxides, though this is not recommended if you store large amounts of ether, as ether also contains traces of water, which will consume the sodium. [[Iron(II) sulfate]] can also be added to neutralize the peroxides. [[Sodium hydroxide]] flakes are generally added to precipitate any forming peroxides. Ethers in general are never distilled to dryness, as ether peroxides tend to explode when dry. Adding dry glycerin or some other solvent with a very high boiling point may help in keeping the distillation residue wet.<br />
<br />
===[[Gallium]]===<br />
Gallium has a very low melting point of only 29.76 °C, which means it can melt in one's hand. While it is non-toxic, liquid gallium will rapidly diffuse in aluminium and severely damage it. The resulting gallium-aluminium alloy will react with acids much faster, but will also react with alcohols and even water. Because of this phenomenon, avoid putting gallium on aluminium objects or other gallium susceptible alloys. Unlike most materials, gallium will expand as it solidifies, a property similar to that of [[water]], [[bismuth]], [[germanium]], [[silicon]] and plutonium. It cannot be stored in glass containers, as the expansion will crack the glass, nor metal as it will also deform metal container. Instead, gallium is best stored in thick PE bottles.<br />
<br />
===Halogenated carbons===<br />
====[[Chloroform]]====<br />
Chloroform will form [[phosgene]] over long periods of time, in contact with air and UV light. Keep the chloroform in amber bottles and add a small quantity of ethanol or other preservative to limit the formation of phosgene.<br />
<br />
===Halogens===<br />
====[[Bromine]]====<br />
Bromine is extremely difficult to safely store, as its vapors will escape the storing bottle and corrode most metals and many plastic materials. Sealing the storage bottle with parafilm or PTFE will slow the vapors from escaping, but parafilm will eventually degrade, and needs to be replaced periodically. Ampouling is recommended, though sealing the ampoule is complicated by the volatility of bromine. Unlike iodine vapors, the bromine ones are more toxic, and is recommended that the bottle should be stored in a container with a scrubbing agent, like a thiosulfate salt, inside the storage cabinet.<br />
<br />
====[[Iodine]]====<br />
Iodine is notorious for escaping the storage vessel, as well as corroding almost any material, except glass and noble metals. Its vapors will destroy aluminium, severely corrode iron and its alloys and irreversibly stain most plastic materials. Ampouling is recommended, while sealing the bottle with parafilm or PTFE will only slow its escape. Since its vapors aren't as dangerous to health as bromine, simple storing the container in a corrosive cabinet is usually sufficient.<br />
<br />
===[[Mercury]]===<br />
Mercury is the only liquid metal at room temperature, and as such it can flow from its container in the event of a spill. While the metal itself is relative inert, its vapors pose a hazard if inhaled over a long period of time. Mercury can be stored in glass or plastic bottles, away from certain metals such as aluminium. It is not always necessary to seal the container, but it is recommended to limit the exposure to mercury vapors. The mercury container can also be placed in another, where sulfur powder is added, to absorb its fumes and limit its escape. <br />
<br />
===[[Osmium]]===<br />
Bulk osmium is extremely resistant to corrosion and does not oxidize under standard conditions, but fine osmium powder is much more reactive and will slowly oxidize to form the dangerous [[osmium tetroxide]], which has a relative low melting point (40.25 °C) and tends to volatilize easily. The biggest hazard is that it takes a few hours for the poisoning symptoms to appear, so it's difficult to determine the level of exposure. A good tip is to add a gas heavier than air inside the container, like [[carbon dioxide]], [[sulfur hexafluoride]], [[argon]], etc., to limit the oxidation of the osmium powder.<br />
<br />
===Phosphides===<br />
Phosphides, such as [[aluminium phosphide]] are, just like group II carbides, sensitive to water. The reaction of phosphides with water releases the extremely toxic phosphine gas, which in sufficient quantity may cause death. Always keep the phosphide in an air-tight sealed container, in a plastic bag to limit the moisture. It's also recommended to keep it very safe (or not experiment with it at all), as the phosphine smell is usually associated with meth labs, and you may not want the police to pay you a visit in case of a leak.<br />
<br />
===Radioactives===<br />
Radioactive elements and their compounds should be kept in thick glass vials, which offer sufficient protection. For more permanent storage, a box made of lead is preferred. When handling radioactive materials, always wear thick gloves, goggles and most importantly a mask. This is because radioactive metals, like [[uranium]], [[thorium]] or [[americium]] rapidly oxidize in air and if the oxide dust is inhaled, it may lead to internal irradiation and heavy metal poisoning.<br />
<br />
===Secondary alchols===<br />
Alcohols such as [[isopropanol]], [[2-Butanol|sec-butanol]], have been observed to form explosive peroxides upon storage in the presence of air over very long periods of time (usually years), in the absence of an anti-oxidant. Just like in the case of ethers, they have a much higher boiling point than their respective alcohols, and are prone to detonation when dry. Periodically check the alcohols for any signs of peroxides.<br />
<br />
===Volatile chemicals===<br />
Unless you're perfectly sealing the containers, volatile chemicals such as volatile solvents will eventually escape the bottle. While you can seal the bottles with tape to limit the evaporation, you must make sure the reagents are kept at low temperatures if stored for long periods of time.<br />
<br />
Chemical compounds with a boiling point between the freezing point of water and room temperature should either be kept in a freezer, or in a gas cylinder under pressure, while compounds with a boiling point lower than the freezing point of water must always be kept in a gas cylinder.<br />
<br />
===White [[phosphorus]]===<br />
White phosphorus should be tightly sealed in an extremely durable container, away from light to prevent degradation. WP can be safely stored underwater. Always check the water lever, to make sure the phosphorus is not exposed to air.<br />
<br />
==Handling==<br />
=== Acids ===<br />
==== Hydrofluoric acid ====<br />
Hydrofluoric acid should never be kept or handled in glass containers (e.g. beakers), because of its ability to dissolve (most) oxides and silicates. It should be handled in thick plastic containers. It should only be handled in a fume hood, or gloveboxes. Nitrile gloves are not very useful at concentrations higher than 30%. For concentrations between 30-70%, butyl rubber and neoprene gloves offer protection for at least 4 hours, where as for concentrations higher than 70%, gloves made of neoprene rubber, Barrier® (PE/PA/PE), Trellchem® HPS or Tychem® TK will offer protection for a same time period.<ref>http://chemistry.harvard.edu/files/chemistry/files/safe_use_of_hf_0.pdf</ref> Always use thick gloves, never thin. A good tip is to wear two pairs of gloves at a time, changing the outer pair after a few uses. NEVER use natural rubber, as HF readily penetrates it. For body protection, always wear a long-sleeved lab coat and chemical-resistant apron over long-sleeved shirt, long pants, and closed shoes. Goggles, along with a face shield or a mask should be worn as face protection. A neutralizing agent such as [[sodium bicarbonate]] or [[calcium carbonate]] should be kept near the working stand. An antidote, like calcium gluconate should be kept close in the event of an accident.<br />
<br />
====Perchloric acid====<br />
The maximum concentration at which perchloric acid can be safely stored is 70%. As it is a very powerful oxidizer, all the glassware where is about to be poured in should be inspected for any organic traces. The storage containers and beakers should be perfectly cleaned and dry. While experiments with perchloric acid can be performed outside, there is a risk of contaminating both the acid and glassware with organic materials such as dust, insects or other particulates, especially when working at high concentrations. Gloveboxes are not entirely suitable, as the closed environment may allow the build-up of dangerous perchloric acid vapors. If you have the skills, you may be able to construct a washing system to flush out the acid vapors and safely neutralize them. Specially designed fume hoods with wash down systems are generally preferred when working with perchloric acid. These fume hoods are lined with PVC or 316 type stainless steel and have a wash down system than removes the perchloric acid vapors, which are drained to labeled waste containers.<br />
<br />
==Legal considerations==<br />
In many jurisdictions, dangerous and toxic chemicals need to be stored in a locker, under key. Volatile chemicals must be stored in places with proper ventilation and a fire suppression system or fire extinguisher must be present at all times. Most residential areas do not allow the storage of large amounts of reagents, especially flammable materials or oxidizers.<br />
<br />
'''Keep in mind that the information from this wiki is merely a collection of observations of various chemists and should NOT be used as a guideline when working with reagents'''. Always check your local laws first when working with reagents.<br />
<br />
==Incompatible chemicals==<br />
===A-L===<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table sortable" style="width: 100%;"<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col"|Chemical<br />
! scope="col"|Keep out of contact with<ref>http://ccc.chem.pitt.edu/wipf/Web/Chemical_Incompatibilities.pdf</ref><br />
! scope="col"|Additional notes<br />
|-<br />
| [[1,2-Dichloroethane]]<br />
| Alkali metals, chloric acid, chlorosulfuric acid, chromium (VI) oxide, manganese (VII) oxide, magnesium, metal hydrides, PCl<sub>3</sub><br />
| Fire hazard, reaction<br />
|-<br />
| [[1,2,4-Butanetriol trinitrate]]<br />
| Alkali metals, chloric acid, chlorosulfuric acid, chromium (VI) oxide, manganese (VII) oxide, magnesium, metal hydrides, PCl<sub>3</sub><br />
| Fire hazard, explosion, reaction<br />
|-<br />
| [[1,3,5-Trichlorohexahydrotriazine]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[1,4-Dichlorobenzene]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[1,4-Dioxane]]<br />
| Chloric acid, chromic acid, chromium (VI) oxide, hydrogen peroxide, manganese (VII) oxide, nitric acid, ozone, perchloric acid, peroxides, permanganates<br />
| Fire hazard; peroxide formation<br />
|-<br />
| [[2,2,4-Trimethylpentane]]<br />
| Chloric acid, chromic acid, chromium (VI) oxide, hydrogen peroxide, manganese (VII) oxide, nitric acid, ozone, perchloric acid, peroxides<br />
| Fire hazard<br />
|-<br />
| [[2,4-Dinitrobromobenzene]]<br />
| Alkali hydroxides, alkali metals, chloric acid, chromic acid, chromium (VI) oxide, hydrogen peroxide, manganese (VII) oxide, nitric acid, ozone, perchloric acid, peroxides, permanganates<br />
| Fire hazard, hydrolysis with bases<br />
|-<br />
| [[2-Chloroethanol]]<br />
| Alkali hydroxides<br />
| Hydrolysis<br />
|-<br />
| [[2-Mercaptoethanol]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[2-Nitrotoluene]]<br />
| Alkali hydroxides, alkali metals, chloric acid, chromic acid, chromium (VI) oxide, hydrogen peroxide, manganese (VII) oxide, nitric acid, ozone, perchloric acid, peroxides, permanganates<br />
| Fire hazard, hydrolysis with bases<br />
|-<br />
| [[2-Octanone]]<br />
| Alkali metals, alkaline-earth metals, calcium chloride, hydrogen peroxide, ozone, perchloric acid, peroxides, permanganates, phosphorus pentoxide<br />
| Fire and explosive hazard; Chemical reaction<br />
|-<br />
| [[4-Aminoantipyrine]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[4-Toluenesulfonyl chloride]]<br />
| Alkali<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Acetaldehyde]]<br />
| Alkali metals, alkaline-earth metals, calcium chloride, chloric acid, chlorosulfuric acid, chromium (VI) oxide, hydrogen peroxide, ozone, perchloric acid, peroxides, permanganates<br />
| Fire and explosive hazard; Chemical reaction<br />
|-<br />
| [[Acetamide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Acetamidine hydrochloride]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Acetic acid]]<br />
| Alkali metals, chloric acid, chlorosulfuric acid, chromium (VI) oxide, ethylene glycol, ethylene-imine, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl compounds, manganese (VII) oxide, magnesium, metal hydrides, nitric acid, oleum, ozone, perchloric acid, peroxides, permanganates, potassium tert-butoxide, PCl<sub>3</sub><br />
| Fire hazard<br />
|-<br />
| [[Acetic anhydride]]<br />
| Alkali metals, chloric acid, chlorosulfuric acid, chromium (VI) oxide, ethylene glycol, ethylene-imine, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl compounds, manganese (VII) oxide, magnesium, metal hydrides, nitric acid, oleum, ozone, perchloric acid, peroxides, permanganates, potassium tert-butoxide, PCl<sub>3</sub>, water<br />
| Fire hazard<br />
|-<br />
| [[Acetone]]<br />
| Alkali metals, calcium chloride, chloric acid, chlorosulfuric acid, chromium (VI) oxide, hydrogen peroxide, ozone, perchloric acid, peroxides, permanganates, phosphorus pentoxide<br />
| Fire and explosive hazard; Chemical reaction<br />
|-<br />
| [[Acetone peroxide]]<br />
| Most common metals, static-prone materials (cloths)<br />
| Explosive hazard<br />
|-<br />
| [[Acetonitrile]]<br />
| Acetic acid, acids, alkali metals, bases, chromic acid, nitrating agents, nitric acid, oleum, perchlorates, reducing agents, sodium peroxide, steam, diphenyl sulfoxide, trichlorosilane, certain plastics (ABD, CPVC, PVC)<br />
| Fire hazard and decomposition<br />
|-<br />
| [[Acetophenone]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Acetyl chloride]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Acetylacetone]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Acetylene]]<br />
| Alkali hydrides, brass, bromine, chlorine, copper, copper salts, fluorine, mercury, mercury salts, nitric acid, potassium. silver, silver salts<br />
| Fire and explosive hazard<br />
|-<br />
| [[Acetylsalicylic acid]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Acrolein]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Activated carbon]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Agar]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Allyl alcohol]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Alnico]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Alpha-pinene]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Aluminium chloride]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Aluminium iodide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Aluminium isopropoxide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Aluminium nitrate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Aluminium oxide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Aluminium phosphide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Aluminium sulfate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Aluminium sulfide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Aminoguanidine]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Aminoguanidinium bicarbonate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Aminoguanidinium nitrate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Ammonia]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Ammonium acetate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Ammonium azide]]<br />
| Copper<br />
| Explosion<br />
|-<br />
| [[Ammonium bicarbonate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Ammonium bisulfate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Ammonium bisulfite]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Ammonium carbonate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Ammonium chlorate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Ammonium chloride]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Ammonium chromate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Ammonium dichromate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Ammonium dinitramide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Ammonium ferrocyanide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Ammonium formate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Ammonium heptamolybdate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Ammonium hypophosphite]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Ammonium iron(II) sulfate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Ammonium nitrate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Ammonium nitrite]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Ammonium oxalate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Ammonium perchlorate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Ammonium permanganate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Ammonium persulfate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Ammonium sulfamate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Ammonium sulfate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Ammonium sulfide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Ammonium sulfite]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Ammonium tetrafluoroborate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Ammonium thiosulfate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Amygdalin]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Aniline]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Anisole]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Anthocyanin]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Anthracene]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Anthranilic acid]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Anthraquinone]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Antimony(III) chloride]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Antimony(III) oxide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Arabitol]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Armstrong's mixture]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Arsenic trichloride]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Asbestos]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Ascaridole]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Ascorbic acid]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Atropine]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Barbituric acid]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Barium acetate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Barium azide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Barium carbonate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Barium chlorate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Barium chloride]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Barium chromate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Barium ferrate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Barium hydroxide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Barium hypophosphite]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Barium manganate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Barium nitrate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Barium nitrite]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Barium oxide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Barium perchlorate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Barium permanganate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Barium peroxide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Barium sulfate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Basic lead chromate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Basic lead picrate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Beeswax]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Benzaldehyde]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Benzene]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Benzocaine]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Benzododecinium bromide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Benzoic acid]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Benzonitrile]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Benzophenone]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Benzoquinone]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Benzoyl chloride]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Benzyl alcohol]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Benzyl chloride]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Benzyl cyanide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Benzylacetone]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Benzylamine]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Bis(ethylenediamine)copper(II) perchlorate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Bismuth chloride]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Bismuth trioxide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Biuret]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Biuret reagent]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Black powder]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Borax]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Borazine]]<br />
| Water<br />
| Hydrolysis<br />
|-<br />
| [[Boric acid]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Borneol]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Boron carbide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Boron nitride]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Boron trichloride]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Boron trioxide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Bromoacetic acid]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Bromocresol green]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Bromocresol purple]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Bromoform]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Bromothymol blue]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Bromous acid]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Butane]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Butanol]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Butyl acetate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Butylated hydroxytoluene]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Butyric acid]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Cadmium acetate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Cadmium nitrate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Cadmium oxide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Cadmium sulfate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Caesium azide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Caesium chloride]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Caesium hydroxide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Caffeine]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Calcium acetate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Calcium bicarbonate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Calcium carbide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Calcium carbonate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Calcium chloride]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Calcium chromate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Calcium cyanamide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Calcium fluoride]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Calcium gluconate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Calcium hydride]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Calcium hydroxide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Calcium hypochlorite]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Calcium nitrate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Calcium oxide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Calcium perchlorate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Calcium propionate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Calcium sulfate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Camphor]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Capsaicin]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Carbon dioxide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Carbon disulfide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Carbon monoxide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Carbon tetrachloride]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Carbonic acid]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Carminic acid]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Cellulose]]<br />
| Strong oxidizing agents<br />
| Fire hazard<br />
|-<br />
| [[Cerium(IV) oxide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Charcoal]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Chevreul's salt]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Chloral hydrate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Chloric acid]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Chlorine dioxide]]<br />
| Daylight and UV light, ammonia, flammable material<br />
| Explosive hazard<br />
|-<br />
| [[Chloroacetamide]]<br />
| Alkali hydroxides<br />
| Hydrolysis<br />
|-<br />
| [[Chloroacetic acid]]<br />
| Alkali hydroxides<br />
| Neutralization and hydrolysis<br />
|-<br />
| [[Chloroacetone]]<br />
| Alkali hydroxides<br />
| Decomposition<br />
|-<br />
| [[Chloroauric acid]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Chlorobenzene]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Chlorobutanol]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Chloroform]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Chloromethane]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Chloroplatinic acid]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Chlorosulfuric acid]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Chlorous acid]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Chromic acid]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Chromium trioxide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Chromium(III) chloride]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Chromium(III) oxide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Chromium(III) sulfate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Chromium(VI) oxide peroxide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Chromyl chloride]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Citric acid]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Coal]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Congo red]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Cobalt (III) oxide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Cobalt(II) chloride]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Cobalt(II) nitrate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Cobalt(II) sulfate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Copper chromite]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Copper citrate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Copper oxychloride]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Copper(I) acetylide]]<br />
| Acids<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Copper(I) chloride]]<br />
| Hydrogen peroxide<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Copper(I) oxide]]<br />
| Hydrogen peroxide<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Copper(II) acetate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Copper(II) acetylsalicylate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Copper(II) carbonate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Copper(II) chloride]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Copper(II) hydroxide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Copper(II) nitrate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Copper(II) oxide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Copper(II) perchlorate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Copper(II) phosphate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Copper(II) sulfate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Crystal violet]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Curcumin]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Cyanogen]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Cyanoguanidine]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Cyanuric acid]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Cyclam]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Cyclen]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Cyclohexane]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Cyclohexanol]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Cyclohexanone]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Decalin]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Decane]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Dextrin]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Di-tert-butyl ether]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Diatomaceous earth]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Diborane]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Dichlorine heptoxide]]<br />
| Shock, open flames, iodine<br />
| Explosion<br />
|-<br />
| [[Dichloroacetic acid]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Dichloromethane]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Dicyanoacetylene]]<br />
| Open flames<br />
| Flames of temperatures at around 4990°C (5260 K ,9010°F)<br />
|-<br />
| [[Diethanolamine]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Diethyl ether]]<br />
| Open flames<br />
| Fire hazard<br />
|-<br />
| [[Difluoroacetic acid]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Diisopropyl ether]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Dimethyl dioxane]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Dimethyl ether]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Dimethyl sulfate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Dimethyl sulfoxide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Dimethylamine]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Dimethyldioxirane]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Dimethylformamide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Dimethylzinc]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Dinitrogen pentoxide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Dinitrogen tetroxide]]<br />
| Flammable materials<br />
| Fire or explosion<br />
|-<br />
| [[Dinitrogen trioxide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Diphenylamine]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Diphenylmethanol]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Dipicolinic acid]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Dipotassium phosphate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Disulfur dichloride]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Dynamite]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Dysprosium(III) nitrate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Eosin Y]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Erbium(III) oxide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Eriochrome Black T]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Erythritol]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Erythritol tetranitrate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Ethane]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Ethanol]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Ethanolamine]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Ethenone]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Ethyl acetate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Ethyl cyanoacrylate]]<br />
| Water<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Ethyl formate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Ethyl iodide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Ethyl nitrate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Ethylamine]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Ethylene]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Ethylene glycol]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Ethylene glycol dinitrate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Ethylene oxide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Ethylenediamine]]<br />
| Nitromethane<br />
| Explosion<br />
|-<br />
| [[Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Ethylenedinitramine]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Eucalyptol]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Ferrocerium]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Ferroin]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Ferulic acid]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Fluorene]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Fluorenol]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Fluorenone]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Fluorescein]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Fluoroacetic acid]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Fluoroboric acid]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Fluorosulfuric acid]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Formaldehyde]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Formamide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Formic acid]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[FOX-7]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Fructose]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Fumaric acid]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Furan]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Furfural]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Galactitol]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Gelatin]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Gelignite]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Glucose]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Glutamic acid]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Glycerol]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Glycine]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Glycolic acid]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Glycoluril]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Glyoxal]]<br />
| Amines<br />
| Reaction<br />
|-<br />
| [[Guanidine]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Guanidinium bicarbonate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Guanidinium carbonate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Guanidinium chloride]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Guanidinium nitrate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Guanidinium perchlorate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Guanidinium sulfate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Guar gum]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Gum arabic]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Haematoxylin]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Hematein]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Heptane]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Hexamethylene triperoxide diamine]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Hexamethylphosphoramide]]<br />
| Haloacids<br />
| Decomposition<br />
|-<br />
| [[Hexamine]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Hexane]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[HMX]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Holmium citrate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Hydrazine]]<br />
| Heat, open flames<br />
| Fire and explosive hazard<br />
|-<br />
| [[Hydrazine hydrochloride]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Hydrazine nitrate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Hydrazine perchlorate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Hydrazine sulfate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Hydrazoic acid]]<br />
| Shock, open flames<br />
| Explosive hazard<br />
|-<br />
| [[Hydrobromic acid]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Hydrochloric acid]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Hydrofluoric acid]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Hydrogen bromide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Hydrogen chloride]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Hydrogen cyanide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Hydrogen fluoride]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Hydrogen iodide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Hydrogen peroxide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Hydrogen sulfide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Hydroiodic acid]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Hydroquinone]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Hydroxyacetone]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Hydroxylamine]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Hydroxylammonium chloride]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Hydroxylammonium nitrate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Hydroxylammonium perchlorate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Hydroxylammonium sulfate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Hypochlorous acid]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Hypophosphorous acid]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Iditol]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Indigo dye]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Inositol]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Iodic acid]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Iodine pentoxide]]<br />
| Carbon monoxide, hydrazine, hydrochloric acid<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Iodine trichloride]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Iodoacetic acid]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Iodoform]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Isatin]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Iron(II) chloride]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Iron(II) sulfate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Iron(II,III) oxide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Iron(III) chloride]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Iron(III) nitrate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Iron(III) oxide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Iron(III) sulfate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Iron pentacarbonyl]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Isobutanol]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Isopropanol]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Isopropyl nitrate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Isopropyl nitrite]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Isopropylamine]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Juglone]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Khusimol]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Kojic acid]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Lactic acid]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Lead(II) acetate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Lead(II) azide]]<br />
| Friction, shock, open flames, copper, zinc, cadmium<br />
| Explosion<br />
|-<br />
| [[Lead(II) chloride]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Lead(II) chromate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Lead(II) iodide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Lead(II) nitrate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Lead(II) oxide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Lead(II) sulfide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Lead(II,IV) oxide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Lead(IV) acetate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Lead(IV) oxide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Lead styphnate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Limonene]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Lithium aluminium hydride]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Lithium azide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Lithium borohydride]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Lithium carbonate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Lithium chloride]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Lithium hydride]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Lithium hydroxide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Lithium hypochlorite]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Lithium nitrate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Lithium nitrite]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|}<br />
<br />
===M-Z===<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table sortable" style="width: 100%;"<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col"|Chemical<br />
! scope="col"|Keep out of contact with<ref>http://ccc.chem.pitt.edu/wipf/Web/Chemical_Incompatibilities.pdf</ref><br />
! scope="col"|Additional notes<br />
|-<br />
| [[Magnalium]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Magnesium carbonate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Magnesium chloride]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Magnesium diboride]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Magnesium hydroxide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Magnesium nitrate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Magnesium oxide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Magnesium sulfate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Malonic acid]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Manganese dioxide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Manganese heptoxide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Manganese(II) chloride]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Manganese(II) sulfate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Mannitol]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Mannitol hexanitrate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Menthol]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Mercury sulfide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Mercury(II) chloride]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Mercury(II) fulminate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Mercury(II) nitrate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Mercury(II) oxide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Mercury(II) sulfate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Mercury(II) thiocyanate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Metformin]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Methane]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Methanol]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Methyl acetate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Methyl blue]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Methyl cellosolve]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Methyl ethyl ketone]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Methyl formate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Methyl iodide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Methyl isobutyl ketone]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Methyl nitrate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Methyl orange]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Methyl red]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Methyl salicylate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Methyl tert-butyl ether]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Methyl yellow]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Methylamine]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Methylene blue]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Morpholine]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Monopotassium phosphate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Murexide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[N-(1-Naphthyl)ethylenediamine dihydrochloride]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[N-Allylthiourea]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Naphthalene]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Naphthol Green B]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Neodymium oxalate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Niacin]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Nickel hydrazine nitrate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Nickel hydrazine perchlorate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Nickel(II) nitrate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Nickel(II) perchlorate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Nickel(II) sulfate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Nicotinamide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Nicotine]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Nile red]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Nitric acid]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Nitric oxide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Nitrobenzene]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Nitrocellulose]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Nitrogen dioxide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Nitroethane]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Nitrogen trichloride]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Nitrogen triiodide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Nitroglycerin]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Nitroguanidine]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Nitromethane]]<br />
| Amines<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Nitronium perchlorate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Nitronium tetrafluoroborate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Nitrosonium tetrafluoroborate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Nitrosyl chloride]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Nitrosylsulfuric acid]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Nitrourea]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Nitrous acid]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Nitrous oxide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Nonane]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Octane]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Octyl acetate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Onchidal]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Orcein]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Orotic acid]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Osmium tetroxide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Oxalic acid]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Oxalyl chloride]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Ozone]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[p-Dimethylaminobenzalrhodanine]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Pentaerythritol]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Pentaerythritol tetranitrate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Pentane]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Pentanoic acid]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Pentanol]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Peracetic acid]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Perchloric acid]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Periodic acid]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Permanganic acid]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Peroxydisulfuric acid]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Peroxymonosulfuric acid]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Petroleum]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Petroleum ether]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Phenanthroline]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Phenethyl alcohol]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Phenol]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Phenolphthalein]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Phenylacetaldehyde]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Phenylacetic acid]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Phenylacetone]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Phenylacetylene]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Phloroglucinol]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Phosgene]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Phosphine]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Phosphoric acid]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Phosphorus pentabromide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Phosphorus pentachloride]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Phosphorus pentoxide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Phosphorus tribromide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Phosphorus trichloride]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Phosphorus triiodide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Phosphoryl bromide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Phosphoryl chloride]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Phthalic anhydride]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Picramic acid]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Picric acid]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Polystyrene]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Polytetrafluoroethylene]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Potassium antimony tartrate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Potassium azide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Potassium bicarbonate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Potassium bismuthate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Potassium bisulfate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Potassium bisulfite]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Potassium bitartrate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Potassium bromate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Potassium bromide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Potassium carbonate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Potassium chlorate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Potassium chloride]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Potassium chlorochromate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Potassium chromate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Potassium cyanide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Potassium dichromate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Potassium ferrate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Potassium ferricyanide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Potassium ferrocyanide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Potassium hexachlorostannate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Potassium hydrogen phthalate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Potassium hydroxide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Potassium hypochlorite]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Potassium iodate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Potassium iodide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Potassium manganate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Potassium metabisulfite]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Potassium nitrate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Potassium nitrite]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Potassium perchlorate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Potassium periodate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Potassium permanganate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Potassium peroxochromate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Potassium peroxymonosulfate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Potassium persulfate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Potassium rhodizonate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Potassium sodium tartrate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Potassium sorbate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Potassium sulfate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Potassium sulfite]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Potassium tert-butoxide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Propane]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Propanol]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Propionaldehyde]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Propionic acid]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Propionic anhydride]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Propylene carbonate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Propylene glycol]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Propylene glycol dinitrate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Propylene oxide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Prussian blue]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Purple acid]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Pyranine]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Pyridine]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Pyruvic acid]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Quinine]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Quinoline]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[RDX]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Resiniferatoxin]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Resorcinol]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Rhodamine B]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Ribitol]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Ricinoleic acid]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Rosocyanine]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Rubidium azide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Rubidium chloride]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Rubidium hydroxide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Rubidium nitrate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Rubidium nitrite]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Safrole]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Salicylic acid]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Schweizer's reagent]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Scopolamine]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[sec-Butanol|''sec''-Butanol]]<br />
| Alkali hydroxides, alkali metals, alkaline-earth metals, carboxylic acids, chloric acid, chromic acid, chromium (VI) oxide, hydrogen peroxide, manganese (VII) oxide, nitric acid, organic acid anhydrides, ozone, perchloric acid, peroxides, permanganates<br />
| Fire hazard, esterification with acids<br />
|-<br />
| [[Silicon carbide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Silicon dioxide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Silver acetate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Silver acetylide]]<br />
| Acids<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Silver azide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Silver bromide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Silver carbonate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Silver chlorate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Silver chloride]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Silver(I) fluoride]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Silver formate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Silver fulminate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Silver iodide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Silver nitrate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Silver nitrite]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Silver oxalate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Silver oxide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Silver perchlorate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Silver permanganate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Silver sulfate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Sodium acetate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Sodium acetylsalicylate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Sodium aluminium hydride]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Sodium amide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Sodium azide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Sodium benzoate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Sodium bicarbonate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Sodium bismuthate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Sodium bisulfate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Sodium bisulfite]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Sodium borohydride]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Sodium bromate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Sodium bromide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Sodium carbonate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Sodium chlorate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Sodium chloride]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Sodium chlorite]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Sodium chlorosulfonate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Sodium chromate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Sodium cyanide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Sodium cyanoborohydride]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Sodium dichromate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Sodium dithionite]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Sodium dodecyl sulfate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Sodium ethoxide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Sodium ferrate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Sodium fluoride]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Sodium formate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Sodium hexafluoroaluminate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Sodium hexametaphosphate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Sodium hydrazide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Sodium hydride]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Sodium hydroxide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Sodium hypochlorite]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Sodium hypophosphite]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Sodium iodide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Sodium metabisulfite]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Sodium methoxide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Sodium methyl sulfate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Sodium molybdate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Sodium nitrate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Sodium nitrite]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Sodium nitroprusside]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Sodium orotate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Sodium oxalate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Sodium oxide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Sodium perborate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Sodium percarbonate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Sodium perchlorate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Sodium permanganate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Sodium peroxide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Sodium persulfate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Sodium pyrosulfate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Sodium silicate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Sodium sulfate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Sodium sulfide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Sodium sulfite]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Sodium thiosulfate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Sodium triacetoxyborohydride]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Solochrome cyanine R]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Sorbic acid]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Sorbitol]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Starch]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Strontium carbonate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Strontium chloride]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Strontium nitrate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Strontium oxide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Strontium sulfate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Strychnine]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Styphnic acid]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Styrene]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Succinic acid]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Succinonitrile]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Sucrose]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Sulfamic acid]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Sulfanilamide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Sulfanilic acid]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Sulfolane]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Sulfur dichloride]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Sulfur dioxide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Sulfur hexafluoride]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Sulfur trioxide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Sulfuric acid]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Sulfuryl chloride]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Tagatose]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Tartaric acid]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Tartrazine]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[TATB]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Terbium acetate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Terbium sulfate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Terbium(III) oxide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[tert-Amyl alcohol|''tert''-Amyl alcohol]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[tert-Butanol|''tert''-Butanol]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[tert-Butyl chloride|''tert''-Butyl chloride]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Tetraamine copper(II) complex]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Tetraaminecopper(II) persulphate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Tetrabutyltin]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Tetrachlorocupric acid]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Tetrahydrofuran]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Tetralin]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Tetranitroglycoluril]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Tetryl]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Thioglycolic acid]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Thionyl chloride]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Thiophene]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Thiourea]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Thiourea dioxide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Threitol]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Thymol blue]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Tin(II) chloride]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Tin(IV) chloride]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Titan yellow]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Titanium dioxide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Titanium nitrate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Titanium nitride]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Titanium(IV) chloride]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Toluene]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Triaminoguanidine]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Trichloroacetic acid]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Trichloroethylene]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Trichloroisocyanuric acid]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Triethanolamine]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Triethyl borate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Triethyl citrate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Triethylamine]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Trifluoroacetic acid]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Trimethyl borate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Trimethyl phosphate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Trimethylamine]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Trimethylphosphine]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Trinitroaniline]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Trinitrophloroglucinol]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Trinitrotoluene]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Triphenylmethanol]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Triphenylphosphine]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Tris(ethylenediamine)nickel perchlorate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Tungsten carbide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Urea]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Urea nitrate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Urea peroxide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Vanadium pentoxide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Violuric acid]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Warfarin]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Water]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Whistle mix]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Xanthan gum]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Xanthatin]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Xylene]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Xylitol]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Xylitol pentanitrate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Ytterbium(III) oxide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Yttrium(III) oxide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Zinc acetate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Zinc carbonate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Zinc chloride]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Zinc chromate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Zinc nitrate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Zinc oxide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Zinc perchlorate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Zinc peroxide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Zinc phosphate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Zinc sulfate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Zinc sulfide]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Zingiberene]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Zirconium nitrate]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Zirconyl chloride]]<br />
| <br />
| <br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
===Relevant Sciencemadness threads===<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=17145 MIT Laboratory Safety Rules]<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=59722 Lab safety important question!]<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=70004 Starter Lab Safety]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Lab safety]]<br />
[[Category:Data tables]]<br />
[[Category:Practices]]</div>
Mabus
https://www.sciencemadness.org/smwiki/index.php?title=Proper_disposal_of_chemicals&diff=15638
Proper disposal of chemicals
2024-03-13T20:09:33Z
<p>Mabus: /* A-L */</p>
<hr />
<div>Most chemicals used by the amateur chemist come from every day use and do not require special treatment before being discarded in the usual way. However there are many chemicals, such as heavy metal compounds or organic solvents, that require '''special disposal techniques'''. In the interest of keeping lab costs low, though, it may be a good idea to look into [[Reagent recycling|ways to recycle and recover chemicals]] such as solvents, which can be reclaimed by distillation.<br />
<br />
'''IMPORTANT NOTE!!!'''<br />
<br />
The information posted in this article is merely a collection of observations from various amateur chemists and is '''NOT''' meant for professionally disposing large amounts of chemicals and should '''NOT''' be used as a guideline on neutralizing reagents. For the disposal of large amounts of hazardous reagents or for special reagents, ask the help of professional hazardous chemical disposal entities. '''ALWAYS CHECK THE LOCAL LAWS BEFORE DISPOSING OF ANY REAGENT!''' This wiki will '''NOT''' take any responsibility (legal or other) for any (failed) attempts at neutralizing hazardous reagents. Do not treat the written disposal guidelines as absolute.<br />
<br />
==Standard procedures==<br />
===Acids===<br />
Acids are best neutralized with a base, such as carbonate/bicarbonate, hydroxide ([[calcium hydroxide]] e.g.) best as aqueous solution. Before neutralizing them, always dilute the acid first, to limit splashing or boiling the acid. ALWAYS POUR THE ACID IN WATER AND NOT THE OTHER WAY AROUND! After you diluted the acid, dissolve the base in water or, if it's insoluble, add just enough water to turn it into a suspension. Slowly add the base in the diluted acid, and watch out for foaming or, if it's a strong acid, boiling. '''Never add solid alkali bases in strong acids, as this will cause the acids to violently boil and splash acid everywhere.''' After neutralization, you're left with a solution containing the salt of the neutralized acid. Salts of hydrochloric, sulfuric, phosphoric acids can be further diluted then safely poured down the drain, or recycled if you want.<br />
<br />
The soluble salts of halogen acids and oxoacids (except [[Perchloric acid|perchloric]] and [[chloric acid]]s) can be safely poured down the drain. Special acids and their salts, such as [[hydrazoic acid]] and azides must not be poured directly down the drain, they must be treated with [[nitrous acid]] to destroy them.<br />
<br />
Oxidizing mixtures, such as [[aqua regia]], [[piranha solution]] or the [[nitrating mixture]] must also never be poured down the drain, as they're much more dangerous than simple acids, and can wreak havoc on your plumbing. Instead, they must be neutralized first.<br />
<br />
===Bases===<br />
Alkali hydroxides can be left in open air to absorb [[carbon dioxide]] as well as corrosive and unpleasant gases, forming carbonates and salts. However, as the carbonate is formed, it will creep out of the flask, covering it. For quicker results, alkali bases can be neutralized with any acid, though for practical and economical purposes, [[acetic acid]] or [[citric acid]] are sufficient. Just make sure to dilute the bases first. Bases may be reused to absorb acidic vapors in a desiccator, which mitigates their dangers. Care must be taken to avoid excess heating with strong bases.<br />
<br />
===Cyanides===<br />
Waste containing [[cyanide]], either from gold refining or from organic extractions of alkaloids from cyanide containing plants, must be neutralized with [[Sodium hypochlorite|bleach]] or [[hydrogen peroxide]], to turn them into less harmful cyanates. The resulting cyanates will slowly hydrolyze in basic environment to ammonium carbonates, while excess bleach/oxidizer will further convert them to nitrogen and carbon dioxide.<br />
<br />
Cyanides must never be poured down the drain before neutralization.<br />
<br />
===Heavy metals===<br />
Since the biggest hazard comes from the volatile and soluble heavy metal compounds, it's best to convert them into insoluble compounds, which are less toxic.<br />
<br />
Heavy metals, such as [[mercury]], can often be neutralized with a mixture of [[zinc]] and [[sulfur]] powders, which yields [[mercury sulfide]] aka cinnabar. This compound is insoluble in water and acids, showing little reactivity.<br />
<br />
Very dangerous heavy metals such as [[cadmium]], [[thallium]] and [[arsenic]] should always be properly disposed of at designated facilities, as their effects on human life and the environment is sometimes catastrophic.<br />
<br />
===Inorganic anions===<br />
Inorganic anions, based on halogens, sulfur, phosphorus, nitrogen, carbon and silicon can be flushed down the drain with lots of water. Examples of these are sulfide, sulfate, chloride, chlorate, nitrate, nitrite, thiocyanate.<ref>http://woelen.homescience.net/science/chem/exps/rules.html</ref><br />
<br />
===Metal ions===<br />
A good rule of thumb for transition metals is to convert solutions of their ions to the insoluble [[carbonate]] or oxide, often one of the most stable and nontoxic forms of these elements, prior to disposal. Another simple solution is to reduce the ions back to the metal.<br />
<br />
[[Copper]] salts are dangerous to the environment and should be reduced with [[iron]] to elemental copper, that can be reused, and the iron salts produced are less toxic.<br />
<br />
[[Nickel]]-containing compounds, especially organonickel compounds, are carcinogens, and are also dangerous to many other forms of life. It is a good idea to take these to a proper waste disposal facility.<br />
<br />
[[Cobalt]] salts may be carcinogenic and should be taken to a proper waste disposal facility.<br />
<br />
[[Aluminium]] compounds generally should not be disposed in the sewage. They can, however, be converted to [[aluminium sulfate]], which is safe to dispose of in soil, though it will cause a decrease in pH (it is used as a fertilizer for this purpose), and in diluted form can be poured down the drain, as at low concentrations it's used in the treatment of water. It is a good idea to dispose of aluminium sulfate and a safe basic compound (such as calcium carbonate) at the same time.<br />
<br />
Many compounds of [[chromium]], especially chromium(VI), are poisonous and carcinogenic. These should be converted to the +3 oxidation state; hydrogen peroxide as well as sulfites or thiosulfate will do this, which is typically the least harmful, preferably to [[chromium(III) oxide]]. [[Chromium dioxide]] may be another feasible option, as it is found in cassette tapes and can be recycled with them.<br />
<br />
[[Zinc]] compounds can be refined to zinc metal using electrowinning. It's not recommended to use zinc compounds obtained from technical sources as zinc supplements for soil or livestock, as it may contain traces of heavy metals, such as cadmium.<br />
<br />
Some MSDS sheets recommend that rare earths be converted to their oxalates or carbonates and disposed of in the trash.<br />
<br />
Alkali metals are minimally toxic as their salts and may be dumped down the drain.<br />
<br />
===Organic compounds===<br />
Organic solvents should be poured in labeled waste tanks, such as: halogenated, non-halogenated solvents. Flammable organic solvents that are safe in low exposures, such as [[ethanol]], [[methanol]], and [[acetone]] can often simply be burned outside for disposal, as most often their combustion products are simply carbon dioxide and water. It may be a better idea just to recover them by distillation, though. An [[alcohol burner]] can be used to burn these liquids.<br />
<br />
Halogenated compounds like [[chloroform]] can be neutralized with a strong base, although this neutralization should not be done without safety precautions.<br />
<br />
A good, though resource-intensive way to destroy halogenated and aromatic compounds is with [[Fenton's reagent]], which breaks them down to simpler non-toxic compounds. It's best however, to avoid dumping large quantities of waste, as the reaction in exothermic and may splash or volatilize some of the waste, so it's best to perform the neutralization in small steps. Many methods described in literature involve slowly bubbling the organic compound with a carrier gas in the Fenton solution, as this increases oxidation and limits splashing. However, because only small amounts of compound gets neutralized at a time, this process takes a while. For safety, you will need to use diluted hydrogen peroxide, meaning that at the end of the neutralization process you will be left with a large volume of water filled with iron precipitate and some organic residues that did not decompose completely, though they're generally not as toxic as their parent compound.<br />
<br />
[[Chromic acid]] and it's derivatives can also be used to destroy hazardous chemical compounds, as it neutralizes them to carbon dioxide and water. However, chromic acid will (violently) oxidize alcohols to their respective aldehydes or ketones, which cannot be oxidized further by the acid alone, which limits it's use in neutralizing many compounds.<br />
<br />
[[Piranha solution]] is an excellent material for the disposal of organic compounds. The decomposition is highly exothermic and the resulting smoke is very dangerous. As such, this method is generally considered a last resort in disposal, and it's mostly used for [[Cleaning glassware|cleaning]] rather than disposal.<br />
<br />
Organic salts, such as acetates and oxalates can be pyrolyzed to carbonates and water vapors. The decomposition works best in oxygen-rich atmosphere.<br />
<br />
==Recycling==<br />
{{Main|Reagent recycling}}<br />
Sometimes it is an option to purify waste products into chemicals that are pure enough to be used again. While this can sometimes be time consuming, it can often be more environmentally and economically friendly than discarding the waste in one manner or another is. Before discarding waste, think about what all it contains, and if there is some way that it could be used.<br />
<br />
== Down the drain vs. into the soil ==<br />
<br />
The availability of these disposal methods varies depending on where you live. If you live in an apartment block, you only have the drain. If you live in a suburban house, you have both. If you live in some quaint rustic <strike>shithole</strike> paradise like the author of this edit, you only have the "into the soil" option. <br />
<br />
Generally, the soil option is safer, because there is no plumbing you should worry about, but some chemicals shouldn't be released into the soil, either. In general, your designated place for pouring chemicals into the soil should be far from any gardens, horticulture or any other agricultural objects. Chemicals marked as "Oh yes!" in the table below are harmless and even useful in agriculture as fertilizers. These you can pour down in your garden.<br />
<br />
Lists of various chemical compounds that can be safely released in the ground or down the drain can be found [http://www.riskmanagement.ubc.ca/environment/hazardous-waste-management/waste-disposal-guide/chemicals here], [http://www.ehs.ucsf.edu/disposal-modes-non-hazardous-lab-waste here] or [http://web.stanford.edu/dept/EHS/prod/enviro/waste/nohaz.html here].<br />
<br />
==Other==<br />
Heavy metal salts or solutions can be mixed with cement, and trapped by making a concrete block. The resulting block can also be covered in another layer of cement, to reduce the diffusion of the heavy metals. Unless the concrete is damaged, broken or dissolved in acid, the heavy metal ions will not be released. However, this merely is a method to prevent the heavy metals from being released in the environment and is not a permanent way of disposal.<br />
<br />
==Legal considerations==<br />
Releasing hazardous chemicals in the environment is a crime in all jurisdictions and carries heavy fines or even jail time. While properly neutralized reagents ''may'' be poured down the drain, dumping very large amounts of said reagents is frowned upon. Incineration is attractive as it's a good method of getting rid of wastes, but unless you're using an incinerator, some material will not be destroyed and instead it will be scattered in air. Likewise, it's forbidden to burn certain materials in open air, such as aromatic compounds or organosulfur compounds and for those, special incinerators are a must.<br />
<br />
Always check the local laws before choosing the disposal method.<br />
<br />
==Chemical disposal table==<br />
===A-L===<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table sortable" style="width: 100%;"<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col"|Substance<br />
! scope="col"|Neutralization<br />
! scope="col"|Heat treatment<br />
! scope="col"|Down the drain<br />
! scope="col"|Into the soil<br />
! scope="col"|Environmental considerations<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[1,2-Dichloroethane]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Oxidation with Fenton's reagent; Concentrated solution of sodium hydroxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Flammable, releases corrosive fumes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[1,2,4-Butanetriol trinitrate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Safe detonation in remote area; Strong dilution in organic solvent followed by safe incineration; Hydrolysis with cold sodium hydroxide solution<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Detonation above 230 °C<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to organisms; nitrate source for plants<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[1,3,5-Trichlorohexahydrotriazine]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Reducing agent capable of safely neutralizing chlorine<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Breaks down above 78 °C<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Possibly harmful for organisms<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[1,4-Dichlorobenzene]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Oxidation with an oxidizing solution, such as chromic acid, piranha solution, Fenton's reagent<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Flammable, releases corrosive fumes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to wildlife, suspected carcinogen<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[1,4-Dioxane]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Incineration (no peroxides); Oxidation with Fenton's reagent; Chlorination in water with chlorine or hypochlorous acid; If peroxides are present, addition of excess ferrous sulfate, sodium bisulfite or metabisulfite to neutralize the peroxides, followed by incineration; If the bottle has peroxides on the cap, do not open it, instead safely detonate it in a remote or special area<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Incineration produces carbon dioxide and water vapor<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Although small amounts can be diluted with large amounts of water and poured down the drain, 1,4-dioxane does not undergo significant biodegradation and most will end up in the environment.<ref>http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp187-c5.pdf</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[2-Chloroethanol]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Oxidation with Fenton's reagent<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Generates carbon dioxide, HCl, water, phosgene<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to all wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[2-Mercaptoethanol]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Hydrogen peroxide, bleach; poured down the drain<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes to release hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Neutralize it with bleach or hydrogen peroxide first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Harmful to organisms due to its ability to weaken S-S bonds in various tissues<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[2-Nitrotoluene]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Oxidation with Fenton's reagent<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Generates oxidation products and lots of soot<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to all wildlife<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[2,2,4-Trimethylpentane]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Incineration<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Generates carbon oxides, water vapor and soot<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to wildlife and dangerous for water bodies as it floats<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[2,4-Dinitrobromobenzene]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Oxidation with Fenton's reagent<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Generates carbon oxides, water vapor, soot and bromine vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to all wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[4-Aminoantipyrine]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Strong dilution; Oxidation with Fenton's reagent<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Generates carbon oxides, water vapor, soot and nitrogen vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Considered to be toxic to wildlife, but not much is known about its effects<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[4-Toluenesulfonyl chloride]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Neutralization with diluted aq. NaOH; Strong dilution; Oxidation with Fenton's reagent<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Generates carbon oxides, water vapor, soot, sulfur oxides and HCl fumes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Considered to be toxic to wildlife, but not much is known about its effects<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Acetaldehyde]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Incineration; Sodium pyrosulfite; L-cysteine<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Generates carbon oxides and water vapors; some will evaporate when heated<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to the wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Acetamide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dilution in a more flammable solvent, followed by incineration; Oxidation with Fenton's reagent<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Gives off carbon monoxide, dioxide, ammonia, acetonitrile, hydrogen cyanide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Possibly harmful<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Acetamidine hydrochloride]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Addition to water followed by heating, yielding acetic acid and ammonium chloride<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Anhydrous conditions yields ammonium chloride and acetonitrile; In presence of water acetic acid and ammonium chloride are formed<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dilute first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dilute first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Effects unknown, possibly toxic<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Acetic acid]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Bicarbonates, carbonates, bases, oxides<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Flammable (high concentrations), no dangerous combustion products<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Safe, biodegradable; avoid dumping large amounts, acidifies soil<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Acetic anhydride]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Bicarbonates, carbonates, bases, oxides<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Flammable, no dangerous combustion products<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Biodegradable; avoid dumping large amounts, acidifies soil<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Acetone]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Oxidation/incineration, reducing, photolysis<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Flammable, no dangerous combustion products<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not advised<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Biodegradable, though not advised for large amounts<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Acetone peroxide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Photolysis, detonation in safe area<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Explosive, not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not advised<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not advised<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Biodegradable, though not advised<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Acetonitrile]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Fenton's reagent; Aqueous solution of excess sodium hydroxide<ref>http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF02318626</ref><br />
| style="text-align:center;"| All treatments give some hydrogen cyanide fumes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to all life due to its cyanide/nitrile group; does not quickly break down in environment<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Acetophenone]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Mixed with a more flammable solvent and incinerated<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Generates smoke, carbon dioxide and water vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, but dilute it first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, but dilute it first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Relative safe, biodegradable; Occurs naturally in small amounts<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Acetyl chloride]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Slow addition to a basic solution<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Burn products include hydrogen chloride which is corrosive<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Extremely toxic and corrosive to organisms and environment<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Acetylacetone]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Incineration<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Gives off carbon dioxide and water vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Acetylene]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Oxidation, photolysis<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dangerously flammable<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not possible<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not possible<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Safe, biodegradable<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Acetylsalicylic acid]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Any base<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not particularly helpful<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Safe, biodegradable<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Acrolein]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Addition of a base, which causes polymerization<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Burns in the presence of oxygen releasing carbon oxides, water, and various other organic products<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Extremely toxic to all organisms<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Activated carbon]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Burning, dumping in ground; Desorption by heating it to high temperature and reuse<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Results in carbon dioxide and ash<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| OH YES!<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Unless it adsorbed dangerous volatile compounds or heavy metals, it can be used as a fertilizer (powdered form); Less effective as beads or pellets<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Agar]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Pyrolysis gives foul smelling compounds<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Safe, biodegradable; nourishment for many organisms<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Allyl alcohol]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Diluted with a flammable solvent, like ethanol or acetone and burned; Epoxidation and hydrolysis to glycerol<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Burns, releasing an acrid smoke<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Very toxic to all organisms<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Alnico]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Recycled<br>Dumped in trash<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Loses magnetism when heated and melts at high temperatures<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Nickel and cobalt are harmful for the environment<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Alpha-pinene]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Generates smoke, carbon dioxide and water vapor<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Safe, biodegradable; Occurs naturally<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Aluminium chloride]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Treatment with water, precipitation with a base<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| No effect; Water solutions however will give off hydrogen chloride vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not advised<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Lowers the soil pH, corrosive<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Aluminium iodide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Treatment with water, precipitation with a base; recycling of iodine<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| No effect; Water solutions however will give off hydrogen iodide and iodine vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not advised<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Lowers the soil pH, corrosive<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Aluminium isopropoxide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Incineration outside; Treatment with water, recovery of isopropanol and aluminium oxide/hydroxide or incineration of isopropanol<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Melts and decomposes to give various ketones and isopropanol which may ignite; leaves behind alumina residue<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not dump<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Increases level of aluminium from soil, corrosive and harmful to organisms<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Aluminium nitrate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Pyrolysis; Aqueous ammonia or alkaline hydroxide solution<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Gives off nitrogen oxide fumes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Lowers soil pH, corrosive<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Aluminium oxide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not always required, can be dumped in trash<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not useful<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not dump, may clog plumbing<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, but avoid dumping large amounts<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Increases level of aluminium in soil, toxic to animals in large quantities<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Aluminium phosphide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Diluted sodium hypochlorite, bleach<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Burns in air, releasing fumes of phosphorus pentoxide and aluminium oxide, as well as traces of phosphine if any moisture is present<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP!<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Releases phosphine gas on contact with water, which is deadly to organisms<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Aluminium sulfate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Any alkaline hydroxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Releases sulfur oxides at high temperature<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dilute it first; neutralization with a base first is recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| No<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Increases the aluminium concentration in soil and water, lowers pH<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Aluminium sulfide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Hydrogen peroxide, bleach<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| No<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| NO<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| NO<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Releases hydrogen sulfide on contact with water, which is toxic to organisms<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Amatol]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| '''VERY controlled''' incineration<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Burns, may detonate in the presence of metallic impurities, like copper, brass<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP!<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP!<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| While ammonium nitrate is a good nitrogen source for plants, TNT is very harmful for wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Aminoguanidine]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required, can be discarded in any way<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Pyrolysis gives nitrogen and carbon oxides<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Safe, biodegradable<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Aminoguanidinium bicarbonate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required, can be dumped in ground; Pyrolysis done outside<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Pyrolysis gives nitrogen, water and carbon/nitrogen oxides<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, but not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Little is known about its environmental impact<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Aminoguanidinium nitrate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required, can be dumped in ground; Careful and controlled pyrolysis<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Pyrolysis gives nitrogen, water and carbon/nitrogen oxides; may explode at high temperatures<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Safe, nitrogen source for plants; Guanidine derivates occur in guano<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Ammonal]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| '''VERY controlled''' incineration<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Burns, may detonate in the presence of metallic impurities, like copper<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP!<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP!<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| While ammonium nitrate is a good nitrogen source for plants, the aluminium, TNT and other impurities present are harmful for wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Ammonia]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Oxidation, neutralization with acids<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At high concentrations may generate nitrogen oxides<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not possible (gaseous), safe to pour (as solution)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not possible (gaseous), safe to pour (as solution); Good nitrogen source for plants<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Biodegradable<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Ammonium acetate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Unnecessary<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Releases [[acetonitrile]] fumes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Safe, biodegradable<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Ammonium azide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Acidified sodium nitrite, nitrous acid<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Slowly volatilizes and explodes at 400 °C releasing nitrogen, hydrogen and ammonia gasses<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Very toxic for wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Ammonium bicarbonate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Pyrolysis, hydroxides, acids<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes on heating releasing carbon dioxide, ammonia fumes and water vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Oh yes!<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Safe, good fertilizer (nitrogen source)<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Ammonium bisulfate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Neutralize it with ammonia; can then poured down the drain<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes to release sulfur oxides and ammonia<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, though recommended to neutralize first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| No, neutralize first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Acidic, but once neutralized good nitrogen and sulfur source for plants<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Ammonium bisulfite]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| While it can be diluted and poured down the drain, it's recommended to neutralize it first; hydrogen peroxide and ammonia can be used to safely neutralize it<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes to release sulfur dioxide and ammonia<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, though recommended to neutralize first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| No, neutralize first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Oxidation of aqueous ammonium bisulfite to bisulfate can reduce the amount of dissolved oxygen from water bodies and will lower water pH<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Ammonium carbonate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Pyrolysis, hydroxides, acids<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes on heating releasing carbon dioxide, ammonia fumes and water vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Oh yes!<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Safe, good fertilizer (nitrogen source)<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Ammonium chlorate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Controlled incineration in small batches<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes on heating releasing nitrogen, water, oxygen and hydrogen chloride, sometimes explosively<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Chlorates are harmful to plants<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Ammonium chloride]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Soluble sulfate salts, base + other acid<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes on heating releasing ammonia and hydrogen chloride<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Safe, good fertilizer (nitrogen source); May prove unsuitable to chloride sensitive plants<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Ammonium chromate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Reducing with a reducing agent, such as sodium metabisulfite, sulfite, bisulfite, ascorbic acid, at acidic pH<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes, the famous volcano reaction, releasing nitrogen gas, water vapors, fine particulates of unburnt ammonium chromate, leaving behind Cr(III) oxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Cr(VI) ions are carcinogenic and very toxic to organisms<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Ammonium dichromate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Reducing with a reducing agent, such as sodium metabisulfite, sulfite, bisulfite, ascorbic acid at acidic pH<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes, the famous volcano reaction, releasing nitrogen gas, water vapors, fine particulates of unburnt ammonium dichromate, leaving behind Cr(III) oxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Cr(VI) ions are carcinogenic and very toxic to organisms<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required; Slaked lime can be used to precipitate calcium phosphate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes on heating to release ammonia<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Safe, good fertilizer (nitrogen and phosphorus source)<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Ammonium dinitramide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Careful thermal decomposition<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes on heating to release nitrogen, water and oxygen; may explode if heated too high<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not dump<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Unknown<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| While it may be a good fertilizer, its environmental effects are unknown<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Ammonium ferrocyanide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes in several steps, releasing ammonia, water, cyanogen, ferric oxide, in air<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dilute first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dilute first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Low toxicity, environmental effects unknown<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Ammonium formate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Alkali hydroxide, carbonate, sulfate; heating in the presence of a base<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes on heating to release ammonia, carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide and water<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, if diluted<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, if diluted<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dangerous to wildlife in large amounts<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Ammonium heptamolybdate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Alkali hydroxide, carbonate, sulfate; Dilution, poured down the drain<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes on heating to release ammonia, water, leaving behind MoO<sub>3</sub><br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, if strongly diluted<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dangerous to wildlife in large amounts<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Ammonium hypophosphite]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Diluted cooled hydrogen peroxide solution<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes to ammonia and phosphine<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Neutralize first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Neutralize first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Harmful to organisms, especially aquatic ones<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Ammonium iron(II) sulfate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Pyrolysis, hydroxides, carbonates<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Emits [[ammonia]], sulfur oxides and water vapors, leaving behind iron oxides<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Oh yes!<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Safe, good fertilizer (nitrogen, iron and sulfur source); May cause algal bloom in water bodies however<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Ammonium nitrate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Pyrolysis, hydroxides, carbonates<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Emits [[nitrous oxide]], may explode if the temperature is too high<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Oh yes!<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Safe, good fertilizer (nitrogen source); May cause algal bloom in water bodies however<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Ammonium nitrite]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Alkali hydroxides; strong dilution followed by heating; will slowly decompose even at room temperature, so you may leave it in a safe area and let it decompose<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes or detonates, releasing nitrogen and water vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes quickly in environment, especially at low pH<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Ammonium oxalate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Alkali hydroxide, carbonate, sulfate; pyrolysis in the presence of a base<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes on heating to release ammonia, carbon monoxide, oximide, hydrogen cyanide and water vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, if diluted<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, if diluted<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| May pose a threat to wildlife in large amounts; Occurs naturally in guano<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Ammonium perchlorate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Reduction with metallic iron under UV light in the absence of air; Heating perchlorate at 200 °C with metallic iron for several hours<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes to release nitrogen, water vapors, oxygen and hydrogen chloride<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Hazardous to aquatic life<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Ammonium permanganate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dissolution in water, followed by reduction with sulfur dioxide or sodium sulfite, thiosulfate or metabisulfite<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Detonates above 60-110 °C, releasing nitrogen, water vapors and a smoke of manganese dioxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Strong oxidizer and explosive, hazardous for wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Ammonium persulfate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Pyrolysis, hydrolysis, various reducing agents<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes at 120 °C releasing sulfur and nitrogen oxides, oxygen and ammonia<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Strong oxidizer, hazardous for wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Ammonium sulfamate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required; Strong dilution is sufficient<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes on heating to release ammonia, sulfur dioxide, sulfuric acid vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Considered to be environmentally friendly due to its degradation to non-harmful residues<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Ammonium sulfate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required; Calcium hydroxide can be used to precipitate calcium sulfate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes on heating to release ammonia, sulfur dioxide, sulfuric acid vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Safe, good fertilizer (nitrogen and sulfur source); slightly lowers the soil pH<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Ammonium sulfide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Hydrogen peroxide; hot sulfur dioxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes releasing hydrogen sulfide and ammonia<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Extremely toxic for wildlife; Dangerous for the environment (DSD)<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Ammonium sulfite]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required, simply pour down the drain; Bleach or hydrogen peroxide can be used if desired<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes to release sulfur dioxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Oxidation of aqueous ammonium sulfite to sulfate can reduce the amount of dissolved oxygen from water bodies; otherwise, safe, used as fertilizer<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Ammonium tetrafluoroborate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Precipitation with sodium hydroxide to less sodium fluorides<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Emits very toxic fumes of hydrogen fluoride, nitrogen oxides and ammonia<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not dump<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not dump<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Harmful for organisms<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Ammonium thiosulfate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dilute then pour down the drain; Bleach or hydrogen peroxide can be used if desired<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes to release sulfur dioxide, ammonia, water vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, but dilute first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, but dilute first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| May be harmful for aquatic life; safe, used as fertilizer<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Amygdalin]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Bleach or hydrogen peroxide; poured down the drain<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes to release hydrogen cyanide, carbon dioxide, ammonia, water vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dilute first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dilute first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| May be harmful for aquatic life; safe, occurs naturally in small amounts<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[ANFO]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| '''VERY controlled''' incineration<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Burns, almost never detonates<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP!<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP!<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| While ammonium nitrate is a good nitrogen source for plants, the fuel oil (FO) from its composition is harmful for wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Aniline]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Oxidation with Fenton's reagent<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Gives off carbon oxides, soot, nitrogen and or nitrogen oxides and water vapor<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to most wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Anisole]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dilution with a solvent, followed by incineration; Oxidation with an oxidizing solution, like Fenton's reagent<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Gives off carbon oxides, soot and water vapor<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Potentially hazardous to wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[ANNM]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| '''VERY controlled''' incineration<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Burns, almost never detonates<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP!<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP!<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| While ammonium nitrate is a good nitrogen source for plants, nitromethane and methanol may be harmful for wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Anthocyanin]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not necessary<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Gives off carbon oxides and water vapor<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Safe, biodegradable; Occurs naturally<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Anthracene]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Incineration, best done in an incinerator with afterburner; Oxidation with Fenton's reagent<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Generates carbon dioxide, water vapors, carbon monoxide, soot, VOCs<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Potentially toxic to wildlife, environmental effects unknown<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Anthranilic acid]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dumped in trash, poured down the drain<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sublimes and decomposes, releasing carbon oxides, water vapors, soot, anilline<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Low toxicity, nutrient for organisms<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Anthraquinone]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Mixed with a more flammable solvent and safely incinerated; Controlled oxidation with Fenton's reagent<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes at very high temperatures to yield carbon oxides, water vapor, soot, VOCs, etc. <br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Occurs naturally; effects on the environment unknown<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Antimony(III) chloride]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Precipitation with a base; Taken to waste disposal centers<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sublimes; Water solutions however will give off hydrogen chloride vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Lowers the soil pH, corrosive; Toxic to organisms<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Antimony(III) oxide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Taken to hazardous waste disposal centers <br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not useful<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Arabitol]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yields carbon oxides, water vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Low toxicity<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Armstrong's mixture]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dissolution in water; Reduction with sodium thiosulfate, sulfite, metabisulfite<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Detonates<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Potassium chlorate is a potent herbicide<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Arsenic trichloride]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Very careful neutralization with a base to non-volatile arsenic compounds, then taken to hazardous waste disposal centers<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Evaporates, reacts with moisture in air<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Extremely toxic to the environment and all life<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Asbestos]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Pyrolysis; Oxalic acid and ultrasounds<ref> http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2007/EM/b709571f#!divAbstract</ref><br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At temperatures over 1000 °C it turns into harmless silicate glass<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to animals via inhalation<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Ascaridole]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Iron(II) sulfate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Burns releasing carbon dioxide, water vapors, soot; may explode at high concentrations and high temperatures<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Neutralize first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Neutralize first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to animals, parasitic worms, small animals; Occurs naturally<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Ascorbic acid]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Unnecessary<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Releases carbon oxides and water vapor<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Safe, biodegradable; Occurs naturally<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Ash]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Unnecessary<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not useful, already byproduct of incineration<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Oh yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Safe, biodegradable, good source of potassium for plants; Coal ash however, is harmful and contains heavy metals and other impurities; Volcanic ash is abrasive and extremely harmful for the lungs<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Asphalt]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dumping in trash<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Will decompose at high temperatures, releasing carbon oxides, water vapors and soot<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Asphalt is harmful for wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Atropine]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Hydrolyzed and diluted; Can be destroyed using a strong oxidizing mixture for complete neutralization<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At very high temperatures decomposes to release carbon dioxide, water vapors, nitrogen, soot<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dilute first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Harmful and toxic to animals; occurs naturally<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Barbituric acid]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Poured down the drain or in trash; Can be destroyed using a strong oxidizing mixture for complete neutralization<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At very high temperatures decomposes to release carbon dioxide, water vapors, nitrogen, soot<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, but in small amounts<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, but in small amounts<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Harmful to the environment in short term<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Barium acetate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Addition of a soluble sulfate, such as sodium, potassium or magnesium sulfate <br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes releasing acetone, carbon dioxide, water, leaving behind barium carbonate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Neutralize with magnesium sulfate first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Neutralize with magnesium sulfate first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Very toxic for wildlife and environment<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Barium azide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Acidified sodium nitrite, nitrous acid; precipitation of barium sulfate with sodium sulfate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Melts and explodes above 160 °C releasing nitrogen and barium oxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Very toxic for wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Barium carbonate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sulfuric acid; Resulting BaSO<sub>4</sub> can be dumped in trash<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At very high temperatures decomposed to barium oxide and releases carbon dioxide <br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not advised<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not advised<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| May react with acid rain to release soluble barium ions; Occurs naturally<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Barium chlorate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Reduction with a reducing agent, such as sodium bisulfite, sodium metabisulfite, sodium sulfite, followed by oxidation in open air to sulfate; Addition of excess soluble sulfate to remove any soluble barium ions<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Disproportionates into perchlorate and chloride when alone; Burns when mixed with a flammable material<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| No<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| No<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic for environment<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Barium chloride]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Addition of a soluble sulfate, such as sodium, potassium or magnesium sulfate <br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not useful, melts at high temperatures<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Neutralize with magnesium sulfate first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Neutralize with magnesium sulfate first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic for environment<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Barium chromate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Precipitation of barium, reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not useful, melts at high temperatures<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Carcinogenic, toxic for environment and wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Barium ferrate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sulfuric acid<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Breaks down to barium and iron oxides, which require further disposal<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| No<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| No<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dangerous to wildlife in short term (oxidizer); Releases toxic barium ions in environment<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Barium hydroxide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dil. sulfuric acid, aq. sodium/potassium/magnesium sulfate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Breaks down to barium oxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to wildlife, due to the soluble barium ions<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Barium hypophosphite]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Diluted cooled hydrogen peroxide solution; addition of sodium sulfate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes to disodium phosphate and phosphine<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Neutralize first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Neutralize first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Harmful to organisms, especially aquatic ones; soluble barium compounds are toxic<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Barium manganate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sulfuric acid<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Breaks down into barium and manganese oxides<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not advised<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| No<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to wildlife in short term (oxidizer); Will release toxic barium ions in the environment<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Barium nitrate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sodium sulfate, potassium magnesium sulfate, sulfuric acid<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Breaks down into barium oxide, releasing nitrogen dioxide and oxygen<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to wildlife, due to the soluble barium ions<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Barium nitrite]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Precipitation with sodium sulfate; Oxidation to nitrate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Breaks down to barium oxide, oxygen and nitrogen oxides at high temperatures<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to wildlife in short term; nitrites are toxic<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Barium oxide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sulfuric acid, aq. sodium/potassium/magnesium sulfate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not useful, converts to barium peroxide, then reverts back to barium oxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to wildlife, due to the soluble barium ions<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Barium perchlorate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Reduction with metallic iron under UV light in the absence of air; precipitation to barium sulfate, using a soluble sulfate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Oxidizes flammable materials, burning them; alone decomposes above 505 °C<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Very toxic to aquatic life<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Barium permanganate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Hydrogen peroxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes to manganese dioxide at high temperatures<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| The resulting manganese and barium oxides from the decomposition can be toxic if ingested by animals<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Barium peroxide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Hydrolysis with dilute [[sulfuric acid]], followed by careful decomposition of the peroxide with iron oxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes above 800 °C<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Peroxides are deadly to small animals; soluble barium salts are toxic<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Barium sulfate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes at > 1600 °C<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Low toxicity to wildlife due to its poor solubility in water; occurs naturally as the mineral barite<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Basic lead chromate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| May be converted to lead(II) carbonate; should be taken to disposal centers<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not useful<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to environment due to lead and Cr(VI) content<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Basic lead picrate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Careful and controlled destruction using an oxidizing solution; insoluble lead wastes should be taken to hazardous waste disposal centers<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Explodes, releasing lead oxide fumes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Extremely toxic to all organisms; lead is a known neurotoxin<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Beeswax]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required, can be dumped in trash or ground<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Pyrolysis gives foul smelling compounds<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Safe, biodegradable; nourishment for some organisms<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Benzaldehyde]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Incineration; Oxidation to benzoic acid; Oxidation with [[Fenton's reagent]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Generates carbon oxides, water vapors, soot<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Low toxicity, but avoid releasing in environment<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Benzene]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Oxidation with [[Fenton's reagent]]; Incineration with afterburner incinerators<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Generates dangerous combustion products<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Avoid releasing in environment<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Benzocaine]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Oxidation with [[Fenton's reagent]]; incineration; down the drain<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Generates soot and various VOCs and PAHs<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not in large quantities<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Avoid releasing in environment, effects unknown<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Benzododecinium bromide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dilute it with water<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dilute it first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dilute it first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Unknown environmental effects<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Benzoic acid]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not always required<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Breaks down to carbon oxides, water vapors, soot; may give off benzene vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, but not in large quantities<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decarboxylation with some compounds, such as ascorbic acid, may release traces of benzene; otherwise safe, occurs naturally<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Benzonitrile]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Mixed with a more flammable solvent and safely incinerated; Controlled oxidation with Fenton's reagent<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes at very high temperatures to yield carbon oxides, water vapor, soot, VOCs, etc. <br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Harmful to the environment<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Benzophenone]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Mixed with a more flammable solvent and safely incinerated; Controlled oxidation with Fenton's reagent<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes at very high temperatures to yield carbon oxides, water vapor, soot, VOCs, etc. <br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Harmful to the environment<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Benzoquinone]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Mixed with a more flammable solvent and safely incinerated; Controlled oxidation with Fenton's reagent<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes at high temperatures to yield carbon oxides, water vapors, soot, VOCs, etc. <br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Harmful to the environment<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Benzoyl chloride]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sodium hydroxide in cooled water/crushed ice or alcohol solution<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Burns at high temperatures giving off carbon dioxide, water vapors, soot and hydrogen chloride fumes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Very toxic and corrosive for wildlife and aquatic life; lachrymator agent<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Benzyl alcohol]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Mixed with a more flammable solvent and incinerated<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Flammable, gives off carbon dioxide, soot and water vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Harmful for wildlife and aquatic life in large concentrations<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Benzyl chloride]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sodium hydroxide in water or alcohol solution<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Burns at high temperatures giving off carbon dioxide, water vapors, soot and hydrogen chloride fumes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Very toxic and corrosive for wildlife and aquatic life; lachrymator agent<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Benzyl cyanide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sodium hydroxide in water or alcohol solution; neutralization of cyanide with bleach<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Burns at high temperatures giving off carbon dioxide, water vapors, soot and hydrogen cyanide fumes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Harmful for wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Benzylacetone]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Excess bleach, excess NaOH<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Breaks down releasing carbon dioxide, water vapors, soot, PAHs<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Neutralize first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Neutralize first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Relative safe, poses low toxicity<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Benzylamine]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Neutralization with an acid; mixed with a flammable solvent, followed by an incineration<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Burns in air to release carbon dioxide, water vapor and nitrogen<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dangerous to aquatic life, albeit recognized as biodegradable<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Bis(ethylenediamine)copper(II) perchlorate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Crystallize and ignite safely<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Detonates<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| No<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Copper kills aquatic life and plant roots<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Bismuth chloride]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Reduced to bismuth metal; neutralized with a base then taken to disposal centers or recovered<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Hydrolyzes and releases HCl fumes in open air<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Hazardous for the environment in large quantities<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Bismuth trioxide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Reduced to bismuth metal<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Will oxidize anything (yes, platinum too) when molten<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| May become hazardous for the environment in large quantities<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Biuret]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not always required<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Gives off combustion gasses<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Safe, biodegradable<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Biuret reagent]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Neutralization with an acid<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Gives off combustion gasses<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Debatable<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| No<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Copper and sodium ions pose toxicity to plants and animals<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Black powder]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Controlled incineration<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Will burn to release a thick cloud of carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide in open air; will detonate in a sealed container<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Its components are already used as fertilizers and the environmental effect are similar<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Borax]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dehydrates<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| In small quantities<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| In small quantities<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dangerous to small animals<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Borazine]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Careful hydrolysis in cold water, outside<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Burns, releasing boric acid, boron nitride and nitrogen<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Boric acid resulted from hydrolysis is harmful to the fauna<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Boric acid]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Will dehydrate it to [[boron trioxide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| In small quantities<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| In small quantities<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dangerous to small animals<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Borneol]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Generates smoke, carbon dioxide and water vapor<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Safe, biodegradable; Occurs naturally<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Boron carbide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not useful<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| In small quantities<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| In small quantities<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dangerous to small animals<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Boron nitride]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not useful<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| In small quantities<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| In small quantities<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dangerous to small animals<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Boron trichloride]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Careful neutralization by adding it in ice cold water, floowed by neutralization with a base<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Evaporates, non-flammable, not effective<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Boron compounds tend to be harmful for wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Boron trioxide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not useful; may volatilize at high temperatures<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| In small quantities<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| In small quantities<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dangerous to small animals<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Brass]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Recycling; Traces of brass waste can be completely dissolved with nitric acid, followed by neutralization of leftover acid, recovering copper and zinc via electrowinning <br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not useful; melts above 900 °C<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Old brass may contain lead or nickel which is harmful to the environment<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Bromoacetic acid]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Neutralization with excess sodium hydroxide to sodium glycolate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Evaporates and burns at high temperatures, releasing toxic fumes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic and corrosive to most wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Bromocresol green]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Oxidized with a strong oxidizing solution, such as chromic acid, Fenton's reagent, piranha solution, followed by neutralization and then poured down the drain<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes giving off carbon dioxide, water vapors, sulfur oxides, bromine, soot<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, but not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| No, neutralize first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| May be harmful to water bodies; environmental effects unknown<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Bromocresol purple]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Oxidized with a strong oxidizing solution, such as chromic acid, Fenton's reagent, piranha solution, followed by neutralization and then poured down the drain<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes giving off carbon dioxide, water vapors, sulfur oxides, bromine, soot<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, but not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| No, neutralize first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| May be harmful to water bodies; environmental effects unknown<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Bromoform]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Destruction with aqueous sodium hydroxide, which can be aided by methanol or acetone; Oxidation with [[Fenton's reagent]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Evaporates, should not be attempted indoors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dangerous to aquatic life at high concentrations, occurs naturally; May cause ozone depletion<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Bromothymol blue]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Oxidized with a strong oxidizing solution, such as chromic acid, Fenton's reagent, piranha solution, followed by neutralization and then poured down the drain<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes giving off carbon dioxide, water vapors, sulfur oxides, bromine, soot<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, but not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| No, neutralize first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| May be harmful to water bodies<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Bromous acid]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Reducing with a reducing agent, such as sodium metabisulfite, sulfite, bisulfite, thiosulfate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes to bromine, bromate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Bromous acid and its decomp. products are harmful<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Bronze]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Recycling; Traces of bronze waste can be completely dissolved with nitric acid, followed by neutralization of leftover acid, recovering copper and tin via electrowinning <br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not useful; melts above 900 °C<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Old bronze may contain arsenic, lead or nickel which is harmful to the environment<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Butane]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Incineration<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Will burn to release carbon dioxide and water vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not possible<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes (heavier than air)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| May induce greenhouse effect<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Butanol]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Incineration<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Will burn to release carbon dioxide and water vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Poses toxicity to wildlife, water bodies<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Butyl acetate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Incineration<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Will burn to release carbon dioxide and water vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Poses toxicity to wildlife, water bodies<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Butylated hydroxytoluene]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Incineration, strong dilution<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Will burn to release carbon dioxide, soot, VOCs, PAHs and water vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Strongly dilute it first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Strongly dilute it first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Harmful in large amounts<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Butyric acid]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Bicarbonates, carbonates, bases, oxides; neutralized solution can be safely poured down the drain<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Flammable (high concentrations), no dangerous combustion products, though the smoke will have a rancid smell<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, but recommended to neutralize first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Neutralize first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Safe, biodegradable; avoid dumping large amounts, dangerous to microfauna and water bodies<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[C-4]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Very controlled incineration, done outside or in a kiln; Oxidation with Fenton's reagent; Hot aqueous solution containing sodium hydroxide and sodium tetraborate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Ignites, gives off carbon oxides, nitrogen oxides, water vapors, soot<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not dump<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not dump<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Displays toxicity to aquatic life; RDX can be degraded by the fungus Phanaerocheate chrysosporium; binders may be harmful for organisms<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Cadmium acetate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Precipitation to cadmium sulfide, taken to hazardous waste disposal centers<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes at high temperatures to cadmium oxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Extremely toxic and dangerous to wildlife; Highly carcinogenic<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Cadmium nitrate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Precipitation to cadmium sulfide, taken to hazardous waste disposal centers<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes at high temperatures to cadmium oxide and nitrogen dioxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Extremely toxic and dangerous to wildlife; Highly carcinogenic<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Cadmium oxide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Precipitation to cadmium sulfide, taken to hazardous waste disposal centers<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes and sublimes at high temperatures<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Extremely toxic and dangerous to wildlife; Highly carcinogenic<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Cadmium sulfate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Precipitation to cadmium sulfide, taken to hazardous waste disposal centers<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes at high temperatures to basic sulfate then cadmium oxide releasing sulfur oxides<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Very toxic and dangerous to wildlife; Highly carcinogenic<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Caesium azide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sodium nitrite, nitrous acid; recycling of caesium<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Breaks down to caesium metal and gives off nitrogen gas<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Very toxic for wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Caesium chloride]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Recycling; Taken to waste disposal centers<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not useful in any way<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, though best to recycle it<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dangerous to organisms in very high concentrations; Caesium ions have similar toxicity to those of sodium and potassium<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Caesium hydroxide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Neutralization with any acid, carbon dioxide; recycling;<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not useful; highly corrosive when hot to glass, most common metals<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, though best to recycle it<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, though best to recycle it<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dangerous to wildlife in short term (highly corrosive); Caesium ions have similar toxicity to those of sodium and potassium<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Caffeine]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required; Can be dumped almost anywhere<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sublimes; Oxidation Generates carbon oxides, water vapors, soot<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to small animals, addictive to large organisms; biodegradable; occurs naturally<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Calcium acetate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Pyrolysis; Not always required<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes to calcium carbonate and acetone at high temperature, which burns in an oxygen-rich atmosphere<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Biodegradable<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Calcium bicarbonate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Any acid; not always required<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not useful; breaks down into calcium carbonate and carbon dioxide as the solution is heated<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Safe, biodegradable; occurs naturally<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Calcium carbide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Lots of water in an open space; low chain alcohols<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not useful<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dangerous to wildlife in short term (reacts with water); may also release phosphine gas if carbide sample is impure<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Calcium carbonate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Any acid; not always required<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not useful; breaks down into calcium oxide and carbon dioxide at high temperatures<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, as powder<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Safe, biodegradable; occurs naturally<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Calcium chloride]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required; Any soluble carbonate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not useful; May release some HCl fumes if wet<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Chloride ions may be harmful to certain plants<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Calcium chromate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Neutralization with a reducing agent, such as ascorbic acid sodium metabisulfite, sulfite, bisulfite at acidic pH<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes, releasing oxygen<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Cr(VI) ions are powerful carcinogens and very toxic to organisms<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Calcium cyanamide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Lots of water<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not useful; Sublimes at very high temperatures<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, though not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Slowly hydrolyzes to urea, which is a good plant fertilizer<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Calcium fluoride]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Unnecessary<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not useful<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Safe to environment, occurs naturally<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Calcium gluconate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Will result in calcium carbonate and give off carbon dioxide and water vapors at high temperatures<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not dangerous to wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Calcium hydride]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Neutralization with a concentrated alkali or carbonate solution, alcohols, long chain alcohols are preferred; water vapor can also be used; best performed in an open area<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes to release hydrogen at very high temperatures<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Corrosive to organisms, toxic to animals<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Calcium hydroxide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Any acid<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Will dehydrate to calcium oxide at high temperatures<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| No<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Will "burn" grassland on contact<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Calcium hypochlorite]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sodium bisulfite, sodium metabisulfite, sodium sulfite<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Disproportionates into chlorate and chloride; will release chlorine and chlorine dioxide fumes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to all wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Calcium nitrate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required; soluble carbonate or sulfate solution can be used if necessary<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not useful<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| OH YES<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Good source of nitrogen for plants (fertilizer); May cause algal bloom in water bodies<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Calcium oxide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Plenty of cold water, carbon dioxide, sodium/potassium bicarbonate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| No<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not dump<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not dump<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Burns grass on contact<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Calcium perchlorate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Mixing it with a combustible material, like sugar and incineration<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Will decompose at high temperatures to release oxygen<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not dump<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not dump<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to plants<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Calcium propionate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required; can be poured down the drain or dumped in trash<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Will decompose at high temperatures to release various ketones, carbon oxides, water vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Large quantities are harmful to water bodies and small animals<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Calcium sulfate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required; soluble carbonate solution can be used if gypsum is not desired as waste product<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Becomes anhydrous at high temperatures (drierite); decomposes to calcium oxide at very high temperatures<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, with lots and lots of water<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Anhydrous or hemihydrate form may burn grass on contact<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Camphor]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Generates smoke, carbon dioxide and water vapor<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Safe, biodegradable; Occurs naturally<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Capsaicin]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required at low concentrations; high concentrations may require an oxidizer, like bleach<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Generates irritant smoke, carbon dioxide, soot and water vapor<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Harmful for mammals at high concentrations, otherwise relative safe, biodegradable; Occurs naturally<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Carbon dioxide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required; Alkali hydroxides<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not necessary<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not possible (gaseous form), safe to pour (water solution)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not possible (gaseous form), safe to pour (water solution)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Contributes to global warming<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Carbon disulfide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Incineration, followed by scrubbing of sulfur dioxide (optional)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Burns in presence of oxygen, releasing carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Carbon monoxide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Oxidation with ozone; adsorbtion on activated charcoal; absorbtion in a solution of cuprous chloride in hydrochloric acid or cuprous chloride in ammonia<ref>http://www.google.com/patents/US2519284</ref><ref>[https://books.google.ro/books?id=MsD3CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA216&lpg=PA216&dq=cuprous+chloride+carbon+monoxide+scrubbing&source=bl&ots=snUrMF08pi&sig=eqxhNTgZf2z_PdchZuPfnM9Z-Xo&hl=ro&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj819fi-NvJAhXGuhoKHVJHDE8Q6AEIKzAD#v=onepage&q=cuprous%20chloride%20carbon%20monoxide%20scrubbing&f=false|Modern Chemical Technology and Emission Control, 2012, M.B. Hocking, p. 216]</ref><br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not useful; burns in the presence of oxygen and hydrogen<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not possible<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not possible<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to animals<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Carbon tetrachloride]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sodium hydroxide excess; oxidation with Fenton's reagent<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Results in phosgene in the presence of air<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Extremely toxic to wildlife, sinks at the bottom of water bodies<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Carbonic acid]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Any base<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Releases carbon dioxide fumes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to aquatic life in large quantities<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Carminic acid]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not always required, any method will do<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes, releases combustion gasses, POCs and VOCs<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Low toxicity, occurs naturally<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Cellulose]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Any disposal method<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Burns in air; decomposes to release carbon oxides, water vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not recommended, may clog the plumbing<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, but avoid water bodies; bury it in ground instead<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Safe, biodegradable; avoid dumping large amounts, as it poses choking hazard to most animals<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Cerium(IV) oxide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Unnecessary, simply dump in trash; recycle<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Releases absorbed water<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not dump<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not dump<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Effects unknown, may be toxic<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Charcoal]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Burning, dumping in ground<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Results in carbon dioxide and ash<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| OH YES!<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Unless it adsorbed dangerous volatile compounds or heavy metals, it can be used as a fertilizer<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Chevreul's salt]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Oxidation with hydrogen peroxide to sulfate, followed by precipitation or reduction of copper ions to metal or hydroxide/oxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Gives off water vapors when heated and sulfur oxides at very high temperatures<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Little is known about its environmental effect; it is used as a fungicide and molluscicide<ref>http://www.drugfuture.com/chemdata/cuprous-sulfite.html</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Chloral hydrate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Reducing with alkali hydroxide or magnesium, followed by incineration<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Gives off hydrogen chloride fumes during burning/pyrolysis<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Chloric acid]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Reducing with sodium sulfite, metabisulfite, bisulfite<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Breaks down to perchloric acid and chlorine oxides<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Strong oxidizing, toxic and corrosive to all wildlife and everything organic<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Chlorine dioxide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Reduction with metabisulfite, sulfite or bisulfite<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Evaporates and may explode<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not dump<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not dump<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to all organisms, biocide<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Chloroacetamide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Neutralization with excess sodium hydroxide to sodium glycolate products<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes high temperatures, releasing toxic fumes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic and corrosive to most wildlife, used as herbicide<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Chloroacetic acid]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Neutralization with excess sodium hydroxide to sodium glycolate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Evaporates and burns at high temperatures, releasing toxic fumes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic and corrosive to most wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Chloroacetone]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Neutralization with a cooled solution of sodium or potassium hydroxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Evaporates and burns at high temperatures, releasing extremely toxic and lachrymator fumes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic and corrosive to most wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Chloroauric acid]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Reduction with a reducing agent, such as ascorbic acid, metabisulfite, sulfur dioxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Gives off hydrogen chloride gases and leaves gold powder behind<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dangerous to wildlife; Best to try to recycle it<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Chlorobenzene]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Neutralization with Fenton's reagent; biodegradation with the bacterium Rhodococcus phenolicus<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Gives off hydrogen chloride fumes during burning/pyrolysis, as well as various POCs and soot<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to wildlife; chlorobenzene can persist in soil for several months, in air for about 3.5 days, and in water for less than one day<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Chlorobutanol]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Reducing with alkali hydroxide or magnesium, followed by incineration<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Gives off hydrogen chloride fumes during burning/pyrolysis<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Chloroform]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Destruction with aqueous sodium hydroxide, which can be aided by methanol or acetone; Oxidation with [[Fenton's reagent]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Boils to form vapor, should not be attempted indoors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| May cause ozone depletion, dangerous to aquatic life<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Chloromethane]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Release outside in atmosphere; Photolysis; Destruction with aqueous sodium hydroxide, oxidation with [[Fenton's reagent]] (for solutions)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not useful<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| May cause ozone depletion, dangerous to land and aquatic life<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Chloroplatinic acid]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Reduction to platinum metal, followed by recovery of the precious metal<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Breaks down to platinum(II) chloride, then platinum metal<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to organisms<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Chlorosulfuric acid]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Very careful addition to crushed ice, dilution, followed by neutralization with a base<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Boils and decomposes releasing sulfur trioxide and HCl fumes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Highly corrosive and toxic to organisms<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Chlorous acid]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Reducing with a reducing agent, such as sodium metabisulfite, sulfite, bisulfite, thiosulfate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes to perchloric acid, hydrogen chloride, chlorine dioxide, oxygen<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Chlorous acid is a biocide<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Chromic acid]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Reducing with a reducing agent, such as sodium metabisulfite, sulfite, bisulfite, ascorbic acid<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes to Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, releases oxygen and water vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Cr(VI) ions are carcinogenic and very toxic to organisms<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Chromium(III) chloride]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Precipitation with a base; can be dumped in the trash, taken to a waste disposal facility or recycled<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Melts and decomposes at high temperatures<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not dump<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not dump<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Moderate toxicity for the environment<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Chromium(III) oxide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required; can be dumped in the trash<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At temperatures ~1000 °C it will become inert against the action of most reagents<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not dump<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Low reactivity, low danger for environment<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Chromium(III) sulfate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Precipitation with a soluble hydroxide, followed by calcination to chromium(III) oxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not useful<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not dump<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not dump<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dangerous to wildlife in large amounts<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Chromium(VI) oxide peroxide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Hydrolysis<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes to harmless Cr(III)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, but not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Due to its instability, it poses low danger to environment<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Chromium trioxide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dissolving it in water and reducing with a reducing agent, such as sodium metabisulfite, sulfite, bisulfite, ascorbic acid at acidic pH<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes to Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, releases oxygen<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Cr(VI) ions are carcinogenic and very toxic to organisms<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Chromyl chloride]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| A supersaturated solution of a reducing agent, such as sodium sulfite, metabisulfite or thiosulfate at acidic pH<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not useful, boils off and fumes in contact with air moisture<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP!<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP!<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Corrosive and deadly to all wildlife; Lowers soil pH; Corrosive to rocks, soil; Carcinogenic<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Citric acid]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Any base, carbonate, bicarbonate, alkaline-earth oxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Gives off carbon dioxide and water vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| In wet environment it acts as fungi growth environment<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Coal]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dumped in trash, incineration, taken to waste disposal centers<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Gives off carbon dioxide and water vapors, leaving ash behind<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Some types can be<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Coal ash is harmful for the environement<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Cobalt(II) chloride]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Any soluble hydroxide, carbonate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| May give off hydrogen chloride fumes in the presence of water<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to wildlife; classified as "Substance of very high concern" in the EU<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Cobalt(II) nitrate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Any soluble hydroxide, carbonate; Taken to disposal centers<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Gives off nitrogen oxides fumes, leaving behind cobalt oxide residue<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to wildlife, suspected carcinogen<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Cobalt(II) sulfate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Any soluble hydroxide, carbonate; Taken to disposal centers<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Gives off sulfur oxides fumes and sulfuric acid vapors, leaving behind cobalt oxide residue<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to wildlife, suspected carcinogen<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Cobalt (III) oxide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not useful<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not dump<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not dump<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Cobalt is necessary for vitamin B12 production<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Congo red]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Oxidized with a strong oxidizing solution, such as chromic acid, Fenton's reagent, piranha solution, followed by neutralization and then poured down the drain<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes giving off carbon dioxide, nitrogen, water vapors, VOCs, PAHs<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not dump<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not dump<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dangerous to environment, carcinogen<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Copper chromite]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not always required; can be dumped in trash<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not useful<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Unknown environmental effects<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Copper citrate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Recover copper via reduction; Discard in trash<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes to copper oxide and releases various gasses<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, in small quantities<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, in small quantities<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| High levels of copper are dangerous to wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Copper oxychloride]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Reduction with a iron or zinc to metallic copper<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Gives off HCl fumes and leaves behind CuO slag<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Generally toxic to wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Copper(I) acetylide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Addition of water, followed by careful addition of acid<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Detonates<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP!<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP!<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Copper ions may be harmful for wildlife and plants<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Copper(I) chloride]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Oxidizing with air/oxygen or H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> to the more soluble CuCl<sub>2</sub>, followed by reduction to metallic copper with iron or zinc.<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| May hydrolyze in the presence of water and air to give off hydrogen chloride fumes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Oxidizes to copper(II) chloride in the presence of air, which is toxic and corrosive in water<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Copper(I) oxide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dissolving it in an acid, followed by reduction to metallic copper<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not useful<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Generally considered harmful to wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Copper(II) acetate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Reduction with iron or zinc to metallic copper, which is recycled<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Gives off carbon oxides, water, acetic acid and acetone vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Unknown effects in the environment; presence of copper ions however is generally considered harmful<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Copper(II) acetylsalicylate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Pyrolysis, incineration, oxidation with Fenton's reagent<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Gives off carbon oxides and water vapors, as well as soot and VOCs<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Unknown effects in the environment; presence of copper ions however is generally considered harmful<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Copper(II) carbonate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required; can be neutralized with an acid and reduced to metallic copper<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Will give off carbon dioxide fumes and leave CuO residues<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not dump<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Copper ions are considered harmful to the environment<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Copper(II) chloride]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Precipitate as carbonate or reduce to copper metal using aluminium, iron or zinc<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Loses water and hydrogen chloride, turns brown<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, but far from any agricultural plants<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Kills aquatic life and plant roots<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Copper(II) hydroxide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Reduction to metallic copper<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Loses water, yielding CuO<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not dump<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Only as agricultural product<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Copper ions are considered harmful to most wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Copper(II) nitrate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Any alkali or ammonium hydroxide, carbonate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Gives off nitrogen oxide and nitric acid fumes, leaving copper oxides/hydroxides slag<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Copper ions may be harmful to wildlife; the nitrate group is a nitrogen source for plants<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Copper(II) oxide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dissolving it in an acid, followed by reduction to metallic copper<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not useful<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Generally considered harmful to wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Copper(II) perchlorate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Any alkali or carbonate, followed by reduction of perchlorate to chloride<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes, releasing oxygen and leaving copper oxides/hydroxides slag<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Copper ions and perchlorates are known to be harmful to wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Copper(II) phosphate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not always required<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| May decompose to copper oxide and phosphorus oxides at high temperatures, or elemental phosphorus in the presence of a reducing agent<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Due to low solubility, it has lower toxicity than other copper compounds<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Copper(II) sulfate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Reduction with aluminium, iron or zinc to metallic copper<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Loses water when heated, releases sulfur trioxide at high temperatures, leaving behind CuO<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Only as agricultural product<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Shows toxicity to pests, wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Crystal violet]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Oxidized with a strong oxidizing solution, such as Fenton's reagent, piranha solution, followed by neutralization and then poured down the drain<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes giving off carbon dioxide, water vapors, nitrogen oxides, soot<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, but not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Neutralize first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| May be harmful to water bodies; possesses antibacterial, antifungal, antihelminthic, antitrypanosomal, antiangiogenic, and antitumor properties<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Curcumin]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Releases carbon oxides and water vapors, as well as soot<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Safe, biodegradable; occurs naturally<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Cyanogen]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Incineration outside; oxidation with an oxidizing solution<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Flammable, burns in the presence of oxygen to release carbon dioxide and nitrogen gas<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Deadly to wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Cyanoguanidine]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required; Can be poured into the ground<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes giving off carbon dioxide, nitrogen, soot, water vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Low environmental impact, used as fertilizer<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Cyanuric acid]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required; Any base, carbonate, bicarbonate, alkaline-earth oxide can be used if desired<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Gives off carbon dioxide and water vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Low environmental impact<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Cyclam]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Oxidation with Fenton's reagent or piranha solution<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Generates carbon oxides, water vapor, soot and nitrogen vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Considered to be harmful, but little is known about its toxicity<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Cyclen]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Oxidation with Fenton's reagent or piranha solution<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Generates carbon oxides, water vapor, soot and nitrogen vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Considered to be harmful, but little is known about its toxicity<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Cyclohexane]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dilution with a flammable solvent and incineration; oxidation with Fenton's reagent<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Flammable, burns in the presence of oxygen to release carbon oxides, water vapors, soot and VOCs<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Cyclohexanol]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dilution with a flammable solvent and incineration; oxidation with Fenton's reagent<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Flammable, burns in the presence of oxygen to release carbon oxides, water vapors, soot and VOCs<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Cyclohexanone]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dilution with a flammable solvent and incineration<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Flammable, burns in the presence of oxygen to release carbon oxides, water vapors, soot and VOCs<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Low toxicity to organisms, but may be harmful to wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Decalin]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Mixed with a more flammable solvent and incinerated<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Ignites at high temperatures and generates carbon oxides, water vapors, carbon monoxide, soot, VOCs<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Harmful to wildlife and water bodies<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Decane]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Incineration; Oxidation with Fenton's reagent<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Ignites in air, gives off carbon dioxide and water vapors, soot<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to aquatic life and organisms<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Devarda's alloy]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dissolved in acid, followed by recovery of copper and zinc<br>Dumped in trash<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Melts between 490 to 560 °C<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not dump<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Dextrin]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Any disposal method<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes to release carbon oxides, water vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Safe, biodegradable<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Diatomaceous earth]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Any disposal method<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not effective<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to small animals, otherwise relative safe<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Diborane]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Burned outside or in an incinerator; hydrolysis in water<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Self-ignites in air above 38 °C<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Boron compounds tend to be harmful for wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Dichlorine heptoxide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Careful dissolving in cold water/crushed ice, followed by neutralization with base; Reduction with metabisulfite, sulfite or bisulfite<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Evaporates and may explode<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to all organisms, corrosive, toxic<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Dichloroacetic acid]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Neutralization and dehalogenation with excess sodium hydroxide; Reduction with metallic powders to acetic acid<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Evaporates and burns at high temperatures, releasing toxic fumes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic and corrosive to most wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Dichloromethane]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Destruction with aqueous sodium hydroxide, iron can also be used; Oxidation with [[Fenton's reagent]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Boils to form vapor; pyrolysis at high temperatures yielding chlorine, hydrochloric acid and carbon monoxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| May cause ozone depletion, dangerous to aquatic life<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Dicyanoacetylene]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Incineration done outside<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Extremely flammable, burns to release carbon dioxide, nitrogen gas and lots of heat<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| May be harmful to wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Diethanolamine]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Mixed with a more flammable solvent and incinerated<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yields carbon oxides, water vapor at high temperatures<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Strongly diluted<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to organisms, dangerous to aquatic and soil life<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Diethyl ether]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Incineration (no peroxides); Adding excess ferrous sulfate, sodium bisulfite or metabisulfite to neutralize the peroxides, followed by incineration; If the bottle has peroxides on the cap, do not open it, instead safely detonate it in a remote or special area<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Extremely flammable, burns to release carbon dioxide and water vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dangerous to animals<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Difluoroacetic acid]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Neutralization with base, bacterial degradation, decarboxylation, taken to waste disposal centers<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes, releases combustion gasses, HF, methylene fluoride<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP!<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP!<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Displays moderate toxicity to most organisms<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Diisopropyl ether]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Incineration (no peroxides); Adding excess ferrous sulfate, sodium bisulfite or metabisulfite to neutralize the peroxides, followed by incineration; If the bottle has peroxides on the cap, do not open it, instead safely detonate it in a remote or special area<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Extremely flammable, burns to release carbon dioxide and water vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dangerous to animals<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Dimethyl dioxane]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Incineration (no peroxides); Acid-catalyzed hydrolysis with sulfuric acid; If peroxides are present, addition of excess ferrous sulfate, sodium bisulfite or metabisulfite to neutralize the peroxides, followed by incineration; If the bottle has peroxides on the cap, do not open it, instead safely detonate it in a remote or special area<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Incineration produces carbon dioxide and water vapor<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Unknown, possibly carcinogenic<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Dimethyl ether]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Incineration; can be released in open air<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Extremely flammable, burns to release carbon dioxide and water vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Low toxicity to wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Dimethyl sulfate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Addition in large amounts of water or crushed ice, followed by addition of aq. alkali<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes to dimethyl sulfate, DO NOT CALCINATE<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Corrosive and toxic<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Dimethyl sulfoxide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Mixed with a more flammable solvent, followed by incineration; Oxidation with Fenton's reagent if it has too much water<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Results in carbon oxides, water vapors and sulfur dioxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Waste water bacteria breaks it down into dimethyl sulfide, which is slightly toxic and has a strong disagreeable odor<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Dimethylamine]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Incineration<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Burns in air, giving off carbon dioxide, nitrogen and water vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Amines can be source of nitrogen for plants, but may be harmful to fauna and water bodies<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Dimethyldioxirane]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Ferrous sulfate, sodium metabisulfite, bleach<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Diluted solutions will break down harmlessly<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Safe, though best to neutralize it first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Neutralize first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Harmful for most organisms; acetone has low toxicity<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Dimethylformamide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Oxidation with Fenton's reagent<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Gives off toxic fumes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Dimethylzinc]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| '''Very''' controlled hydrolysis, using alcohols<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Ignites in open air; Decomposes above 200 °C<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP!<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP!<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Zinc oxide fumes are harmful<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Dinitrogen pentoxide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Addition to large amounts of cold water; neutralization with a base<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes giving off nitrogen oxide fumes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Very corrosive to all organisms, may cause fires or explosions<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Dinitrogen tetroxide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Addition to large amounts of cold water; neutralization with a base<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes to nitrogen dioxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Very corrosive to all organisms, may cause fires or explosions<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Dinitrogen trioxide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Addition to large amounts of cold water; neutralization with a base<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes to nitrogen dioxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Very corrosive to all organisms, may cause fires or explosions<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Diphenylamine]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dissolved in a flammable solvent and burned in an incinerator; Oxidation with Fenton's reagent<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Gives off carbon oxides, soot, nitrogen and or nitrogen oxides and water vapor<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to most wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Diphenylmethanol]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Mixed with a more flammable solvent and incinerated<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Flammable, gives off carbon dioxide, PAHs, soot and water vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Potentially harmful for wildlife and aquatic life in large concentrations<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Dipicolinic acid]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Mixed with a more flammable solvent and followed by incineration<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Gives off carbon oxides, water vapors and soot<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Safe, biodegradable; occurs naturally<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Dipotassium phosphate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required; Excess slaked lime can be used to precipitate calcium phosphate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes on heating at high temperatures to release water vapors, leaving a residue of potassium and phosphorus oxides<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Oh yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Safe, good fertilizer (potassium and phosphorus source)<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Disulfur dichloride]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Slaked lime or any other base, carbonate or bicarbonate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Boils off<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Extremely toxic and corrosive<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Di-tert-butyl ether]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Incineration<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Extremely flammable, burns to release carbon dioxide and water vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Displays toxicity to wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Dynamite]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| "Wetting" with a solvent, extraction of nitro and very careful neutralization of it; addition of more diatomaceous earth to further absorb the nitro<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Will explode<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Explosive hazard; otherwise good nitrogen source for plants<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Dysprosium(III) nitrate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Precipitation with a base; recycling; separation can be done with a magnet, if no other magnetic salts are present<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes to dysprosium(III) oxide, releases nitrogen dioxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not dump<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not dump<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Effects unknown, may be toxic<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Eosin Y]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not always required, any method will do<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes, releases combustion gasses, POCs and VOCs<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Unknown environmental effects<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Erbium(III) oxide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Unnecessary, simply dump in trash<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Releases absorbed water or carbon dioxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not dump<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not dump<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Effects unknown, may be toxic<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Eriochrome Black T]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Poured down the drain<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes giving off carbon and sulfur oxides, nitrogen, water, soot, VOCs<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, but not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Environmental effects are currently unknown<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Erythritol]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yields carbon oxides, water vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Low toxicity<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Erythritol tetranitrate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Cooled aqueous solution of excess sodium hydroxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Detonates at temperatures > 160 °C<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not dump<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| In small amounts<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dangerous to animals due to its vasodilator effects; harmless to plants, nitrogen source for plant life<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Ethane]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Incineration<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Flammable, gives off carbon dioxide and water vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not possible<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not possible<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Contributes to greenhouse effect<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Ethanol]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not always required; Incineration<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yields carbon oxides, water vapor<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Deadly to small animals on direct contact, dangerous to aquatic and soil life<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Ethanolamine]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Mixed with a more flammable solvent and incinerated<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yields carbon oxides, water vapor at high temperatures<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Strongly diluted<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to organisms, dangerous to aquatic and soil life<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Ethenone]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Absorbtion in aq. basic solution<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Burns, releasing carbon oxides, water vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not possible<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Deadly to all living things, dangerous to aquatic and soil life, as it acidifies water<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Ethyl acetate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sodium hydroxide; Incineration<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Combustion in the presence of air<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not dump<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not dump<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to aquatic life<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Ethyl cyanoacrylate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Incineration; dumped in trash<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Combustion in the presence of air<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Low toxicity to organisms<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Ethyl formate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Incineration<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Gives off carbon dioxide and water vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Hazardous to environment in large amounts<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Ethyl iodide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Alkali solution, followed by sodium thiosulfate to remove any free iodine<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes to release iodine fumes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dangerous to wildlife in high concentrations<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Ethyl nitrate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Diluted alkali solution, recommended to be cooled first to prevent possible explosion<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Will lead to explosion<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| No<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| No<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dangerous to wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Ethylamine]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Incineration<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Burns in air, giving off carbon dioxide, nitrogen and water vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Amines can be source of nitrogen for plants, but may be harmful to fauna and water bodies<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Ethylene]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Incineration<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Flammable, gives off carbon dioxide and water vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not possible<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not possible<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Contributes to greenhouse effect<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Ethylene glycol]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Incineration<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Gives off carbon oxides, water vapors and various volatile componds<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to organisms, dangerous to aquatic life<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Ethylene glycol dinitrate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sodium hydroxide, followed by incineration<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Detonation<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Poses threat to animals, weak nitrogen source for plants<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Ethylene oxide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Incineration; Hydrolysis<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Burns, giving off combustion gases<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic and dangerous for all wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Ethylenediamine]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Neutralization with sulfuric acid; mixed with a flammable solvent, followed by an incineration; oxidation with potassium permanganate, followed by addition of sodium bisulfite, and neutralization with sodium hydroxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Burns in air to release carbon dioxide, water vapor and nitrogen<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dangerous to aquatic life<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Poured down the drain if not bonded with heavy metals; otherwise taken to waste disposal centers<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Breaks down to give carbon oxides, water vapor, various amines, soot<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, but not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Displays some toxicity to many organisms lifeforms, dangerous to water bodies; can be broken down slowly by various microorganisms<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Ethylenedinitramine]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Incineration, done outside; Oxidation with Fenton's reagent<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Ignites, gives off carbon oxides, nitrogen oxides, water vapors, soot<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not dump<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not dump<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Little information is given on its environmental impact<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Eucalyptol]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Incineration if desired; not always required, can be poured down the drain<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Releases carbon dioxide, monoxide, water vapors and soot; Burns in rich oxygen atmosphere<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Safe, biodegradable; Occurs naturally in various plants, like eucalyptus, peppermint, etc.<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Fehling's solution]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Precipitate copper with hydroxide/phosphate, recycle or safely dispose of; tatrate can be disposed of in any method<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes, releases combustion gasses, leaves behind copper, sodium and potassium carbonate slag<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, but not in large quantities<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Too much copper is dangerous for animals<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Ferrocerium]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Recycled<br>Dumped in trash<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Melts<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Possible, though not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Lanthanides show low toxicity to organisms<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Ferroin]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dilution then poured down the drain<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dilute first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dilute first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Phenanthroline is harmful to environment in high concentration<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Ferulic acid]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Mixed with a more flammable solvent and followed by incineration<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Gives off carbon oxides, water vapors and soot<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Safe, biodegradable; occurs naturally<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Fluorene]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Incineration, best done in an incinerator with afterburner; Oxidation with Fenton's reagent<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Generates carbon dioxide, water vapors, carbon monoxide, soot, VOCs<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Possibly toxic to animals, environmental effects unknown<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Fluorenol]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Incineration, best done in an incinerator with afterburner; Oxidation with Fenton's reagent<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes at very high temperatures to yield carbon oxides, water vapor, soot, VOCs, etc. <br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to aquatic life, like invertebrates and algae; eugeroic in humans and mice<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Fluorenone]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Mixed with a more flammable solvent and safely incinerated; Controlled oxidation with Fenton's reagent<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes at very high temperatures to yield carbon oxides, water vapor, soot, VOCs, etc. <br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Possibly harmful to the environment<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Fluorescein]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not always required, any method will do<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes, releases combustion gasses, POCs and VOCs<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Unknown effects<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Fluoroacetic acid]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decarboxylation, bacterial degradation<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes, releases combustion gasses, HF, methyl fluoride<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP!<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP!<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Extremely toxic and deadly to insects and mammals, less so to reptiles and birds<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Fluoroboric acid]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Slowly and carefully added to cold calcium hydroxide solution<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes in moist air releasing hydrogen fluoride<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Extremely corrosive and toxic to all organisms<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Fluorosulfuric acid]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Slowly and carefully added to cold water or crushed ice, followed by neutralization with a base<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes in moist air releasing sulfuric acid and hydrogen fluoride<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Extremely corrosive and toxic to all organisms<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Formaldehyde]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sodium hydroxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Boils off<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, but only in some places, like farm land<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to small animals, carcinogenic<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Formamide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dilution in a more flammable solvent, followed by incineration; Oxidation with Fenton's reagent<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Gives off carbon monoxide, dioxide, ammonia, hydrogen cyanide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to wildlife, teratogen<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Formic acid]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sodium hydroxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Gives off carbon monoxide and water vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Deadly to insects and aquatic life; reason why it's used to kill varroa<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[FOX-7]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Incineration, done outside; Dilution, followed by addition of base, then neutralization of products<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Ignites, gives off carbon oxides, nitrogen oxides, water vapors, soot<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not dump<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not dump<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Little information about its environmental impact is available<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Fructose]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Will decompose to caramel<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Non-toxic to environment, nourishment for many organisms<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Fumaric acid]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not always required, can be dumped in trash<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes releasing acrid smoke, carbon oxides, water vapors and soot<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Source of food for some organisms<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Furan]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dilution with a flammable solvent followed by incineration<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Gives off carbon oxides and water vapor<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Harmful to wildlife, carcinogenic<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Furfural]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Incineration<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Gives off carbon oxides and water vapor<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Debatable<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Debatable<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Low toxicity to wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Galactitol]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yields carbon oxides, water vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Low toxicity<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Gasoline]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Incineration<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Burning gives combustion gasses as well as soot, carbon monoxide and various VOCs<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to wildlife; very dangerous for aquatic life<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Gelatin]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Pyrolysis gives foul smelling compounds<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Safe, biodegradable; nourishment for many organisms<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Gelignite]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Will explode<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Explosive hazard; otherwise good nitrogen source for plants<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Glucose]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required; can be disposed in any way<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Will decompose to caramel and carbon if heated too long<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Non-toxic to environment, nourishment for many organisms<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Glutamic acid]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required; can be disposed in any way<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Will char and release carbon dioxide, water vapors and nitrogen<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Non-toxic to environment, nourishment for many organisms<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Glycerol]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required; Incineration<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Pyrolysis gives acrolein<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Safe, biodegradable<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Glycine]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required; can be disposed in any way<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Will char and release carbon dioxide, water vapors and nitrogen<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Non-toxic to environment, nourishment for many organisms<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Glycolic acid]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required; can be disposed in any way<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Will char and release carbon dioxide, water vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Low-toxicity for the environment<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Glycoluril]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required; can be disposed in any way<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Will char and release carbon dioxide, water vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Low-toxicity for the environment<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Glyoxal]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Incineration; Precipitation with amines (urea, guanidine, etc.)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Burns, releasing carbon oxides and water vapors; some will evaporate when heated<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to the wildlife, suspected carcinogen<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Guanidine]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required, can be discarded in any way<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Pyrolysis gives nitrogen and carbon oxides<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Safe, biodegradable<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Guanidinium bicarbonate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required, can be dumped in ground; Pyrolysis done outside<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Pyrolysis gives nitrogen, water and carbon/nitrogen oxides<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, but not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Safe, nitrogen source for plants; Guanidine derivates occur in guano<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Guanidinium carbonate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required, can be dumped in ground; Pyrolysis done outside<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Pyrolysis gives nitrogen, water and carbon/nitrogen oxides<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, but not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Safe, nitrogen source for plants; Guanidine derivates occur in guano<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Guanidinium chloride]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required; Careful and controlled pyrolysis<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Pyrolysis gives nitrogen, water, chlorine and carbon/nitrogen oxides<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, but not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Safe, nitrogen source for plants; Guanidine derivates occur in guano; Chlorides however are harmful for plants in large amounts<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Guanidinium nitrate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required, can be dumped in ground; Careful and controlled pyrolysis<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Pyrolysis gives nitrogen, water and carbon/nitrogen oxides; may explode at high temperatures<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Safe, nitrogen source for plants; Guanidine derivates occur in guano<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Guanidinium perchlorate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Careful and controlled pyrolysis<br>Reduction with metallic iron under UV light, in low oxygen<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Pyrolysis gives nitrogen, water, chlorine and carbon/nitrogen oxides; may explode at high temperatures<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Perchlorates are harmful for the environment<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Guanidinium sulfate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required, can be dumped in ground; Pyrolysis done outside<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Pyrolysis gives nitrogen, water and carbon/nitrogen/sulfur oxides<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, but not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Safe, nitrogen and sulfur source for plants; Guanidine derivates occur in guano<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Guar gum]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Pyrolysis gives foul smelling compounds<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Safe, biodegradable; nourishment for many organisms<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Gum arabic]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Pyrolysis gives foul smelling compounds<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Safe, biodegradable; nourishment for many organisms<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Haematoxylin]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Gives off carbon oxides, water vapor and soot<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Safe, biodegradable; occurs naturally<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Hematein]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Gives off carbon oxides, water vapor and soot<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Safe<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Heptane]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Incineration; Oxidation with Fenton's reagent<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Gives off carbon dioxide and water vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to aquatic life and organisms<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Hexamethylene triperoxide diamine]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Adding a mixture of [[zinc sulfate]], [[copper(II) chloride]] with Zn and Cu powder in a 5:5:1 ratio to the peroxide solution, in the presence of small amounts of [[sulfuric acid]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not use heat, as it will lead to detonation<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Debatable<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Slowly breaks down to harmless products<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Hexamethylphosphoramide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Treatment with hydrochloric acid; dilution of resulting products, followed by disposal<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Breaks down yielding phosphine, phosphorus oxides and nitrogen oxides.<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Carcinogenic<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Hexamine]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Incineration<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Burning in air yields carbon oxides, water vapor, nitrogen; Pyrolysis yields [[formaldehyde]], carbon oxides, ammonia and nitrogen fumes, HCN (t > 800°C)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Nitrogen source for plants<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Hexane]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Incineration; Oxidation with Fenton's reagent<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Results in carbon dioxide and water vapor<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to aquatic life<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Incineration, done outside<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Ignites, gives off carbon oxides, nitrogen oxides, water vapors, soot<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not dump<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not dump<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Little information about its environmental impact<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[HMX]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Incineration, done outside; Oxidation with Fenton's reagent; Hot aqueous solution containing sodium hydroxide and sodium tetraborate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Ignites, gives off carbon oxides, nitrogen oxides, water vapors, soot<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not dump<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not dump<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Displays moderate toxicity to aquatic life; can be degraded by some microorganisms<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Holmium citrate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Recycling<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Gives off carbon dioxide and water vapors, leaving holmium(III) oxide behind<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Low toxicity to wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Hydrazine]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Diluted solution of calcium hypochlorite<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Gives off toxic fumes; may lead to detonation if temperature is too high<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to all life<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Hydrazine hydrochloride]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Diluted solution of calcium hypochlorite<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Gives off toxic fumes; may lead to detonation if temperature is too high<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to all life<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Hydrazine nitrate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Diluted in lots of water, followed by slow addition of a solution of calcium hypochlorite<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes, gives off toxic fumes; may lead to detonation if temperature is too high<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to all life<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Hydrazine perchlorate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Diluted in lots of water, followed by slow addition of a solution of calcium hypochlorite<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes, gives off toxic fumes; may lead to detonation if temperature is too high<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to all life<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Hydrazine sulfate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Diluted solution of calcium hypochlorite<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Gives off toxic fumes; may lead to detonation if temperature is too high<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to all life<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Hydrazoic acid]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sodium nitrite or nitrous acid<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Will lead to detonation for concentrated solutions<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dangerous to all life<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Hydrobromic acid]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Any base, carbonate, bicarbonate; sodium thiosulfate can also be used<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Boils off the acid, resulting in extremely toxic and corrosive fumes; will lead to decomposition to elemental bromine<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| NO! Neutralize first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| NO! Neutralize first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic and very corrosive<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Hydrochloric acid]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Any alkali or alkaline-earth carbonate, bicarbonate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DON'T! Results in acidic vapors, extremely dangerous and corrosive<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| NO! Neutralize first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| NO!<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to wildlife and corrosive to minerals <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Hydrofluoric acid]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Calcium hydroxide, carbonate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DON'T! Results in acidic fumes, which on contact with skin will lead to burns and death<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Calcium fluoride is more inert than most fluorides and poses little toxicity to wildlife; occurs naturally<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Hydrogen bromide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Any base, carbonate, bicarbonate; for gaseous form, ammonia can be used, though will result in a dense mist; sodium thiosulfate can be used for removing free bromine<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DON'T! Will lead to extremely dangerous and corrosive fumes, which will decompose, resulting bromine vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| NO! Neutralize first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| NO! Neutralize first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Corrosive to organisms and rocks; Bromides have little effect to wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Hydrogen chloride]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Any base, carbonate, bicarbonate; for gaseous form, ammonia can be used, though will result in a dense ammonium chloride mist<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| NO<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Corrosive for rocks, toxic for all wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Hydrogen cyanide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Absorbtion in water, base, followed by oxidation with hydrogen peroxide, bleach, sodium thiosulfate to less harmful compounds, continued by oxidation to carbon dioxide and nitrogen gas<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Burns if ignited, but excess oxygen is required for complete burning<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Highly toxic for all wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Hydrogen fluoride]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Calcium hydroxide, carbonate, bicarbonate; for gaseous form, excess ammonia can be used, though will result in a dense ammonium fluoride mist; further treatment with calcium hydroxide, carbonate will convert it to the more safe CaF<sub>2</sub><br />
| style="text-align:center;"| NO<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Corrosive for all life, inorganic materials, toxic for all wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Hydrogen iodide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Any base, carbonate, bicarbonate; for gaseous form, ammonia can be used, though will result in a dense mist; sodium thiosulfate can also be used<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DON'T! Will lead to extremely dangerous and corrosive fumes, which will decompose, resulting iodine vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| NO! Neutralize first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| NO! Neutralize first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Corrosive to organisms and rocks; Iodides have little toxicity to wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Hydrogen peroxide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Manganese dioxide, iron(III) oxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Diluted solutions will break down harmlessly; Very concentrated solutions may explode if contaminated<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not if concentrated solutions<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Deadly for microbial life, extremely toxic for small animals and aquatic life<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Hydrogen sulfide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Hydrogen peroxide; sulfur dioxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not useful<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Very toxic for animals at high concentrations; Occurs naturally, but at low concentrations<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Hydroiodic acid]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Any alkali or alkaline-earth carbonate, bicarbonate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DON'T! Will lead to extremely dangerous and corrosive fumes, which will decompose, resulting iodine vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| NO! Neutralize first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| NO! Neutralize first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Corrosive to organisms and rocks; Iodides have little toxicity to wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Hydroquinone]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Mixed with a more flammable solvent and safely incinerated; Controlled oxidation with chromic acid, piranha solution, Fenton's reagent<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes at very high temperatures to yield carbon oxides, water vapor, soot, VOCs, etc. <br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Occurs naturally; toxic and possibly carcinogen in high doses<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Hydroxyacetone]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Mixed with a flammable solvent and incinerated; Diluted in water and poured down the drain<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Burns at high temperatures, releasing carbon dioxide, water vapors, acrolein<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dilute first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dilute first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Little environmental impact from the literature available<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Hydroxylamine]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Reduction with Zn/HCl; Dilution followed by decomposition with ferrous or ferric salts; Addition of ketone or aldehyde then heated to decompose<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Explodes (free base)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic for animals at high concentrations<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Hydroxylammonium chloride]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dilution followed by addition of ketone or aldehyde then heated to decompose; Reduction with Zn/HCl<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes releasing HCl and nitrogen oxides<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic for animals at high concentrations<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Hydroxylammonium nitrate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dilution followed by decomposition with ferrous or ferric salts; Addition of ketone or aldehyde then heated to decompose; Reduction with Zn/HCl<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Explodes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic for animals at high concentrations<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Hydroxylammonium perchlorate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dilution followed by precipitation of perchlorate with potassium ions, filtration then neutralization of hydroxylamine via addition of ketone or aldehyde, then heated to decompose; Reduction with Zn/HCl<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes releasing nitrogen oxides, nitrogen, HCl, water vapors; explodes at high temperature<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic for animals at high concentrations<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Hydroxylammonium sulfate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dilution followed by addition of ketone or aldehyde then heated to decompose; Reduction with Zn/HCl<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes releasing sulfur and nitrogen oxides<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic for animals at high concentrations<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Hypochlorous acid]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Any reducing agent, such as sodium metabisulfite, bisulfite, sulfite, thiosulfate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes to chlorine, chloric acid, hydrogen chloride<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, but recommended to neutralize first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Very toxic and corrosive to organisms, especially aquatic ones<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Hypophosphorous acid]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Diluted cooled hydrogen peroxide solution<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes to phosphoric acid, phosphorous acid, phosphine<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Harmful and corrosive to organisms, especially aquatic ones<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Iditol]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yields carbon oxides, water vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Low toxicity<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Indigo dye]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required; can be dumped in trash<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yields carbon oxides, water vapors, nitrogen, soot, PAHs<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Low toxicity; occurs naturally<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Ink]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not always required<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yields carbon oxides, water vapors, leaves ash behind<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Low toxicity; silver and copper-based inks may be harmful<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Inositol]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yields carbon oxides, water vapor<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Low toxicity, occurs naturally in plants<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Iodic acid]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Neutralization with potassium, calcium bases, followed by reduction with a suitable reducing agent to iodide; thiosulfate added to remove any free iodine<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes at high temperatures to iodine pentoxide which further decomposes above 300 °C to iodine and oxygen<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to wildlife, both animals and plants<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Iodine pentoxide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Neutralization with a solution sodium thiosulfate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes above melting point, releasing iodine and oxygen above 300 °C<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic and corrosive to wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Iodine trichloride]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Neutralization with a cooled diluted solution of sodium hydroxide and sodium thiosulfate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes above melting point, releasing ICl and chlorine<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic and corrosive to wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Iodoacetic acid]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Neutralization with excess sodium hydroxide to sodium glycolate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Evaporates and burns at high temperatures, releasing toxic fumes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic and corrosive to most wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Iodoform]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Destruction with aqueous sodium hydroxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Melts and decomposes near boiling point, releasing iodine, hydrogen iodine fumes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Neutralize first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dangerous to wildlife, especially if ingested; small animals are harmed easily<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Iron(II) chloride]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Calcium hydroxide (slaked lime)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Gives off hydrogen chloride fumes in air and or moisture<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Iron(II) sulfate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not always required; Ammonium hydroxide, carbonate/bicarbonate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Breaks down to iron(III) oxide and gives off sulfur dioxide and trioxide fumes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Safe, used in agriculture as iron supplement; May cause algal bloom if released in water bodies<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Iron(II,III) oxide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Results in iron(III) oxide in the presence of air<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, but not advised<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Safe, occurs naturally<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Iron(III) chloride]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Calcium hydroxide (slaked lime)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Gives off hydrogen chloride fumes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Extremely toxic to wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Iron(III) nitrate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Calcium hydroxide (slaked lime), followed by dilution<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Gives off nitrogen oxide fumes, leaving behind iron(III) oxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dilute first!<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dilute first!<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Harmful to environment in large and concentrated amounts; Diluted iron nitrate is a good source of iron and nitrogen for plants<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Iron(III) oxide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not useful<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, but not advised<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Safe, sometimes used in agriculture as iron supplement; May cause algal bloom if released in water bodies<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Iron(III) sulfate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Calcium hydroxide (slaked lime)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Breaks down into iron(III) oxide and gives off sulfur oxides<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Corrosive, toxic to aquatic life<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Iron pentacarbonyl]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Incineration; oxidation with peroxide; both done outside<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes, releasing copious amounts of iron oxide fumes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Carbon monoxide is deadly to organisms<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Isatin]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required; can be dumped in trash<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yields carbon oxides, water vapors, nitrogen, soot, PAHs<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Low toxicity; occurs naturally<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Isobutanol]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Incineration<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Flammable, gives off carbon dioxide and water vapor<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dangerous for wildlife and aquatic life<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Isopropanol]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Incineration<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Flammable, gives off carbon dioxide and water vapor<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dangerous for wildlife and aquatic life<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Isopropyl nitrate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Photolysis; Hydrolysis with cold sodium hydroxide solution<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Ignites and burns, may explode<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to organisms; nitrate source for plants<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Isopropyl nitrite]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Neutralization with sodium hydroxide, followed by incineration<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Detonation<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to wildlife and aquatic life<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Isopropylamine]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Neutralization with any acid; incineration; oxidation with Fenton's reagent<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Flammable, burns to release carbon dioxide, water vapors and nitrogen; nitrogen dioxide may also be released<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to all wildlife and especially aquatic life<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Juglone]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Controlled oxidation with Fenton's reagent<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes at very high temperatures to yield carbon oxides, water vapor, soot, VOCs, etc. <br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, but dilute first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not dump<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Occurs naturally; toxic to microorganisms and other plants<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Kanthal]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Taken to scrap metal centers<br>Dumped in trash<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Melts at 1,500 °C<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not dump<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not dump<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to wildlife due to chromium<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Kerosene]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Incineration<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Burns in the presence of air, to give off carbon dioxide and water vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dangerous for wildlife and aquatic environment<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Khusimol]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Incineration; not required<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Releases carbon dioxide, monoxide, water vapors and soot; Burns in rich oxygen atmosphere<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Safe, biodegradable; Occurs naturally in various plants<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Kojic acid]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Mixed with a more flammable solvent and followed by incineration<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Gives off carbon oxides, water vapors and soot<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Safe, biodegradable; occurs naturally<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[KS Fluid]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Immersion underwater to prevent self-ignition, followed by adding a flocculating or a thickening agent to trap the phosphorus inside; resulting mass should be incinerated in a special incinerator<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Pyrophoric, releases toxic sulfur dioxide and phosphorus pentoxide fumes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP!<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP!<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Pyrophoric, toxic and corrosive to the environment<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Lactic acid]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Mixed with a more flammable solvent and followed by incineration<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Gives off carbon oxides, water vapors and soot<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Safe, biodegradable; occurs naturally<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Lead(II) acetate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Alkali carbonate or hydroxide; Lead precipitate should be taken to disposal facilities<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Results in lead oxides; Yields carbon oxides, water vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP!<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP!<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Extremely toxic to all life, due to the good solubility of lead acetate<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Lead(II) azide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Nitrous acid, ammonium acetate, sodium dichromate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes to lead/lead(II) oxide releasing nitrogen gas and may explode during decomposition<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Very toxic for wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Lead(II) chloride]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Taken to hazardous waste disposal centers <br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not useful<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Extremely toxic to wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Lead(II) chromate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Taken to hazardous waste disposal centers<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Breaks down to its component oxides at high temperatures<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Extremely toxic to the environment<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Lead(II) iodide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Taken to hazardous waste disposal centers <br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not useful<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Extremely toxic to wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Lead(II) nitrate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Precipitation with a sulfide, carbonate or oxalate; wastes are to be taken to hazardous waste disposal centers<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Breaks down in to lead oxide and releases nitrogen dioxide fumes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Extremely toxic to wildlife due to its good solubility in water<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Lead(II) oxide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Taken to hazardous waste disposal centers <br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not useful<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Extremely toxic to wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Lead(II) sulfide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Taken to hazardous waste disposal centers<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes around 500-1000 °C in air to yield sulfur and lead oxides and lead metal fumes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Occurs naturally; Extremely toxic to the environment and all life<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Lead(II,IV) oxide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Taken to hazardous waste disposal centers<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not effective<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Extremely toxic to wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Lead(IV) acetate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Precipitate with an excess of carbonate, oxalate or a sulfide; waste is to be taken to hazardous waste disposal centers<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Results in lead oxide and acetic acid, carbon dioxide, water vapor<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Corrosive and very toxic to all organisms<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Lead(IV) oxide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Taken to hazardous waste disposal centers <br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not useful<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Extremely toxic to wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Lead styphnate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Careful and controlled destruction using an oxidizing solution; insoluble lead wastes should be taken to hazardous waste disposal centers<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Explodes, releasing lead oxide fumes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Extremely toxic to all organisms; lead is a known neurotoxin<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Limonene]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Incineration; oxidation; not always required<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Results in carbon dioxide, water vapor, soot<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Safe, biodegradable; occurs naturally<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Lithium aluminium hydride]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Neutralization with an alkali or carbonate solution; recycling of lithium ions<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes to release hydrogen<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Corrosive to organisms, will increase the aluminium concentration in soil or water<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Lithium azide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Acidified sodium nitrite, nitrous acid<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Detonates and gives off nitrogen gas<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Very toxic for wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Lithium borohydride]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Neutralization with an alkali or carbonate solution; Slow addition in a large volume of water or alcohol;Recycling of lithium ions<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes to release hydrogen<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Corrosive to organisms, will increase the boron concentration in soil or water<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Lithium chloride]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Hydrated form will give some oxychloride salt<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Increases the chloride concentration in soil as well as lithium<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Lithium hydride]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Neutralization with a concentrated alkali or carbonate solution, alcohols, long chain alcohols are preferred; best performed in an open area<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes to release hydrogen at very high temperatures<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Corrosive to organisms, toxic to animals<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Lithium hydroxide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Any acid, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide; recycling is a good choice<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Breaks down to lithium oxide and water vapor<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Neutralize first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Lithium has little effect to plant life, but will affect the nervous system of animals when ingested in excess<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Lithium hypochlorite]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Any reducing agent, such as sodium metabisulfite, bisulfite, sulfite, thiosulfate; Hydrogen peroxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Melts and decomposes, releasing chlorine<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Neutralize first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Neutralize first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Corrosive and harmful to organisms, especially aquatic ones<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Lithium nitrate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Precipitation; recycling; mixed with a combustible material and ignited<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Breaks down to lithium oxide and nitrogen oxides<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, dilute first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, dilute first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Nitrate is a source of nitrogen for plants; lithium has little effect to plant life, but will affect the nervous system of animals when ingested in excess<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Lithium nitrite]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Oxidation with sodium percarbonate, oxygen, ozone to nitrate; Thermal decomposition followed by conversion to lithium carbonate or sulfate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes to form lithium oxide/hydroxide and releases nitrogen oxides fumes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, but not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| No<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Unlike nitrates, nitrites are poor source of nitrogen for plants; Lithium may be harmful for the central nervous system; Nitrites are toxic for most animals<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Litmus]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required; can be poured down the drain<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Gives off carbon oxides, water vapor and soot<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Safe, occurs naturally<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===M-Z===<br />
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table sortable" style="width: 100%;"<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col"|Substance<br />
! scope="col"|Neutralization<br />
! scope="col"|Heat treatment<br />
! scope="col"|Down the drain<br />
! scope="col"|Into the soil<br />
! scope="col"|Environmental considerations<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Magnalium]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Diluted acid; Incineration<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Burns releasing aluminium and magnesium oxides<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Harmful for wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Magnesium carbonate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Any acid; not always required<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not useful; breaks down into magnesium oxide and carbon dioxide at high temperatures<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, as powder<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Safe, biodegradable; occurs naturally<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Magnesium chloride]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Hydrated form gives the oxychloride salt<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| May increase the magnesium and chloride content in the soil significantly<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Magnesium diboride]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Careful hydrolysis<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Oxidizes at high temperatures in air<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Boron compounds are harmful<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Magnesium hydroxide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not always required; any acid can be used, though a weak one is more economical<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes at 350 °C to magnesium oxide and releases water vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Raises the soil pH; source of magnesium for plants<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Magnesium nitrate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required; an aqueous carbonate solution, like potassium carbonate can be used if necessary<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes above 330 °C to give off oxygen and nitrogen oxides<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| OH YES<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Good source of nitrogen and magnesium for plants (fertilizer); May cause algal bloom in water bodies<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Magnesium oxide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not always required; any acid can be used, though a weak one is more economical<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not effective<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Raises the soil pH; source of magnesium for plants<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Magnesium sulfate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Will dehydrate when heated; Gives off sulfur oxides at very high temperature<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Source of magnesium for plants<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Malonic acid]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not always required, can be dumped in trash<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes releasing acrid smoke, carbon oxides, water vapors and soot<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Maybe be source of food for some organisms<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Manganese dioxide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Oxalic acid<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Converts it into other oxides<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Manganese heptoxide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Aqueous solutions or suspensions of base, carbonate, bicarbonate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Breaks down to manganese dioxide and gives off ozone; may explode<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Burns organic material on contact, even wet organic material<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Manganese(II) chloride]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Precipitated to managnese dioxide; Taken to waste disposal facilities; Dumped in trash<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes at high temperatures<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, but in small quantities<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, but in small quantities<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Classified as dangerous to environment<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Manganese(II) sulfate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dumped in trash<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes at high temperatures<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, but in small quantities<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, but in small quantities<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Classified as dangerous to environment<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Mannitol]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Melts; Releases carbon dioxide and water vapor at high temperatures<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Cannot be digested by most organisms, but has no dangerous effects on wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Mannitol hexanitrate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Cooled aqueous solution of diluted sodium hydroxide, added in excess<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Detonates at temperatures > 120 °C<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| In small amounts<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dangerous to animals due to its vasodilator effects; harmless to plants, nitrogen source for plant life<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Menthol]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Incineration; not required<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Releases carbon dioxide, monoxide, water vapors and soot; Burns in rich oxygen atmosphere<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Safe, biodegradable; Occurs naturally in various plants, like peppermint<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Mercury sulfide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Taken to hazardous waste disposal centers<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes over 580 °C to yield sulfur oxides and mercury vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Occurs naturally; Extremely toxic to the environment and all life<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Mercury(II) chloride]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Conversion to cinnabar; Taken to hazardous waste disposal centers<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sublimes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Extremely toxic to the environment and all life<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Mercury(II) fulminate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Conversion to cinnabar; Taken to hazardous waste disposal centers<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Explodes, giving off carbon oxides, nitrogen gas and hazardous mercury vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Extremely toxic to the environment and all life<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Mercury(II) nitrate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Conversion to cinnabar; Taken to hazardous waste disposal centers<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes, releasing nitrogen dioxide, oxygen, mercury(II) oxide, mercury vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Extremely toxic to the environment and all life<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Mercury(II) oxide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Conversion to cinnabar; Taken to hazardous waste disposal centers<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes over 500 °C to yield mercury vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Extremely toxic to the environment and all life<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Mercury(II) sulfate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Taken to hazardous waste disposal centers; Conversion to cinnabar<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes over 450 °C to yield sulfur oxides and mercury vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Extremely toxic to the environment and all life<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Mercury(II) thiocyanate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Conversion to mercury(II) sulfide; Taken to hazardous waste disposal centers; <br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes over 165 °C to yield a residue known as "Pharaoh's snake", as well as sulfur oxides and mercury vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Extremely toxic to the environment and all life<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Metformin]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Strong oxidizing solution, like chromic acid<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes giving off carbon oxides, nitrogen, water, soot<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not dump<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not dump<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| High nitrogen content may be suitable for plants; large amounts may be harmful for fauna<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Methane]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Incineration<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Releases carbon dioxide and water vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not possible<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not possible<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Contributes to global warming<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Methanol]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Incineration<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Will give off carbon dioxide and water vapor, as well as some formaldehyde if not enough oxygen<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Very toxic to wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Methyl acetate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Incineration<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Gives off carbon dioxide and water vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Hazardous to environment in large amounts<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Methyl blue]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Poured down the drain<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes giving off carbon oxides, sulfur oxides, nitrogen, water, soot, VOCs<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, but not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| May be harmful to microorganisms, fauna and water bodies<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Methyl cellosolve]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Mixed with a more flammable solvent and incinerated<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Generates smoke, carbon dioxide and water vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, but dilute it first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, but dilute it first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Relative safe, harmful in large amounts<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Methyl ethyl ketone]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Incineration<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Gives off carbon dioxide and water vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Reduction with a reducing agent, such as sodium sulfite; Test for peroxides after neutralization; If no peroxides present, incineration or other proper disposal method<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes and explodes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Methyl formate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Incineration<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Gives off carbon dioxide and water vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Hazardous to environment in large amounts<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Methyl iodide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Alkali solution, followed by sodium thiosulfate to remove any free iodine<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes to release iodine fumes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dangerous to wildlife in high concentrations; Occurs naturally in low concentrations<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Methyl isobutyl ketone]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Incineration<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Gives off carbon dioxide and water vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Harmful to wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Methyl nitrate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Diluted alkali solution, recommended to be cooled first to prevent possible explosion<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Will lead to explosion<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| No<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| No<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dangerous to wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Methyl orange]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Oxidized with a strong oxidizing solution, such as chromic acid, Fenton's reagent, piranha solution, followed by neutralization and then poured down the drain<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes giving off carbon dioxide, nitrogen, water vapors, VOCs, PAHs<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| No, neutralize first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| No, neutralize first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dangerous to environment, mutagen<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Methyl red]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Oxidized with a strong oxidizing solution, such as chromic acid, Fenton's reagent, piranha solution, followed by neutralization and then poured down the drain<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes giving off carbon dioxide, nitrogen, water vapors, VOCs, PAHs<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, but not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| No, neutralize first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| May be harmful to water bodies<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Methyl salicylate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Incineration; Not always required<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Gives off carbon dioxide and water vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Low toxicity to environment in small amounts<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Methyl tert-butyl ether]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Incineration<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Gives off carbon dioxide and water vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Classified as hazardous to environment and ground water<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Methyl yellow]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Oxidized with a strong oxidizing solution, such as chromic acid, Fenton's reagent, piranha solution, followed by neutralization and then poured down the drain<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes giving off carbon dioxide, nitrogen, water vapors, VOCs, PAHs<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dangerous to environment, mutagen, carcinogen<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Methylamine]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Incineration<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Burns in air, giving off carbon dioxide, nitrogen and water vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Amines can be source of nitrogen for plants, but may be harmful to fauna and water bodies<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Methylene blue]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Poured down the drain<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes giving off carbon dioxide, sulfur oxides, nitrogen, water, hydrogen chloride vapors, VOCs, PAHs and other harmful compounds<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, but not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| May be harmful to microbial life, fauna and water bodies<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Mineral oil]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Incineration<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Will burn at high temperatures, releasing carbon oxides, water vapors and soot<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| No<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| No<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Oils float on water bodies and inhibit the cellular breathing of many organisms<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Mischmetal]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Recycled<br>Dumped in trash<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Melts between 790 – 1010 °C<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Possible, though not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Lanthanides show low toxicity to organisms<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Monopotassium phosphate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required; Excess slaked lime can be used to precipitate calcium phosphate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes on heating at high temperatures to release water vapors, leaving a residue of potassium and phosphorus oxides<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Safe, good fertilizer (potassium and phosphorus source)<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Morpholine]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Mixed with a flammable solvent and burned<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes, releases combustion gasses, VOCs<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| May cause death of aqueous organisms<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Mu-metal]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Recycling<br>Taken to scrap metal centers<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Melts at around 1454°C<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP!<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP!<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dangerous to wildlife due to nickel and chromium content<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Murexide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Poured down the drain<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes giving off carbon oxides, nitrogen, water, soot, VOCs<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, but not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Environmental effects are currently unknown<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[N-(1-Naphthyl)ethylenediamine dihydrochloride]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Oxidation with an oxidizing solution, such as Fenton's reagent, piranha solution or chromic acid<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes, releasing carbon oxides, nitrogen oxides, water vapors, PAHs, soot<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dilute first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not dump<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Possibly harmful for the environment; little data available on its environmental effects<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[N-Allylthiourea]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Oxidation with an oxidizing solution, such as Fenton's reagent, piranha solution or chromic acid<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Generates carbon oxides, water vapor, sulfur oxides, soot and nitrogen<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Harmful to wildlife; Nitrification inhibitor, slows the nitrification of ammonia<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Mixed with a more flammable solvent, followed by incineration outside or in an incinerator; Oxidation with Fenton's reagent under controlled conditions<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Gives off toxic fumes or carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, VOCs<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[NaK]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Long-chained alcohols, diluted with an alkane<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Ignites in air<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP!<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP!<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Pyrophoric, both alloy and reaction products corrosive to wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Naphtha]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Incineration<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Burning gives combustion gasses as well as soot, carbon monoxide and various VOCs<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to wildlife; very dangerous for aquatic life<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Naphthalene]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Incineration, best done in an incinerator with afterburner; Oxidation with Fenton's reagent<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Generates carbon dioxide, water vapors, carbon monoxide, soot, VOCs<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Naphthol Green B]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Poured down the drain; oxidized with a strong oxidizing solution, neutralized then poured down the drain<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes giving off carbon and sulfur oxides, nitrogen, water, soot, VOCs<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, but not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| May be harmful to microorganisms, fish in water bodies<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Neodymium iron boron magnet]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Recycled<br>Dumped in trash<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Loses magnetism when heated and melts at high temperatures<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Possible, though not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Lanthanides show low toxicity to organisms<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Neodymium oxalate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Pyrolysis, followed by recycling of Nd slag<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Gives off carbon oxides, leaving neodymium oxides and hydroxides behind<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not dump<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not dump<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Presents toxicity to wildlife due to the oxalate group<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Niacin]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dumped in trash, poured down the drain<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sublimes and decomposes, releasing carbon oxides, water vapors, soot, pyridine derivatives<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Low toxicity, essential nutrient for life<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Nichrome]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Recycled<br>Dumped in trash<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Melts at 1400 °C<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not dump<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not dump<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Nickel and chromium are harmful for wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Nickel hydrazine nitrate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Safe detonation in remote area<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Detonates<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Nickel is very toxic for animals; hydrazine is very toxic to environment<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Nickel hydrazine perchlorate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Strong dilution in water, followed by CAREFUL addition of a diluted base; precipitation of nickel<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Detonates<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP!<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP!<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Nickel is harmful for animals; hydrazine is very toxic to environment; perchlorates are toxic for animals and plants<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Nickel(II) nitrate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Precipitation with a soluble hydroxide; precipitate should be taken to disposal centers<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Gives off nitrogen oxide fumes, leaving behind nickel oxide slag<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to wildlife, allergen<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Nickel(II) perchlorate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Reduction of perchlorate to chloride; Precipitation with a soluble hydroxide; precipitate should be taken to disposal centers<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Gives off chlorine oxide fumes, leaving behind nickel oxide slag; may decompose violently if organic contaminant present<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to wildlife, allergen<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Nickel(II) sulfate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Precipitation with a soluble hydroxide; precipitate should be taken to disposal centers<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Gives off sulfur oxide fumes, leaving behind nickel oxide slag<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to wildlife, allergen<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Nicotinamide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dumped in trash, poured down the drain<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sublimes and decomposes, releasing carbon oxides, water vapors, soot, pyridine derivatives<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Low toxicity, essential nutrient for life<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Nicotine]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Oxidation; Photolysis; Pyrolysis with [[selenium]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Generates carbon oxides, water vapors, soot, VOCs and toxic nicotine vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Acceptable in small quantities<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Only as insecticide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Deadly to small animals, toxic and addictive to large organisms; absorbs through skin; biodegradable<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Nile red]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Gives off carbon oxides, water vapor and soot<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Limited data on its environmental effects<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Nitric acid]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Any base, hydroxide, carbonate, bicarbonate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Boils off, while also giving off nitrogen dioxide fumes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Neutralize first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Neutralize first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Corrosive to organisms and rocks; its salts are excellent nitrogen source for plants<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Nitric oxide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sodium percarbonate solution<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not useful<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not possible<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not possible<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Oxidizes to nitrogen dioxide in air, which is highly toxic and corrosive; creates acid rain<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Nitrobenzene]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Oxidation with an oxidizing solution, such as Fenton's reagent, piranha solution or chromic acid<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Generates carbon oxides, water vapor, soot and nitrogen<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to all wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Nitrocellulose]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Controlled incineration; Hydrolysis with aqueous alkali hydroxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Breaks down to release combustion gasses and self-ignites at 160 °C<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| No; however it can be converted to fertilizer by adding aqueous ammonia<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Breaks down in the presence of water to give nitric acid, which, after neutralization becomes source of nitrogen for plants<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Nitroethane]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Incineration<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Burns giving off carbon oxides, water vapors and nitrogen gas<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dangerous to wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Nitrogen dioxide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Bubbling through an alkali solution, peroxide solution<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not useful<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not possible<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| No<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Reacts with air moisture to generate nitric acid and contributes to the acid rain; extremely toxic to animals and plants<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Nitrogen trichloride]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Photolysis; Hydrolysis with hot water; Reduction with sodium thiosulfate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Detonates<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Corrosive and toxic to wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Nitrogen triiodide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sodium thiosulfate solution<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Detonation, giving off corrosive iodine vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| The iodine vapors it gives off during decomposition are dangerous to organisms in short term<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Nitroglycerin]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Photolysis; Hydrolysis with cold sodium hydroxide solution<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Violent detonation<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to organisms; nitrate source for plants<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Nitroguanidine]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required, can be dumped in ground; Careful and controlled pyrolysis<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Pyrolysis gives nitrogen, water and carbon/nitrogen oxides; may explode at high temperatures<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Possibly<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Safe, nitrogen source for plants, used as fertilizer; Guanidine derivates occur in guano<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Nitromethane]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Incineration<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Burns giving off carbon oxides, water vapors and nitrogen gas<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dangerous to wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Nitronium perchlorate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Slow addition to water, followed by neutralization with dil. NaOH<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes to release nitrogen/chlorine oxides and oxygen<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dangerous and very toxic to wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Nitronium tetrafluoroborate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Slow addition to water, followed by neutralization with dil. NaOH<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes to release NO<sub>2</sub>F and BF<sub>3</sub><br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dangerous and very toxic to wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Nitrosonium tetrafluoroborate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Slow addition to water, followed by neutralization with dil. NaOH<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes to release NOF and BF<sub>3</sub>, in moist air forms acids<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dangerous and very toxic to wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Nitrosyl chloride]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Aqueous base; percarbonates can also be used to remove nitric oxide; multiple washings may be required<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes, giving off nitrogen oxide and chlorine/HCl fumes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Highly corrosive and toxic to all organisms and materials<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Nitrosylsulfuric acid]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Careful addition to crushed ice, followed by neutralization with a diluted base<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes releasing toxic fumes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Deadly and extremely corrosive to all organisms<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Nitrourea]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Diluted and hydrolyzed; Careful and controlled pyrolysis<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Pyrolysis gives nitrogen, water and carbon/nitrogen oxides; may explode at high temperatures<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Hydrolyze first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Hydrolyze first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| May pose toxicity to fauna<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Nitrous acid]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Any base, hydroxide, carbonate, bicarbonate; percarbonates can also be used<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes, giving off nitrogen oxide fumes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Neutralize first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Neutralize first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Corrosive to organisms and rocks; salts somewhat toxic to animals<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Nitrous oxide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Gentle reduction with various reducing agents<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Breaks down to nitrogen and oxygen at high temperatures<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not possible<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not possible<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Low toxicity to wildlife, may induce light narcotic effects and laughing sensation in some organisms<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Nonane]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Incineration; Oxidation with Fenton's reagent<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Ignites in air, gives off carbon dioxide and water vapors, soot<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to aquatic life and organisms<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Octane]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Incineration; Oxidation with Fenton's reagent<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Gives off carbon dioxide and water vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to aquatic life and organisms<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Octyl acetate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Mixed with a more flammable solvent, followed by incineration<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Gives off carbon oxides, water vapors and soot<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Safe, occurs naturally in citrus fruit peels<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Onchidal]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Neutralization with an oxidizing mixture<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Gives off carbon oxides, water vapors and soot<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Neutralize first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Neutralize first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Highly toxic, occurs naturally<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Orcein]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required; can be poured down the drain<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Gives off carbon oxides, water vapor and soot<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Safe, occurs naturally<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Orotic acid]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Pyrolysis; diluted and poured down the drain<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes on heating to release carbon oxides and various organic compounds<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, if diluted<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, if diluted<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| May pose a threat to wildlife in large amounts<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Osmium tetroxide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Reduced with hydrogen or another reducing agent<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sublimes, releasing highly toxic fumes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Extremely toxic in short term<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Oxalic acid]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Neutralization with any oxide, hydroxide, carbonate, followed by pyrolysis<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Releases carbon oxides and water vapor at high temperature<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, but dilute it first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| No<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to wildlife; Small amounts occur in some plants<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Oxalyl chloride]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Disolving it in large amounts of water, followed by neutralization with any oxide, hydroxide, carbonate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sublimes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic and corrosive to wildlife and environment<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Ozone]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Any compound easily oxidizable that does not ignite, such as carbon monoxide, activated charcoal<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Accelerates the decomposition of ozone, but not enough<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not possible<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| No<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dangerous to wildlife, may oxidize various gaseous compounds, contributing to the acid rain; In the upper atmosphere it acts as UV shield<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[p-Dimethylaminobenzalrhodanine]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Oxidized with a strong oxidizing solution, such as chromic acid, Fenton's reagent, piranha solution, followed by neutralization and then poured down the drain<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes giving off carbon dioxide, nitrogen, water vapors, VOCs, PAHs<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, but not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| No, neutralize first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| May be harmful to water bodies<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Paper]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Incineration; Dumping in trash<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Will burn if ignited, releasing carbon oxides, water vapors and soot<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not dump<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not dump uncomposted<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Excess paper is harmful for environment, unless composted first<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Paraffin wax]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Incineration; Dumping in trash<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Will burn at high temperatures, releasing carbon oxides, water vapors and soot<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not dump<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not dump<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Wax, both solid and molten, floats on water bodies and may inhibit the cellular breathing of many organisms<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Pentaerythritol]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Mixed with a flammable solvent and incinerated<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Gives off carbon oxides, water vapors, aldehydes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Low toxicity to aquatic life; Classified as biodegradable<ref>http://www.inchem.org/documents/sids/sids/115775.pdf</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Pentaerythritol tetranitrate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Oxidation with Fenton's reagent; Mixed with a flammable solvent and incinerated; Reduction with powdered iron<ref>http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es7029703?journalCode=esthag</ref><br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Gives off carbon oxides, water vapors, soot<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, but not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Displays relative low toxicity to aquatic life; PETN undergoes safe biodegradation <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Pentane]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Incineration<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Flammable, releases carbon oxides, water vapor when burned in air<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dangerous to wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Pentanoic acid]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Bicarbonates, carbonates, bases, oxides; neutralized solution can be safely poured down the drain; valeric salts can also be pyrolyzed in a kiln<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Flammable (high concentrations, >86 °C), no dangerous combustion products, though the smoke will have a rancid smell<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, but recommended to neutralize first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Neutralize first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Safe, biodegradable; avoid dumping large amounts, dangerous to microfauna and water bodies<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Pentanol]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Mixed with a more flammable solvent and incinerated<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Flammable, gives off carbon dioxide and water vapor<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dangerous for wildlife and aquatic life in large concentrations<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Peracetic acid]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dilution in water, followed by neutralization with a base; iron oxide can be added to decompose hydrogen peroxide; can be poured down the drain afterwards<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| May explode at high temperatures, at high concentrations<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not dump<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not dump<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic and corrosive to wildlife, both animals and plants<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Perchloric acid]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Neutralization with potassium, calcium bases, followed by reduction with metallic iron under UV light in the absence of air<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| May explode at high temperatures, at high concentrations<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to wildlife, both animals and plants<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Periodic acid]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Neutralization with potassium, calcium bases, followed by reduction with a suitable reducing agent to iodide; thiosulfate added to remove any free iodine<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes at high temperatures to iodine pentoxide which further decomposes above 300 °C to iodine and oxygen<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to wildlife, both animals and plants<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Permanganic acid]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Hydrogen peroxide; Caro's acid<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Leads to decomposition, resulting in manganese dioxide slag<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not dump<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not dump<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| The resulting manganese dioxide from the decomposition can be toxic if ingested by animals<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Peroxydisulfuric acid]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Any base, carbonate, bicarbonate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| May explode if concentrated<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Neutralize first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Neutralize first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Strong oxidizer, it is dangerous and toxic to small organisms<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Peroxymonosulfuric acid]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Any base, carbonate, bicarbonate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| May explode if concentrated<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Neutralize first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Neutralize first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Strong oxidizer, it is dangerous and toxic to small organisms<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Petroleum]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Controlled incineration<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Burns in the presence of air, to give off carbon dioxide and water vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dangerous for wildlife and aquatic environment<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Petroleum ether]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Incineration<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Burns in the presence of air, to give off carbon dioxide and water vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dangerous for wildlife and aquatic environment<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Phenanthroline]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Oxidation with Fenton's reagent or piranha solution, followed by neutralization and poured down the drain<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Gives off carbon oxides, water vapors, soot, VOCs, PAHs, nitrogen<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dangerous to environment, very toxic to aquatic life<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Phenethyl alcohol]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Mixed with a more flammable solvent and incinerated<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Flammable if preheated, gives off carbon dioxide, soot and water vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Harmful for wildlife and aquatic life in large concentrations<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Phenol]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Incineration; Oxidation with Fenton's reagent<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Gives off carbon oxides, water vapors, soot and VOCs<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dangerous to environment<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Phenolphthalein]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Incineration; Oxidation with Fenton's reagent<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Gives off carbon oxides, water vapors, soot and VOCs<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dilute it with plenty of water before release<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dangerous to environment in large amounts<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Phenylacetaldehyde]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not always required, may be strongly diluted and poured down the drain<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Breaks down to carbon oxides, water vapors, soot; may give off aromatic vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dilute first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dilute first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Low toxicity, occurs naturally in plants<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Phenylacetic acid]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not always required, may be strongly diluted and poured down the drain<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Breaks down to carbon oxides, water vapors, soot; may give off aromatic vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dilute first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dilute first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Low toxicity, may occur naturally in small amounts<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Phenylacetone]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Excess bleach, excess NaOH<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Breaks down releasing carbon dioxide, water vapors, soot, PAHs<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Neutralize first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Neutralize first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Relative safe, poses low toxicity<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Phenylacetylene]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Oxidation with Fenton's reagent; Incineration, best done with an afterburner<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Flammable, burns in air to release carbon oxides, water vapors, soot, VOCs<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to wildlife and very dangerous to aquatic life, as well as soil<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Phloroglucinol]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Mixed with a more flammable solvent and incinerated<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Generates smoke, carbon dioxide and water vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, but dilute it first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, but dilute it first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Relative safe, biodegradable; Occurs naturally in small amounts<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Phosgene]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Alkaline metal hydroxide, ammonia<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| NO<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Extremely toxic for all organisms<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Phosphine]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Bleach (best bet); hydrogen peroxide; oxygen; ozone; <br />
| style="text-align:center;"| May ignite in the presence of air<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Extremely toxic for all organisms, used to kill pests<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Phosphoric acid]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Any metal oxide, hydroxide, carbonate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not very useful<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, if it's diluted<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Neutralize it first, good source of phosphorus, unless contaminated<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Deadly to small animals; excess in water bodies may cause algal bloom<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Phosphorus pentabromide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Suspension of calcium hydroxide, sodium thiosulfate, cooled; PBr<sub>5</sub> is added slowly to prevent splashing; Neutralization area must be well ventilated<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Breaks down to bromine, hydrogen bromide, phosphorus tribromide and phosphorous acids in the presence of air/moisture<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP! Neutralize it first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP! Neutralize it first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Corrosive and deadly to all wildlife; Lowers soil pH; Corrosive to rocks, soil<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Phosphorus pentachloride]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Suspension of calcium hydroxide, cooled; PCl<sub>5</sub> is added slowly to prevent splashing; Neutralization area must be well ventilated<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Boils and breaks down to chlorine, hydrogen chloride and phosphorous acids in the presence of air/moisture<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP! Neutralize it first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP! Neutralize it first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Corrosive and deadly to all wildlife; Lowers soil pH; Corrosive to rocks, soil<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Phosphorus pentoxide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Alkaline solution, lots of water<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Will volatilize at very high temperatures<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| No, reaction with water is highly exothermic and may generate acidic steam<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Neutralize first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Corrosive and dangerous on direct contact with wildlife; Reaction with water will lead to phosphoric acid, highly corrosive and dangerous.<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Phosphorus tribromide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Suspension of calcium hydroxide, sodium thiosulfate, cooled; PBr<sub>3</sub> is added slowly to prevent splashing; Neutralization area must be well ventilated<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Boils and breaks down to bromine, hydrogen bromide and phosphorous acids in the presence of air/moisture<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP! Neutralize it first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP! Neutralize it first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Corrosive and deadly to all wildlife; Lowers soil pH; Corrosive to rocks, soil<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Phosphorus trichloride]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Suspension of calcium hydroxide, sodium thiosulfate, cooled; PCl<sub>3</sub> is added slowly to prevent splashing; Neutralization area must be well ventilated<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Boils and breaks down to chlorine, hydrogen chloride and phosphorous acids in the presence of air/moisture<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP! Neutralize it first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP! Neutralize it first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Corrosive and deadly to all wildlife; Lowers soil pH; Corrosive to rocks, soil<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Phosphorus triiodide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sodium thiosulfate solution/suspension; PI<sub>3</sub> is added slowly to prevent splashing; Neutralization area must be well ventilated<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes, releasing corrosive fumes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP!<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP!<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Very toxic and corrosive to organisms and rocks<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Phosphoryl bromide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Suspension of calcium hydroxide, sodium thiosulfate, cooled; POBr<sub>3</sub> is added slowly to prevent splashing; Neutralization area must be well ventilated<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Boils and breaks down to bromine, hydrogen bromide and phosphorous acids in the presence of air/moisture<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP! Neutralize it first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP! Neutralize it first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Corrosive and deadly to all wildlife; Lowers soil pH; Corrosive to rocks, soil<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Phosphoryl chloride]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Suspension of calcium hydroxide, sodium thiosulfate, cooled; POCl<sub>3</sub> is added slowly to prevent splashing; Neutralization area must be well ventilated<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Boils and breaks down to chlorine, hydrogen chloride and phosphorous acids in the presence of air/moisture<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP! Neutralize it first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP! Neutralize it first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Corrosive and deadly to all wildlife; Lowers soil pH; Corrosive to rocks, soil<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Phthalic anhydride]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Oxidation with oxidizing solutions, such as chromic acid, Fenton's reagent, piranha solution<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Gives off carbon oxides, water vapors, soot and VOCs<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dilute it with plenty of water before release<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dangerous to environment in large amounts<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Picramic acid]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Oxidation with Fenton's reagent<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Gives off carbon dioxide, water vapors, soot, VOCs<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Very toxic to environment<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Picric acid]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Hydrolysis with aqueous sodium hydroxide; oxidation with Fenton's reagent; Containers with dry picric acid should be taken by professionals and safely detonated in a remote location<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Gives off carbon dioxide, water vapors, soot, VOCs<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Very toxic to environment<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[PLX]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Strongly diluted with a flammable solvent and safely incinerated<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Gives off carbon dioxide, water vapors, may explode if impurities present<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Very harmful to environment<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Polystyrene]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Incineration; Dumping in trash<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Will burn at high temperatures, releasing carbon oxides, water vapors and soot<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Harmful for the environment<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Polytetrafluoroethylene]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required; Can simply be dumped in trash<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Generates toxic fluorine, hydrogen fluoride, fluorocarbons and carbon oxide vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Resistant to most corrosive chemicals, cannot be digested by wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Portland cement]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Hydration, followed by recycling, dumping in trash, ground, etc.<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not useful<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Non-hydrated cement is hazardous to environment, animals and plants; hydrated solid is generally non-toxic; Production of cement is extremely harmful to environment<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Potassium antimony tartrate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Pyrolysis, followed by taking the resulting slag to disposal facilities<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Gives off carbon oxides and water vapors, leaving potassium antimony oxide slag behind<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not dump<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not dump<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Hazardous to wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Potassium azide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Acidified sodium nitrite, nitrous acid<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Detonates and gives off nitrogen gas<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Very toxic for wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Potassium bicarbonate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Any acid will do<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Above 292 °C decomposes to potassium carbonate and above 891 °C will yield potassium oxide and carbon dioxide, which is quickly reabsorbed as it cools<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| OH YES<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Excess may increase the concentration of potassium in the dumping area<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Potassium bismuthate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Hydrolysis; neutralization with hydrogen peroxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Breaks down to its constituent oxides, both dry and as solution<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not dump<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not dump<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dangerous to organisms due to its strong oxidizing properties; high amounts of bismuth are toxic<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Potassium bisulfate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Any base, carbonate, bicarbonate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes to high temperatures releasing water vapors and sulfur trioxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Neutralize first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decreases the soil pH, high levels of sodium are toxic for plants<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Potassium bisulfite]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Bleach or hydrogen peroxide can be used if desired<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes to release sulfur dioxide and water vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, but not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| High levels of sulfur dioxide are toxic for organisms<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Potassium bitartrate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required; can be disposed in anyway<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes, releasing combustion gasses, carbon oxides, water vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Safe, low toxicity; occurs during wine fermentation<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Potassium bromate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Reduction with thiosulfate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes to potassium bromide and oxygen<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Neutralize first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| No<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to plants, suspected carcinogen<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Potassium bromide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| May give off bromine vapors in the presence of water at high temperatures<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Bromide ions pose little toxicity to wildlife in small amounts<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Potassium carbonate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Any acid will do<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| No, very high temperatures decompose it to potassium oxide and carbon dioxide, which is quickly reabsorbed as it cools<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| OH YES<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Excess may increase the soil level of potassium in the dumping area<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Potassium chlorate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Reduction with metabisulfite, sulfite or bisulfite; a mixture of sulfuric acid and ferric ammonium sulfate can also be used<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Melts and disproportionates to potassium perchlorate and potassium chloride<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Small amounts can be dumped, as household bleach already contains a small percentage of chlorates, especially if it's old; Do not dump large quantities<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| No<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to plants, was used as a weedkiller in the past<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Potassium chloride]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Melts, not useful<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, unless the soil is chloride sensitive<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Presence of chlorides may have a harmful effect to some plants<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Potassium chlorochromate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Neutralization with a reducing agent, such as ascorbic acid sodium metabisulfite, sulfite, bisulfite at acidic pH<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes above 290 °C, releasing oxygen<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Cr(VI) is a potent carcinogen and very toxic to organisms<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Potassium chromate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Neutralization with a reducing agent, such as ascorbic acid sodium metabisulfite, sulfite, bisulfite at acidic pH<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes above 1000 °C, releasing oxygen<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Cr(VI) ions are powerful carcinogens and very toxic to organisms<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Potassium cyanide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Oxidation with hydrogen peroxide, bleach, sodium thiosulfate to less harmful compounds, continued by oxidation to carbon dioxide and nitrogen gas<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Melts and may oxidize in oxygen-rich atmosphere<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Highly toxic for all wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Potassium dichromate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Reducing with a reducing agent, such as sodium metabisulfite, sulfite, bisulfite, ascorbic acid at acidic pH<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Breaks down, releasing oxygen<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Cr(VI) ions are carcinogenic and very toxic to organisms<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Potassium ferrate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Any acid, hot water<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Breaks down to iron(III) oxide and potassium hydroxide, best in the presence of moisture<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, but recommended to neutralize first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, but recommended to neutralize first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dangerous to wildlife in short term<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Potassium ferricyanide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required for small amounts, dumped in trash<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Breaks down to iron and potassium nitrides/oxides, releasing cyanide, carbon monoxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, but small amounts<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, but small amounts<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Low toxicity to organisms, though tends to break down under UV light<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Potassium ferrocyanide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required for small amounts, dumped in trash<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Breaks down to iron and potassium nitrides/oxides, releasing cyanide, carbon monoxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, but small amounts<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, but small amounts<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Low toxicity to organisms<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Potassium hexachlorostannate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Precipitate to SnO<sub>2</sub><br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Melts<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dilute it first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dilute it first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Unknown environmental effects<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Potassium hydrogen phthalate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Oxidation with oxidizing solutions, such as chromic acid, Fenton's reagent, piranha solution<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Gives off carbon oxides, water vapors, soot and VOCs<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dilute it with plenty of water before release<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, but not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dangerous to environment in large amounts<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Potassium hydroxide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Any acid, carbon dioxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not useful<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Neutralize first; neutralized is a good source of potassium for plants<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dangerous to wildlife in short term<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Potassium hypochlorite]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Any reducing agent, such as sodium metabisulfite, bisulfite, sulfite, thiosulfate; Hydrogen peroxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Disproportionates to potassium chlorate and potassium chloride, giving off chlorine<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Very toxic to organisms, especially aquatic ones<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Potassium iodate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Reduction to potassium iodide; recycling<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes, releasing oxygen, and iodine at high enough temperatures<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Potassium iodate may be harmful to organisms<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Potassium iodide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| May release iodine vapors in the presence of water<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Low toxicity to wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Potassium manganate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Any reducing agents, such as oxalic acid, hydrogen peroxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Breaks down to manganese oxide and alkali<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Deadly to small organisms, dangerous to organisms in short term<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Potassium metabisulfite]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Bleach<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Breaks down to release sulfur oxides<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dangerous to small organisms<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Potassium nitrate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Gives off nitrogen oxides at very high temperatures; burns in presence of organic compounds, releasing carbon oxides, nitrogen and leaving behind alkaline slag<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| OH YES<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Excellent fertilizer, though may lead to uncontrolled algae growth if dumped in water bodies <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Potassium nitrite]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Oxidation with sodium percarbonate, oxygen, ozone to nitrate; Thermal decomposition followed by conversion to potassium carbonate or sulfate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes to form potassium oxide/hydroxide and releases nitrogen oxides fumes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, but not recommended unless diluted<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not dump<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Unlike nitrates, nitrites are poor source of nitrogen for plants; Nitrites are toxic for most animals due to the formation of nitrosamines<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Potassium perchlorate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Reduction with metallic iron under UV light in the absence of air<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Oxidizes flammable materials, burning them<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not dump<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not dump<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Hazardous to aquatic life<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Potassium periodate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Reduction to potassium iodide; recycling<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes, releasing oxygen, and iodine at high enough temperatures<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Potassium periodate may be harmful to organisms<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Potassium permanganate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Hydrogen peroxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes to manganese dioxide at high temperatures<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| The resulting manganese dioxide from the decomposition can be toxic if ingested by animals<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Potassium peroxochromate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Potassium/sodium sulfite/metabisulfite/thiosulfate, ascorbic acid at acidic pH<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Detonates, releasing potassium chromate, chromium(III) oxide fumes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Cr(VI) is harmful for the environment<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Potassium peroxymonosulfate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Alkaline solution, sodium carbonate in water<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes, releasing oxygen<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Recommended be neutralized first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Must be neutralized first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dangerous to the environment in short term<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Potassium persulfate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Pyrolysis, various reducing agents<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not dump<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not dump<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Strong oxidizer, toxic for wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Potassium rhodizonate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not always required; can be dumped in trash or poured down the drain<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Releases carbon oxides, soot and leaves behind potassium carbonate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Safe, low toxicity<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Potassium sodium tartrate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not always required; can be disposed in anyway<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Releases combustion gasses and leaves behind sodium and potassium carbonate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Safe, low toxicity<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Potassium sorbate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required; can be poured down the drain or dumped in trash<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Will decompose at high temperatures to release various hydrocarbons, carbon oxides, water vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Large quantities may be harmful to water bodies and small animals<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Potassium sulfate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Releases sulfur oxides at very high temperatures<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| OH YES<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Safe, good potassium source for plants<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Potassium sulfite]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required, simply pour down the drain; Bleach or hydrogen peroxide can be used if desired<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes to release sulfur dioxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, but not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Oxidation of aqueous potassium sulfite to sulfate reduces the amount of dissolved oxygen from water bodies<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Potassium tert-butoxide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dissolution in large amounts of water; poured down the drain<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes to release carbon oxides, leaving behind basic potash<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Strongly dilute it first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Strongly dilute it first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| ''tert''-Butanol has low environmental impact<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Propane]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Incineration<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Burns in the presence of oxygen<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not possible<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not possible<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Contributes to the greenhouse effect<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Propanol]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Incineration<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Flammable, gives off carbon dioxide and water vapor<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dangerous for wildlife and aquatic life<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Propionaldehyde]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Incineration; Sodium hydroxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Generates carbon oxides and water vapors; some will evaporate when heated<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic and harmful to the wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Propionic acid]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Bicarbonates, carbonates, bases, oxides; neutralized solution can be safely poured down the drain<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Flammable (high concentrations), no dangerous combustion products, though the smoke will have a rancid smell<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, but recommended to neutralize first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Neutralize first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Safe, biodegradable; avoid dumping large amounts, kills microbial lifeform<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Propionic anhydride]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Diluted solution of NaOH or KOH<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Flammable, no dangerous combustion products<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Biodegradable; avoid dumping large amounts, acidifies soil<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Propylene carbonate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Incineration, first mix it with a more flammable solvent<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Burns in the presence of oxygen<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Low toxicity to organisms<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Propylene glycol]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required, though it can be mixed with a flammable solvent and burned<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Generates carbon oxides and water vapor, as well as other toxic pyrolysis compounds<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Little toxic effect on aquatic wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Propylene glycol dinitrate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Photolysis; Hydrolysis with cold sodium hydroxide solution<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Violent detonation<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to organisms; nitrate source for plants<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Propylene oxide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Incineration; Hydrolysis<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Burns, giving off combustion gases<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic and dangerous for all wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Prussian blue]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Hydrogen peroxide, bleach<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| May give off carbon oxides and nitrogen gasses at high temperatures, as well as cyanide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Contact with strong acids may release hydrogen cyanide <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Pumice]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required; dump it in trash; mix it with concrete<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not useful<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes (powder or fine grains only, with plenty of water)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Low toxicity to organisms<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Purple acid]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dilution in water followed by addition of NaOH solution<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes to sulfuric acid, NOx<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not dump<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not dump<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Corrosive and toxic<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Pyranine]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not always required<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Breaks down to combustion gasses and soot<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Low toxicity to organisms<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Pyridine]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Incineration in a special incinerator; Oxidation with Fenton's reagent<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Gives off carbon oxides, water vapors, soot, amines and nitrogen<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Pyruvic acid]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Any base, carbonate, bicarbonate, alkaline-earth oxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Gives off carbon dioxide, water vapors and other side products<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Safe, can be used as nourishment by organisms; Important role in Krebs cycle<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Quinine]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dumped in trash, poured down the drain<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes, releasing carbon oxides, water vapors, soot, pyridine derivatives<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Low toxicity, though harmful for microorganisms<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Quinoline]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Incineration; Oxidation with Fenton's reagent<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Gives off carbon oxides, water vapors, soot, amines and nitrogen<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Raney nickel]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dissolved in acid, followed by recovery of nickel and aluminium<br>Taken to hazardous waste disposal centers<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Melts at 1455 °C<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[RDX]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Incineration, done outside; Oxidation with Fenton's reagent; Hot aqueous solution containing sodium hydroxide and sodium tetraborate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Ignites, gives off carbon oxides, nitrogen oxides, water vapors, soot<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not dump<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not dump<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Displays moderate toxicity to aquatic life; RDX can be degraded by the fungus Phanaerocheate chrysosporium<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Resiniferatoxin]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required at low concentrations; high concentrations may require an oxidizer, like bleach<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Generates irritant smoke, carbon dioxide, soot and water vapor<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Harmful for mammals at high concentrations, otherwise relative safe, biodegradable; Occurs naturally<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Resorcinol]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Mixed with a more flammable solvent and incinerated<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Generates smoke, carbon dioxide and water vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, but dilute it first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, but dilute it first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Relative safe, biodegradable; Occurs naturally in small amounts<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Rhodamine B]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not always required, any method will do<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes, releases combustion gasses, POCs and VOCs<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Unknown effects, doesn't appear to be harmful<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Ribitol]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yields carbon oxides, water vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Low toxicity<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Ricinoleic acid]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Incineration; Not always required<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Gives off carbon dioxide and water vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Low toxicity to environment in small amounts<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Rose's metal]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Recycling; Wastes should be taken to hazardous metal disposal centers <br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Melts at 95 °C<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| While bismuth and tin don't present great hazard to environment, lead does<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Rosocyanine]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Breaks down to carbon oxides and water vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Low toxicity to organisms<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Rubber]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Recycling; Taken to waste disposal centers; Dumped in trash<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes and ignites, releasing large amounts of black smoke, soot, VOCs<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Natural rubber has low toxicity and is biodegradable; Synthetic and vulcanized rubber do not easily break down in the environment and are harmful for nature<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Rubidium azide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Acidified sodium nitrite, nitrous acid; recycling of rubidium<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Detonates and gives off nitrogen gas<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Very toxic for wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Rubidium chloride]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Recycling; Taken to waste disposal centers<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not useful in any way<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, though best to recycle it<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dangerous to organisms in very high concentrations; Rubidium ions have similar toxicity to those of sodium and potassium<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Rubidium hydroxide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Neutralization with any acid, carbon dioxide; recycling;<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not useful; highly corrosive when hot to glass, most common metals<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, though best to recycle it<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, though best to recycle it<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dangerous to wildlife in short term (highly corrosive); Rubidium ions have similar toxicity to those of sodium and potassium<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Rubidium nitrate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Recycling; Taken to waste disposal centers<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes to rubidium nitrite above ~300 °C<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, though best to recycle it<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, though best to recycle it<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dangerous to organisms in very high concentrations; Rubidium ions have similar toxicity to those of sodium and potassium<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Rubidium nitrite]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Recycling; Taken to waste disposal centers<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes above 450 °C<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, though best to recycle it<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, though best to recycle it<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dangerous to organisms in very high concentrations; Rubidium ions have similar toxicity to those of sodium and potassium<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Safrole]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Incineration; Not always required<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Breaks down to combustion gasses, soot<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Low toxicity to wildlife, occurs naturally<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Salicylic acid]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not always required<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Breaks down to phenol; at higher temperatures gives off carbon oxides, water vapors, soot and VOCs<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Low toxicity to environment, occurs naturally<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Schweizer's reagent]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Any acid<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Breaks down to copper(I) oxide, gives off water vapors and ammonia<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Copper ions and ammonia are toxic to most animals, especially small ones; ammonia can be a source of nitrogen for plants<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Scopolamine]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Hydrolyzed and diluted; Can be destroyed using a strong oxidizing mixture for complete neutralization<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At very high temperatures decomposes to release carbon dioxide, water vapors, nitrogen, soot<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dilute first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Harmful and toxic to animals; occurs naturally<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[sec-Butanol|''sec''-Butanol]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Incineration, if no peroxides present; If peroxides are present, neutralize them with a reducing agent such as ferrous sulfate, sodium bisulfite or metabisulfite in excess, then incinerate; If the bottle has peroxides on the cap, do not open it, instead safely detonate it in a remote or special area<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Will burn to release carbon dioxide and water vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not dump<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not dump<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Poses toxicity to wildlife, water bodies<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Silicon carbide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Surface oxidation at high temperatures in oxygen; decomposes at its melting point<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not recommended, may clog the plumbing<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Inert, safe for the environment<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Silicon dioxide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At high temperatures results in melting; Can be used to indurate crystalline silica<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not recommended, may clog the plumbing<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Finely divided silica is dangerous for fauna<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Silver acetate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Photolysis; Reduction with a more reactive metal or a reducing agent like ascorbic acid; Recycling of silver<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Breaks down to metallic silver, water and carbon dioxide at high temperatures<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to wildlife; silver microparticles are harmful if ingested<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Silver acetylide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Addition of water, followed by careful addition of acid<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Detonates<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP!<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP!<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Silver particles may be harmful for wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Silver azide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Nitrous acid, ammonium acetate, sodium dichromate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Detonates, releasing silver particles and nitrogen gas<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Very toxic for wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Silver bromide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Photolysis; Reduction with a more reactive metal or a reducing agent like ascorbic acid; Recycling of silver<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Breaks down to metallic silver and bromine at high temperatures<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to wildlife; silver microparticles are harmful if ingested<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Silver carbonate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Photolysis; Reduction with a reducing agent like ascorbic acid or formaldehyde; Recycling of silver<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Breaks down to metallic silver, oxygen and carbon dioxide above 120 °C<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to wildlife in short term; silver microparticles are harmful if ingested<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Silver chlorate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Treatment with aq. NaOH to yield silver oxide, which is recycled; chlorate reduced to chloride with a reducing agent<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes if heated gently, detonates otherwise<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to wildlife; silver microparticles are harmful if ingested; chlorates are harmful for organisms<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Silver chloride]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Photolysis; Reduction with a more reactive metal or a reducing agent like ascorbic acid; Recycling of silver<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Breaks down to metallic silver and chlorine at high temperatures<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to wildlife; silver microparticles are harmful if ingested<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Silver(I) fluoride]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Reduction with a reducing agent like ascorbic acid or formaldehyde; Recycling of silver<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Melts above 435 °C<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to wildlife; silver microparticles are harmful if ingested<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Silver formate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Photolysis; Reduction with potassium thiocyanate or hydrochloric acid; Recycling of silver if possible<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Explodes, releasing carbon dioxide and silver powder<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Potentially harmful to wildlife in short term; silver microparticles are harmful if ingested<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Silver fulminate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Photolysis; Reduction with potassium thiocyanate or hydrochloric acid; Recycling of silver if possible<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Explodes, releasing oxygen, nitrogen, carbon oxides and silver powder<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to wildlife in short term; silver microparticles are harmful if ingested<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Silver iodide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Photolysis; Reduction with a more reactive metal or a reducing agent like ascorbic acid; Recycling of silver<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Melts and breaks down to metallic silver and iodine at high temperatures<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to wildlife; silver microparticles are harmful if ingested<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Silver nitrate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Photolysis; Reduction with a more reactive metal or a reducing agent like ascorbic acid; Recycling of silver<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Breaks down to metallic silver, oxygen and nitrogen dioxide at high temperatures<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to wildlife in short term; silver microparticles are harmful if ingested<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Silver nitrite]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Photolysis; Reduction with a more reactive metal or a reducing agent like ascorbic acid; Recycling of silver<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Breaks down to metallic silver, oxygen and nitrogen oxides at high temperatures<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to wildlife in short term; silver microparticles are harmful if ingested<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Silver oxalate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Photolysis; Reduction with potassium thiocyanate or hydrochloric acid; Recycling of silver if possible<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Explodes, releasing carbon dioxide and silver powder<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Potentially harmful to wildlife in short term; silver microparticles are harmful if ingested<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Silver oxide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Reduction with a more reactive metal or a reducing agent like ascorbic acid; Recycling of silver<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Breaks down to metallic silver and oxygen at high temperatures<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to wildlife; silver microparticles are harmful if ingested<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Silver perchlorate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Reduction with a more reactive metal or a reducing agent like ascorbic acid; Recycling of silver<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Breaks down to metallic silver, silver chloride, oxygen, chlorine at high temperatures<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to wildlife in short term; silver microparticles are harmful if ingested<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Silver permanganate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Reduction in aq. solution to silver metal and manganese oxide using a reducing agent, like ascorbic acid<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes to silver and manganese dioxide, may explode at high temperatures<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Manganese dioxide is toxic if ingested; silver particles may cause argyria<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Silver sulfate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Photolysis; Reduction with a more reactive metal or a reducing agent like ascorbic acid; Recycling of silver<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Breaks down to metallic silver, oxygen and/or sulfur dioxide/trioxide at high temperatures<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to wildlife; silver microparticles are harmful if ingested<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Slag]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Unnecessary<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not useful, already byproduct of high-temperature reactions<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Slag is harmful for environment, especially if heavy metals are present<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Smokeless powder]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Controlled incineration; dumping in soil<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Ignites<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, but in low amounts<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Somewhat good as a fertilizer, though expensive; Acts as a slow-release nitrogen source for plants<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Soap]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Poured down the drain<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes and burns at high temperatures, releasing lots of soot, carbon dioxide and water vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| High levels of sodium are toxic for plants; anionic surfactants are harmful for environment<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Sodium acetate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not always required<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Results in sodium carbonate and acetone at high temperatures, then carbon dioxide and water vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| High levels of sodium are toxic for plants<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Sodium acetylsalicylate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Pyrolysis; Not always required<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Gives off carbon dioxide, water vapors and soot<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sodium is toxic for plants<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Sodium aluminium hydride]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Neutralization with an alkali or carbonate solution; adding the compound in small bits in large volumes of water and alcohol<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes to release hydrogen<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Corrosive to organisms, will increase the aluminium concentration in soil or water<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Sodium amide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Cooled alcoholic solution with small amounts of a weak acid; addition of amide in small amounts<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Ignites in air<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Extremely harmful to environment in short term<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Sodium azide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sodium nitrite, nitrous acid<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Breaks down to sodium metal and gives off nitrogen gas<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Very toxic for wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Sodium benzoate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not always required<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| May give off benzene vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, but not in large quantities<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Too much sodium is harmful to plants; Reaction with certain compounds may release traces of benzene; otherwise safe, occurs naturally<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Sodium bicarbonate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Any acid or base; not generally required<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Converts to sodium carbonate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| No<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| High levels of sodium are toxic for plants<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Sodium bismuthate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Hydrolysis; neutralization with hydrogen peroxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Breaks down to its constituent oxides, both dry and as solution<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not dump<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not dump<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dangerous to organisms due to its strong oxidizing properties; high amounts of bismuth are toxic<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Sodium bisulfate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Any base, carbonate, bicarbonate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not useful<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not dump<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decreases the soil pH, high levels of sodium are toxic for plants<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Sodium bisulfite]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required; Bleach or hydrogen peroxide can be used if desired<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes to release sulfur dioxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, but not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| High levels of sodium are toxic for plants<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Sodium borohydride]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Neutralization with an alkali or carbonate solution; Slow addition in a large volume of water or alcohol<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes to release hydrogen<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Corrosive to organisms, will increase the boron concentration in soil or water<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Sodium bromate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Reduction with thiosulfate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes to sodium bromide and oxygen<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Neutralize first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| No<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to plants, suspected carcinogen<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Sodium bromide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| May give off bromine vapors in the presence of water at high temperatures<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Bromide ions pose little toxicity to wildlife in small amounts<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Sodium carbonate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Any acid; Not generally required<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not useful<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| No<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| High levels of sodium are toxic for plants<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Sodium chlorate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Reduction with metabisulfite, sulfite or bisulfite; a mixture of sulfuric acid and ferric ammonium sulfate can also be used<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Melts and disproportionates to sodium perchlorate and sodium chloride<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Small amounts can be dumped, as household bleach already contains a small percentage of chlorates, especially if it's old; Do not dump large quantities though<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| No<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to plants, was used as a weedkiller in the past<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Sodium chloride]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not useful<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| No<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| High levels of sodium are toxic for plants<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Sodium chlorite]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Reduction with metabisulfite, sulfite or bisulfite<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Melts and decomposes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Small amounts can be dumped; Do not dump large quantities though<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not dump<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to plants, animals, biocide<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Sodium chlorosulfonate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Slow and careful addition to crushed ice; addition of a base to neutralize the acid<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes releasing sulfur trioxide and chlorine<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Highly corrosive, toxic; excess sodium harmful for plants<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Sodium chromate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Reducing with a reducing agent, such as sodium metabisulfite, sulfite, bisulfite, ascorbic acid at acidic pH<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Breaks down, releasing oxygen<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Cr(VI) ions are carcinogenic and very toxic to organisms<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Sodium cyanide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Oxidation with hydrogen peroxide, bleach, sodium thiosulfate to less harmful compounds, continued by oxidation to carbon dioxide and nitrogen gas<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Melts and may oxidize in oxygen-rich atmosphere<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Highly toxic for all wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Sodium cyanoborohydride]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Neutralization of cyanide; Slow decomposition in a large volume of water or alcohol<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes to release HCN, hydrogen<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Cyanide is toxic to organisms, will increase the boron concentration in soil or water<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Sodium dichromate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Reducing with a reducing agent, such as sodium metabisulfite, sulfite, bisulfite, ascorbic acid at acidic pH<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Breaks down, releasing oxygen<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Cr(VI) ions are carcinogenic and very toxic to organisms<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Sodium dithionite]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dilution in water, followed by bleach or hydrogen peroxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Breaks down to sodium sulfate, sodium sulfite, sodium thiosulfate, sulfur dioxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Oxidation may ignite flammable materials<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Sodium dodecyl sulfate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Mixed with a flammable solvent and incinerated; Poured down the drain<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Gives off carbon oxides, water vapors, sulfur oxides<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Low environmental impact<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Sodium ethoxide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Slow addition to a large volume of water, best with small amounts of a carboxylic acid, such as acetic or citric acid<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Breaks down to release flammable gasses<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic and very corrosive to most organisms; Raises pH in water bodies<br>High levels of sodium are toxic for plants<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Sodium ferrate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Diluted organic solutions will reduce it to its constituent oxides<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Breaks down to its constituent oxides, both dry and as solution<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not recommended due to its sodium content<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dangerous to organisms due to its strong oxidizing properties<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Sodium fluoride]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Precipitate to calcium fluoride<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not useful<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not dump<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not dump<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dangerous to organisms, poisonous<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Sodium formate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Pyrolysis, best done in a kiln<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes to sodium oxalate, then carbonate, releasing carbon monoxide and water vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not recommended due to its sodium content<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| High levels of sodium are toxic to plants<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Sodium hexafluoroaluminate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Breaks down at high temperatures releasing aluminium fluoride, HF fumes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Relative safe to environment, harmful for insects and small animals; occurs naturally<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Sodium hexametaphosphate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required; can be dumped in trash<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Breaks down to sodium polyphosphates and sodium oxide, giving off phosphorus oxide fumes at high temperatures<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| No<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| High levels of sodium are toxic for plants<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Sodium hydrazide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Slow addition of ice cold alcohol, the compound must be kept under chilled ether<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Detonates in contact with air<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP!<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP!<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Explosive, flammable, hydrazide is extremely hazardous for the environment<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Sodium hydride]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Neutralization with a concentrated alkali or carbonate solution, alcohols, long chain alcohols are preferred; best performed in an open area<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes to release hydrogen at very high temperatures<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Corrosive to organisms, harmful to wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Sodium hydroxide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Any acid, carbon dioxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not useful<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not dump<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dangerous to wildlife in short term; toxic to plants due to sodium ions<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Sodium hypochlorite]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Any reducing agent, such as sodium metabisulfite, bisulfite, sulfite, thiosulfate; Hydrogen peroxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Disproportionates to sodium chlorate and sodium chloride, giving off chlorine<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Very toxic to organisms, especially aquatic ones; High levels of sodium are toxic for plants<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Sodium hypophosphite]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Diluted cooled hydrogen peroxide solution<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes to disodium phosphate and phosphine<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Harmful to organisms, especially aquatic ones<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Sodium iodide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| May release iodine vapors in the presence of water<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Low toxicity to wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Sodium metabisulfite]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Bleach<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Breaks down to release sulfur oxides<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| No<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to most fauna; High levels of sodium are toxic for plants<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Sodium methoxide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dissolution in a large volume of water slowly, best with small amounts of a carboxylic acid, such as acetic acid<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Breaks down to release flammable gasses<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic and very corrosive to most organisms; Raises pH in water bodies<br>High levels of sodium are toxic for plants<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Sodium methyl sulfate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Addition in large amounts of water, followed by addition of aq. alkali<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes to dimethyl sulfate, DO NOT<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Corrosive and toxic<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Sodium molybdate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes to molybdenum oxides and sodium hydroxide/oxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, but dilute first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, but dilute first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Used as fertilizer<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Sodium nitrate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not always required; Ammonium sulfate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not useful; may convert to sodium nitrite<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| No<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| While it is a good source of nitrogen for plants, high levels of sodium are generally undesired in soils<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Sodium nitrite]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Oxidation with sodium percarbonate, oxygen, ozone to nitrate; Thermal decomposition followed by conversion to sodium carbonate or sulfate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes to form sodium oxide/hydroxide and releases nitrogen oxides fumes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, but not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| No<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Unlike nitrates, nitrites are poor source of nitrogen for plants; High levels of sodium are generally undesired in soils; Nitrites are toxic for most animals<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Sodium nitroprusside]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required for small amounts, dumped in trash. Bleach can be used to neutralize the compound<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Breaks down to iron and potassium nitrides/oxides, releasing cyanide, carbon monoxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, but small amounts<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, but small amounts<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Low toxicity to organisms<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Sodium orotate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Pyrolysis; diluted and poured down the drain<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes on heating to release carbon oxides and various organic compounds<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, if diluted<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, if diluted<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| May pose a threat to wildlife in large amounts due to its sodium content<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Sodium oxalate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Pyrolysis; poured down the drain<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes on heating to release carbon monoxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, if diluted<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, if diluted<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| May pose a threat to wildlife in large amounts since it's a sodium salt; Occurs naturally as mineral<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Sodium oxide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Slow addition to diluted solution of phosphoric acid<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not useful<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Corrosive and toxic for wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Sodium perborate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| A reducing agent like sodium thiosulfate or sulfite; Generally not required though<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes to release water vapors and oxygen, leaving behind sodium borate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| No<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Hydrogen peroxide in harmful for organisms; High levels of sodium and boron are toxic for plants<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Sodium percarbonate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Any acid; Iron(III) oxide or manganese dioxide can also be added for complete neutralization; Generally not required though<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes to release water vapors and oxygen, leaving behind sodium carbonate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| No<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Hydrogen peroxide in harmful for organisms; High levels of sodium are toxic for plants<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Sodium perchlorate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Reduction with metallic iron under UV light in the absence of air<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Burns in a mixture with flammable materials<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Sodium permanganate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Hydrogen peroxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes to manganese dioxide and sodium oxide/hydroxide at high temperatures<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| The resulting manganese dioxide from the decomposition can be toxic if ingested by animals<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Sodium peroxide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Any acid and manganese dioxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not useful<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Corrosive and toxic for wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Sodium persulfate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Pyrolysis, various reducing agents<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Neutralize first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Neutralize first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Strong oxidizer, harmful for wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Sodium pyrosulfate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Hydrolyzes in water to sulfuric acid; addition of a base to neutralize the acid<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes releasing sulfur trioxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dilute first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dilute first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Oxidizer, harmful; excess sodium harmful for plants<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Sodium silicate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Any acid<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not useful<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Only in places without plant or animal life (construction sites, quarries, etc.) <br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sodium ions are toxic to plant roots<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Sodium sulfate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not useful<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| No<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| High levels of sodium are toxic for plants<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Sodium sulfide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Hydrogen peroxide, bleach<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| May give off hydrogen sulfide in the presence of water at high temperatures<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Sodium sulfite]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required; Bleach can be used if desired<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes to release sulfur dioxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, but not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| High levels of sodium are toxic for plants<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Sodium thiosulfate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Bleach<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Gives off sulfur oxide gasses<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, but not in large quantities<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Breaks down rapidly in the environment due to air and microorganisms, yielding sulfides and sulfates.<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Sodium triacetoxyborohydride]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Slow decomposition in a large volume of water or alcohol<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes to release acetic acid, hydrogen<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Harmful, will increase the boron concentration in soil or water<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Solochrome cyanine R]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dilute it first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dilute it first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Unknown effects on the environemnt<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Sorbic acid]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not needed<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Melts; Decomposes releasing carbon dioxide and water vapor at high temperatures<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Safe, nourishment for organisms, though harmful for bacteria<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Sorbitol]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Melts; Releases carbon dioxide and water vapor at high temperatures<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Cannot be digested by most organisms, but has no dangerous effects on wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Stainless steel]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Recycling; Traces of stainless steel waste don't require chemical neutralization as SS is sufficiently inert that it can't do any significant damage to the environment. If magnetic, a magnet can be used to scoop all the pieces<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not useful; melts above 1500 °C<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Stainless steel alloys contain chromium which will slowly leak in the environment and may increase the level of chromium in the environment; Some SS alloys may have nickel which is harmful to the environment<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Starch]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Any disposal method<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes to release carbon oxides, water vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Safe, biodegradable; Nourishment for almost all organisms<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Steel]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Recycling; Steel waste don't require chemical neutralization as it's mostly iron which has low environmental impact. Since it's magnetic, a magnet can be used to scoop all steel leftovers<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not useful; melts above 1300 °C<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Some steel alloys contain nickel which will leak in the environment which is harmful to the environment<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Strontium carbonate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Any acid; Not required; Can be safely dumped in trash<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Breaks down to strontium oxide and carbon dioxide at high temperatures; reverts as it cools<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Strontium has little effect on environment<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Strontium chloride]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required; Any soluble carbonate or sulfate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not useful; May release some HCl fumes if wet<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Chloride ions may be harmful to plants<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Strontium nitrate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required; May be converted to strontium sulfate or just dumped in soil<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Breaks down to strontium oxide, oxygen and nitrogen dioxide at high temperatures<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Strontium has little effect on environment<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Strontium oxide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Lots of water; any diluted acid<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not useful<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Neutralize first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Neutralize first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Will burn grass on contact; strontium has little effect on environment<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Strontium sulfate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes to strontium oxide at very high temperatures<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, with lots and lots of water<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Low environmental impact, occurs naturally<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Strychnine]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Destruction with a strong oxidizer, like conc. bleach; May not be required for small amounts<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes releasing carbon oxides, nitrogen gas, water vapors and soot<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, small amounts, strongly diluted<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, small amounts, strongly diluted<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Extremely toxic to small animals; occurs naturally<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Styphnic acid]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Careful and controlled destruction using an oxidizing solution; bubbling chlorine in a dil. acidified solution<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| May explode<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Extremely toxic to all organisms; metal salts are sensitive explosives<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Styrene]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Oxidation with [[Fenton's reagent]]; Incineration with afterburner incinerators<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Generates dangerous combustion products<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Avoid releasing in environment, toxic, carcinogen<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Succinic acid]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not always required, can be dumped in trash<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes releasing acrid smoke, carbon oxides, water vapors and soot<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Source of food for some organisms<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Succinonitrile]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Careful addition to bleach; Dissolved in a flammable solvent and incinerated<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes releasing cyanide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Degradation releases free cyanide, which is extremely toxic to organisms<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Sucrose]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not always required<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Turns into caramel if gently heated and soot at high temperatures<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Source of food for many small animals<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Sulfamic acid]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Aqueous solution of NaOH, slow addition; poured down the drain after neutralization<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Above 205 °C decomposes to water, sulfur trioxide, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, though preferably neutralized first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Harmful and corrosive for environment<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Sulfanilamide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required, small amounts can be poured down the drain or trash<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes releasing carbon and sulfur oxides, nitrogen gas and soot<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, small amounts<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not dump<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to microbial life and harmful to aquatic bodies<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Sulfanilic acid]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Neutralization with a base; Destruction with an oxidizing agent, may not be required for small amounts<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes releasing carbon and sulfur oxides, nitrogen gas and soot<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, small amounts<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not dump<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Harmful to organisms and aquatic bodies<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Sulfolane]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Mixed with a more flammable solvent, followed by incineration; Oxidation with Fenton's reagent if it has too much water<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Results in carbon oxides, water vapors and sulfur dioxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Environmental effects unclear<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Sulfur dichloride]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Any base, carbonate, bicarbonate, best as aqueous solution/suspension<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Boils off<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Extremely corrosive and toxic to all organisms<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Sulfur dioxide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Any base, bleach (solution); hydrogen sulfide, ammonia (gaseous)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not useful<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not possible (gas)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not possible (gas)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Contributes to acid rain<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Sulfur trioxide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dry calcium carbonate; ammonia<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not useful<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Deadly and extremely corrosive to all life; contact with moist air produces sulfuric acid mist; contributes to acid rain<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Sulfur hexafluoride]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| May lead to sulfur dioxides and fluorine at very high temperatures<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not possible<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Strong greenhouse effect<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Sulfuric acid]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Any base, carbonate, bicarbonate;<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not useful<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Only if it's followed by large amounts of water; Though best to neutralize it first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Corrosive and deadly to wildlife; Lowers soil pH; Corrosive to rocks<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Sulfuryl chloride]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Any base, carbonate, bicarbonate;<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not useful<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Neutralize it first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Neutralize it first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Corrosive and deadly to all wildlife; Lowers soil pH; Corrosive to rocks, soil<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Tagatose]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required; can be disposed in any way<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Will decompose to caramel and carbon if heated too long<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Non-toxic to environment, nourishment for many organisms<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Tannerite]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| '''VERY controlled''' incineration<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Burns, almost never detonates<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP!<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP!<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| While ammonium nitrate is a good nitrogen source for plants, the aluminium and other impurities present are generally harmful for wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Tartaric acid]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required; can be disposed in anyway<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes, releasing combustion gasses, carbon oxides, water vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Safe, low toxicity; occurs naturally in fruits in large concentrations<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Tartrazine]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Strong dilution in lots of water an poured down the drain; Oxidation with Fenton's reagent, chromic acid<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Generates carbon oxides, water vapor, soot and nitrogen vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Strong dilution<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Strong dilution<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not suspected to be bioaccumulative<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[TATB]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Incineration in a kiln; Oxidation with Fenton's reagent<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Burns and decomposes to release combustion gases and soot<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to the environment, though limited data is available<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Terbium(III) oxide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Unnecessary, simply dump in trash<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Releases absorbed water or carbon dioxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Unnecessary<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Effects unknown, may stimulate plant growth<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Terbium acetate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| No required, simply dump in trash or recycle<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Breaks down at high temperatures to release carbon oxides<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Effects unknown<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Terbium sulfate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| No required, simply dump in trash<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Breaks down at high temperatures to release sulfur oxides<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Effects unknown<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[tert-Amyl alcohol|''tert''-Amyl alcohol]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Incineration, oxidation with Fenton's reagent, strongly diluted and poured down the drain<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Will burn to release carbon dioxide and water vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dilute first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dilute first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Poses moderate toxicity to wildlife, water bodies<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[tert-Butanol|''tert''-Butanol]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Incineration, oxidation with Fenton's reagent, strongly diluted and poured down the drain<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Will burn to release carbon dioxide and water vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dilute first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dilute first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Poses moderate toxicity to wildlife, water bodies<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[tert-Butyl chloride|''tert''-Butyl chloride]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Incineration, oxidation with Fenton's reagent; hydrolysis, followed by dilution, then poured down the drain<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Will burn to release carbon dioxide, water vapors and HCl fumes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dilute to hydrolyze first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dilute to hydrolyze first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Poses moderate toxicity to wildlife, water bodies<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Tetraamine copper(II) complex]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Pyrolysis; any acid<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Gives off water vapors and ammonia, leaving copper oxide behind<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, unless there's copper or brass plumbing<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| No<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Copper ions pose toxicity to most organisms<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Tetraaminecopper(II) persulphate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Controlled detonation; Any acid<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Detonation, releasing ammonia, sulfur dioxide copper oxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not dump<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not dump<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Copper ions are toxic to small animals<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Tetrabutyltin]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Addition of diluted mineral acid; Addition of aq. NaOH to hydrolyze butyl derivates to butanol; Separation of compounds, incineration of butanol; Tin waste can be dumped in trash or taken to disposal centers<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes above 265 °C, may ignite in open air above 107 °C in the presence of a flame<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Tin compounds are known to be harmful<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Tetrachlorocupric acid]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Any base, carbonate, bicarbonate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Gives off hydrochloric acid fumes, leaving copper oxide behind<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Corrosive and toxic for wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Tetrahydrofuran]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Incineration (no peroxides); Adding excess ferrous sulfate, sodium bisulfite or metabisulfite to neutralize the peroxides, followed by incineration; If the bottle has peroxides on the cap, do not open it, instead safely detonate it in a remote or special area<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Burns, giving off combustion gasses<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic and dangerous for wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Tetralin]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Mixed with a more flammable solvent and incinerated<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Ignites at high temperatures and generates carbon oxides, water vapors, carbon monoxide, soot, VOCs<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Harmful to wildlife and water bodies<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Tetranitroglycoluril]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Incineration, done outside<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Ignites, gives off carbon oxides, nitrogen oxides, water vapors, soot<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not dump<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not dump<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Little information about its environmental impact<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Tetryl]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Incineration, done outside; Controlled oxidation with Fenton's reagent<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Ignites, gives off carbon oxides, nitrogen oxides, water vapors, soot<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Displays moderate toxicity to aquatic life<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Thioglycolic acid]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Hydrogen peroxide, bleach; poured down the drain<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes to release sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Neutralize it with bleach or hydrogen peroxide first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Harmful to organisms due to its ability to weaken S-S bonds in various tissues<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Thionyl chloride]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Any base, carbonate, bicarbonate;<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not useful; Decomposes to release sulfur dioxide and chlorine<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| NO! Neutralize it first!<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| NO! Neutralize it first!<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Corrosive and deadly to all wildlife; Lowers soil pH; Corrosive to rocks, soil<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Thiophene]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Oxidation with an oxidizing solution, such as Fenton's reagent, piranha solution or chromic acid<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Generates carbon oxides, water vapor, sulfur oxides, soot, sulfur<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Harmful to wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Thiourea]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Oxidation with an oxidizing solution, such as Fenton's reagent, piranha solution or chromic acid<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Generates carbon oxides, water vapor, sulfur oxides, soot and nitrogen<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Harmful to wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Thiourea dioxide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Pyrolysis, preferably in an oxidizing atmosphere; strong dilution and poured down the drain<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Generates carbon oxides, sulfur oxides, water vapors and nitrogen<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Harmful to wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Threitol]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yields carbon oxides, water vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Low toxicity to environment<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Thymol blue]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Destroyed with an oxidizing mixture; Diluted and poured down the drain<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes giving off carbon oxides, sulfur oxides, nitrogen, water, soot, VOCs<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, but not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, but not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| May be harmful to microorganisms, fauna and water bodies<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Tin(II) chloride]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Excess base, carbonate, bicarbonate; Should be taken to waste disposal centers<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Gives off hydrochloric acid fumes in the presence of moisture<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Corrosive and toxic to wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Tin(IV) chloride]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Any base, carbonate, bicarbonate; Should be taken to waste disposal centers<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Gives off hydrochloric acid fumes in moist air<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Corrosive and toxic to wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Titan yellow]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Destroyed with an oxidizing mixture; Diluted and poured down the drain<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes giving off carbon oxides, sulfur oxides, nitrogen, water, soot, VOCs<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, but not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, but not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| May be harmful to microorganisms, fauna and water bodies<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Titanium dioxide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required; Can be dumped in trash<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not useful; Fuses in the presence of alkaline and alkaline-earth oxides and hydroxides to titanates<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, but not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, but not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| May lead to staining water bodies and soil in a white color<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Titanium nitrate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dissolving it in water, followed by precipitation of titanium dioxide by adding an alkali<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes releasing nitrogen dioxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Potentially harmful; Nitrates may serve as nourishment for plants; Titanium compounds show moderate toxicity<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Titanium nitride]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required; Can be dumped in trash<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not useful; May react with alkaline and alkaline-earth oxides and hydroxides to titanates<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, but not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, but not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| May lead to staining, irritant, abrasive<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Titanium(IV) chloride]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| CAREFUL addition to a diluted aqueous alkaline solution<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not useful; boils and hydrolyzes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Corrosive and harmful to all organisms<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Toluene]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Oxidation with Fenton's reagent; Incineration, best done with an afterburner<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Flammable, burns in air to release carbon oxides, water vapors, soot, VOCs<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to wildlife and very dangerous to aquatic life, as well as soil<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Triaminoguanidine]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Oxidation with Fenton's reagent or piranha solution<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Generates carbon oxides, water vapor, soot and nitrogen vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Considered to be harmful, but little is known about its toxicity<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Trichloroacetic acid]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Neutralization and dehalogenation with excess sodium hydroxide; Reduction with metallic powders to acetic acid<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Evaporates and burns at high temperatures, releasing toxic fumes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic and corrosive to most wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Trichloroethylene]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sodium hydroxide; Oxidation with Fenton's reagent<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not useful<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Trichloroisocyanuric acid]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sodium thiosulfate, sulfite, bisulfite, metabisulfite<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Breaks down to release chlorine<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Triethanolamine]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Mixed with a more flammable solvent and incinerated<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yields carbon oxides, water vapor at high temperatures<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Strongly diluted<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to organisms, dangerous to aquatic and soil life<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Triethyl borate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Incineration; Hydrolysis with water<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Burns in air<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Effects unknown to environment<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Triethyl citrate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Diluted with another solvent, followed by incineration<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Burns in air, releasing carbon dioxide, water vapors, soot and acrid fumes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, but not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, but not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Low toxicity to organisms, may harm water bodies<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Triethylamine]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Diluted with another solvent, followed by incineration; Neutralization with an acid and destroyed via oxidation<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Burns in air<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to most lifeforms, dangerous to water bodies<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Trifluoroacetic acid]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Bicarbonates, carbonates, bases, oxides<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Boils off<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Neutralize first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Corrosive and poisonous to organisms; does not readily degrade in environment, but does not bioaccumulate <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Trimethyl borate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Incineration; Hydrolysis with water<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Burns in air<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Effects unknown to environment<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Trimethyl phosphate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Hydrolysis with sodium hydroxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes and may ignite at high temperatures, releasing carbon and phopshorus oxides<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Effects unknown to environment<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Trimethylamine]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Incineration<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Burns in air, giving off carbon dioxide, nitrogen and water vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Amines can be source of nitrogen for plants, but may be harmful to fauna and water bodies<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Trimethylphosphine]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Incineration<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Burns in air releasing carbon and phosphorus oxides<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Extremely toxic to organisms; Other environmental effects unknown<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Trinitroaniline]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Strong dilution, followed by addition of dil. NaOH; Oxidation with Fenton's reagent<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Burns and decomposes to release combustion gasses and soot, may explode<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Extremely toxic to the environment, especially for animals<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Trinitrophloroglucinol]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Careful and controlled destruction using an oxidizing solution<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| May explode<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Extremely toxic to all organisms<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Trinitrotoluene]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Oxidation with Fenton's reagent<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Burns and decomposes to release combustion gasses and soot<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Extremely toxic to the environment, especially for animals<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Triphenylmethanol]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dissolved in a more flammable solvent and incinerated<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Flammable, gives off carbon dioxide, PAHs, soot and water vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Potentially harmful for wildlife and aquatic life in large concentrations<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Triphenylphosphine]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Incineration<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Burns in air releasing carbon and phosphorus oxides<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Effects unknown to environment<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Tris(ethylenediamine)nickel perchlorate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Safe detonation; Residual perchlorates can be destroyed by adding metallic iron under UV light, in the absence of air.<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Detonates<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not dump<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not dump<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Nickel and perchlorates are toxic to environment<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Tungsten carbide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required; can be dumped in trash or taken to waste disposal centers<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not useful (refractory)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes (if pure); No (if it contains cobalt)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to the environment if it contains cobalt <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Urea]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Generates carbon oxides, nitrogen fumes; May corrode metal container, if done in one<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| OH YES<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| May cause uncontrolled algae growth in water bodies<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Urea nitrate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Cooled basic solution (NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub>)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes when burned; May explode if heated at high temperatures<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| OH YES!<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Safe, good fertilizer; May cause uncontrolled algae growth in water bodies<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Urea peroxide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Water, iron(III) oxide, manganese dioxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes when heated to high temperatures, releasing water vapor<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, though not recommended in large quantities<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Irritant and corrosive to large organisms, kills small organisms<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Vanadium pentoxide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required; should be taken to disposal facilities<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not useful; Turns into oxides of lower states at high temperatures<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Vanadium ions pose toxicity for wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Violuric acid]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required; and oxidizing mixture may be used to oxidize it completely if desired<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes above 250 °C to release carbon dioxide, water vapors and soot<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dilute first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dilute first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| There is little data available for its environmental effects, doesn't appear to be toxic<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Warfarin]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Strong dilution in lots of water an poured down the drain; Oxidation with Fenton's reagent, chromic acid<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Generates carbon oxides, water vapor, soot and nitrogen vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Strong dilution<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Strong dilution<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Lethal to small animals and toxic to larger ones in small amounts; Not suspected to be bioaccumulative<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Water]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Leads to steam<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| YES<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| YES<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| It's...water<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Whistle mix]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dissolution in water; Reduction with sodium thiosulfate, sulfite, metabisulfite<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Detonates<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Potassium chlorate is a potent herbicide<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Wood]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Incineration; Dumping in trash<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Will burn if ignited, releasing carbon oxides, water vapors and soot<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not dump<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not dump uncomposted<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Uncomposted wood is harmful for environment, especially sawdust<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Wood's metal]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Recycling; Wastes should be taken to hazardous metal disposal centers <br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Melts at 70 °C and gives off harmful cadmium fumes at high temperatures<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| While bismuth and tin don't present great hazard to environment, lead and cadmium do<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Xanthan gum]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Pyrolysis gives foul smelling compounds<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Safe, biodegradable; nourishment for many organisms<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Xanthatin]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Burns at high temperatures, releasing carbon dioxide, water and soot<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, but dilute first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, but dilute first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Safe, biodegradable<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Xylene]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Oxidation with Fenton's reagent; Incineration, best with an afterburner<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Burns in air, to release combustion gasses, soot and VOCs<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to wildlife and hazardous to water bodies<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Xylitol]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Melts when heated; not useful<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Cannot be digested by most lifeforms, otherwise little to no toxicity to most organisms; It is however known to be fatal to dogs and some birds<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Xylitol pentanitrate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Cooled aqueous solution of excess sodium hydroxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Detonates at temperatures > 160 °C<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| In small amounts<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dangerous to animals due to its vasodilator effects; harmless to plants, nitrogen source for plant life<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Ytterbium(III) oxide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Unnecessary, simply dump in trash; recycle<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Releases absorbed water or carbon dioxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not dump<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not dump<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Effects unknown, may be toxic<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Yttrium(III) oxide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Unnecessary, simply dump in trash; recycle<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Releases absorbed water or carbon dioxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not dump<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not dump<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Effects unknown, may be toxic<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Zamak]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Recycling; Traces of zamak waste can be dissolved with nitric acid, followed by neutralization of leftover acid, recovering copper and zinc via electrowinning <br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not useful; melts above 380 °C and may fume<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Low quality zamak may contain lead or cadmium which are harmful to the environment<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Zeolite]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Calcinates at high temperatures<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, but not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Unless contaminated with hazardous compounds, it poses little danger to environment<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Zinc acetate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Breaks down to zinc oxide, carbon oxides, water, acetone, acetic anhydride (?) at high temperatures<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Unless contaminated, good source of zinc for plants, though a bit too acidic; may lower soil pH<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Zinc carbonate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Breaks down to zinc oxide and carbon oxide at high temperatures<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Unless contaminated, good source of zinc for plants, though a bit too alkaline<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Zinc chloride]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Any base, carbonate, bicarbonate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Gives off hydrochloric acid fumes if moist<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Neutralize first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Neutralize first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Chlorides are dangerous for chloride-sensitive plants in large quantities<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Zinc chromate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Reducing with a reducing agent, such as sodium metabisulfite, sulfite, bisulfite, ascorbic acid<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not very useful<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Cr(VI) is toxic for wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Zinc nitrate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sodium, potassium or ammonium carbonate/bicarbonate to precipitate zinc carbonate which is inert; recovery of alkali nitrates, dilution of zinc carbonate and poured down the drain<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes to zinc oxide, releasing nitrogen dioxide and oxigen<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, but not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dilute it strongly<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| May pose a threat to aquatic life in large quantities; may cause unwanted algal bloom; source of zinc and nitrogen to plants<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Zinc oxide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required; Weak acids can be used to dissolve zinc oxide stains to soluble zinc compounds<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Turns the oxide yellow at high temperatures; process is reversible<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, but not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| May pose a threat to aquatic life in large quantities<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Zinc perchlorate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Precipitation with a soluble hydroxide; Reduction of perchlorate to chloride<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Gives off chlorine oxide fumes, leaving behind zinc oxide slag; may decompose violently if organic contaminant present<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP!<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP!<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Perchlorates are toxic to wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Zinc peroxide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Hydrolysis with water; Any acid<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| May explode at over 212 °C<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Best to neutralize it first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| No<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Peroxides are deadly to small animals<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Zinc phosphate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not useful<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| No<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Source of zinc and phosphorus for wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Zinc sulfate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not always required; Zinc metal can be recovered through electrowinning and the diluted sulfuric acid neutralized with a base<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not useful<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Unless contaminated, is a good source of zinc for plants<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Zinc sulfide]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Hydrogen peroxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| May give off hydrogen sulfide in the presence of water at high temperatures<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| DO NOT DUMP<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toxic to wildlife<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Zingiberene]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not required<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Burns at high temperatures, releasing carbon dioxide, water and soot<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, but dilute first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yes, but dilute first<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Safe, biodegradable<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Zirconium nitrate]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dissolving it in water, followed by precipitation of zirconium dioxide by adding an alkali<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes releasing nitrogen dioxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Not recommended<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Potentially harmful; Nitrates may serve as nourishment for plants; Zirconium displays moderate toxicity<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Zirconyl chloride]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Precipitate to zirconium oxide; recycle<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decomposes releasing HCl and water vapors<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not dump<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Do not dump<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Unknown effects<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
===Relevant Sciencemadness threads===<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=21995 Lab Waste Disposal]<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=5938 Waste disposal]<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=22411 Safe disposal/handling of lead in a domestic setting]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Lab safety]]<br />
[[Category:How-to]]<br />
[[Category:Practices]]<br />
[[Category:Data tables]]</div>
Mabus
https://www.sciencemadness.org/smwiki/index.php?title=Density&diff=15637
Density
2024-03-13T20:07:35Z
<p>Mabus: /* Common densities */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Stub}}<br />
The term '''density''' is the mass of a substance per unit volume. The symbol most often used for density is '''ρ''', and sometimes the letter '''D''' can also be used. Mathematically, density is defined as mass divided by volume:<br />
:ρ = m/V<br />
Where ''m'' = mass of the substance, ''V'' = volume.<br />
<br />
Density is measured in g/cm<sup>3</sup> or kg/m<sup>3</sup>.<br />
<br />
The density of a substance is influenced by a variety of factors, such as pressure or temperature. They have little influence for most solid materials, but there's a significant effect on the density of solids and fluids.<br />
<br />
Density is calculated depending on the type of material:<br />
*Homogeneous materials: The density at all regions of a homogeneous object equals its total mass divided by its total volume.<br />
*Heterogeneous materials: The density varies between different regions of the object. The density of heterogeneous materials is calculated by determining the densities of many small volumes around various locations of the said material.<br />
*Non-compact materials: Materials such as flakes, pellets, granules or powders contain voids, such as air, water or other fluids. The density of such materials is determined by multiple methods, such as [[pycnometer]] method or mathematical expressions for various geometric shapes.<br />
<br />
==List of densities==<br />
===Common densities===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!Material<br />
!Density (kg/m<sup>3</sup>)<br />
!Notes<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Hydrogen<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 0.08988<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 0 °C and 101.325 kPa<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Helium<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 0.146<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 300 K and 101.325 kPa<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Aerographite<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 0.2<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| The air inside is excluded<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Ammonia (gas)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 0.73<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 1.013 bar at 15 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Neon (gas)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 0.9<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 0 °C and 101.325 kPa<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Metallic microlattice<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 0.9<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| The air inside is excluded<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Aerogel<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1.0<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| The air inside is excluded<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Ethane (gas)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1.0493<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 0 °C and 101.325 kPa<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Acetylene (gas)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1.106<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 15 °C<ref>http://www.megs.ca/MSDS/Pdf/Acetylene.PDF</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Diborane (gas)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1.131<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Carbon monoxide (gas)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1.145<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 25 °C, 1 atm<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Ethylene (gas)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1.178<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 15 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Nitrogen (gas)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1.251<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 0 °C and 101.325 kPa<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Air<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1.29<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 0 °C and 101.325 kPa<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Oxygen (gas)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1.308<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 300 K (27 °C)<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Nitric oxide (gas)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1.3402<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At standard conditions<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Nitrosyl chloride (gas)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1.36<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At -5.7 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Hydrogen sulfide (gas)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1.363<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At standard conditions<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Phosphine (gas)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1.379<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 25 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Methylamine (gas)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1.4<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At atmospheric pressure<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Ethylamine (gas)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1.61<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Hydrogen chloride (gas)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1.693<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At standard conditions<ref>O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p. 857</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Fluorine (gas)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1.696<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 0 °C and 101.325 kPa<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dinitrogen trioxide (gas)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1.783<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Argon (gas)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1.784<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 0 °C and 101.325 kPa<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Nitrous oxide (gas)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1.8724<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 15 °C and 1.013 bar<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Carbon dioxide (gas)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1.977<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 1 atm and 0 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Carbon dioxide (gas)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1.977<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 1 atm and 0 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Propane (gas)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2.0098<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 0 °C, 101.3 kPa<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dimethyl ether (gas)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2.1146<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 1 atm and 0 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Ozone (gas)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2.144<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 0 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Chloromethane (gas)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2.3065<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 0 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Cyanogen<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2.321<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 0 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Butane (gas)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2.489<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| n-Butane, at 20 °C and 1.013 bar<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sulfur dioxide (gas)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2.619<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At standard conditions<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Chlorine dioxide (gas)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2.757<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Hydrogen iodide (gas)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2.85<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At −47 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Chlorine (gas)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 3.2<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 0 °C and 101.325 kPa<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Krypton (gas)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 3.749<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 0 °C and 101.325 kPa<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Phosgene (gas)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 4.248<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 15 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Xenon (gas)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 5.894<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 0 °C and 101.325 kPa<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sulfur hexafluoride (gas)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 6.164<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 1 bar and 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Radon (gas)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 9.73<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 0 °C and 101.325 kPa<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Tungsten hexafluoride (gas)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 12.4<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Standard conditions<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Freon 12 (gas)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 36.83<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Standard conditions<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Hydrogen (liquid)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 70<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At –255 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Styrofoam<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 75<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Average type of styrofoam<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Hydrogen (slush)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 85<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At -259 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Hydrogen (solid)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 86<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At <−259.14 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Helium (liquid)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 147<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 4 K<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Balsa<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 200<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Average density<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Cork<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 240<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Average type of cork<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Pumice<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 250<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Average density<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Alfalfa (ground)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 256<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>http://www.simetric.co.uk/si_materials.htm</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Diatomaceous earth (powdered)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 256<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At standard conditions<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Pine<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 373<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Asbestos fibers<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 400<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Grain (oat)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 410<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Methane (liquid)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 422.62<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 111.5 K<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Ethane (liquid)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 446<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 0 °C and 101.325 kPa<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Lithium hypochlorite<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 531<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Lithium<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 535<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Corn starch (loosely packed)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 540<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Negligible moisture<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Grain (rice, rough)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 580<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Propane (liquid)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 590<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At -50 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Grain (barley)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 620<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Pentane<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 626.2<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| n-Pentane, at 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Corn starch (tightly packed)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 630<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Negligible moisture<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Grain (millet)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 640<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Hexane<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 659<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| n-Hexane, at 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Methylamine (liquid)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 662.4<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 25 °C<ref>Gerhartz, W. (exec ed.). Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 5th ed.Vol A1: Deerfield Beach, FL: VCH Publishers, 1985 to Present., p. VA16: 536 (1990)</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Lithium borohydride<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 666<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Trimethylamine (liquid)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 670<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 0 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dimethylamine (liquid)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 680.4<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 0 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Ammonia (liquid)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 681.9<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At boiling point<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Heptane<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 683.8<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| n-Heptane, at 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Hydrogen cyanide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 687<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Ethylamine<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 688<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 15 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Isopropylamine<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 689.1<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 691.94<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20°C<ref>Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs and Biologicals. Rahway, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1989., p. 817</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Acetylene (liquid)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 693<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At atmospheric pressure<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Wood<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 700<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Seasoned, typical<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Octane<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 703<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| n-octane, at 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Oak<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 710<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Quercus robur timber<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Diethyl ether<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 713.4<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Nonane<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 718<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| n-nonane, at 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Grain (rye)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 720<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Grain (corn, shelled)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 720<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Aluminium silicate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 721<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Diisopropyl ether<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 725.8<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Triethylamine<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 727.5<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decane<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 730<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| n-decane, at 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dimethyl ether (liquid)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 735<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At -25 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Trimethylphosphine<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 738<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Methyl tert-butyl ether<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 740.5<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Grain (rice, hulled)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 750<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Alum (pulverized)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 753<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Di-tert-butyl ether<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 764.2<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<ref>Navolokina, R. A.; Zil'berman, E. N.; Journal of Organic Chemistry USSR (English Translation); (1980); p. 1382 -1386; Zhurnal Organicheskoi Khimii; vol. 16; Issue 8; (1980); p. 1629 - 1633</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dibutyl ether<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 768.27<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<ref>Alonso, Victor; Gonzalez, Juan Antonio; Garcia De La Fuente, Isaias; Cobos, Jose Carlos; Thermochimica Acta; vol. 543; (2012); p. 246 - 253</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Grain (flax)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 770<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Grain (wheat)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 770<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| RP-1<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 773<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 25 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Cyclohexane<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 778.1<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| ''tert''-Butanol<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 778.6<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Solid, at 20°C<ref>Haynes, W.M. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 94th Edition. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton: FL 2013-2014, p. 3-392</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Lithium hydride<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 780<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL)</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 783<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 25°C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Acetonitrile<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 786<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Anhydrous, at 25 °C<ref>http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/sial/271004</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Isopropanol<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 786<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Anhydrous, at 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Carbon monoxide (liquid)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 789<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At boiling point<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Ethanol<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 789<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Anhydrous, at 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Acetone<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 790<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Anhydrous<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Methanol<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 791.5<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Anhydrous, at 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Diesel<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 800<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At standard conditions<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Ethanol 96%<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 801.38<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<ref>http://www.handymath.com/cgi-bin/ethanolwater3.cgi?submit=Entry</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Isobutanol<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 802<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Anhydrous, at 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Gasoline<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 803<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Average type, standard conditions<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Propanol<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 805.3<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| n-Propanol, at 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Methyl ethyl ketone<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 806<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Anhydrous, at 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| ''sec''-Butanol<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 806.3<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Anhydrous, at 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Nitrogen (liquid)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 808<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At boiling point<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| ''tert''-Amyl alcohol<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 809.6<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Butanol<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 809.8<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| n-Butanol, at 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Borazine<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 810<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Ethylamine (70%)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 810<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Aq. solution at 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Kerosene<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 810<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At standard conditions, standard composition<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Propionaldehyde<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 810<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Pentanol<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 814.6<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| n-Pentanol, at 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Formaldehyde<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 815.3<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At −20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2-Octanone<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 820<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<ref>Lewis, R.J. Sr.; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 14th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, NY 2001., p. 737</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Lithium-6 deuteride<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 820<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| UH25<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 829<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 25 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Propylene oxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 830.4<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Acrolein<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 839<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Limonene<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 841.1<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Average, at 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| ANFO (bulk)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 850<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Average, at standard conditions<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| ''tert''-Butyl chloride<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 851<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 25 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Allyl alcohol<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 854<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 25 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Triethyl borate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 858<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| α-Pinene<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 858<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 860<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Potassium<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 860<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Xylene (mixture)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 860<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Mixture of isomers, at 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Cyclam<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 861<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Xylene (para)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 861.04<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Octyl acetate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 863<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Xylene (meta)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 864<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| NaK (eutectic)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 866<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20°C; 77% K and 23% Na<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Toluene<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 867<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sodium ethoxide (21% EtOH solution)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 868<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Isopropyl nitrite<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 868.4<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Benzene<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 870<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At standard conditions<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Zingiberene<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 871.3<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Monomethylhydrazine<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 874<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Hexamethylene triperoxide diamine<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 880<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Xylene (orto)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 880.1<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Alum (lumpy)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 881<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Butyl acetate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 882.5<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| n-Butyl acetate, at 20 °C<ref>Haynes, W.M. (ed.) CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 91st ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 2010-2011, p. 3-76</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Ethylene oxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 882.6<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 10 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Tetrahydrofuran<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 887.49<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Menthol<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 890<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Racemic or (−)-isomer<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Decalin<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 896<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Racemic, at 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Ethylenediamine<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 900<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Grain (corn, ear)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 900<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Aerozine 50<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 900<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 25 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Paraffin wax<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 900<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Ethyl acetate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 900.3<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<ref>Haynes, W.M. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 94th Edition. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton: FL 2013-2014, p. 3-250</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Methyl isobutyl ketone<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 902<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Styrene<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 906<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Mayonnaise (traditional)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 910<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Traditional recipe<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Butter<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 911<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Peanut oil<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 914<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Palm oil<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 915<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Trimethyl borate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 915<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At standard conditions<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Ice<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 916.7<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 0 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Ethyl formate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 918<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Lithium aluminium hydride<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 917<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Olive oil<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 918<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Body fat<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 918<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Lard<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 919<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Corn oil<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 922<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Eucalyptol<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 922.5<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Coconut oil<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 924<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Soya oil<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 927<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Phenylacetylene<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 928.1<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 25 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dimethylzinc 2 M<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 931<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2 M solution in toluene at 25 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Nitrous oxide (liquid)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 931<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 0 °C at 31.1 bar<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dimethyl dioxane<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 932<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<ref>[https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01059a055 Summerbell et al.; Journal of Organic Chemistry; vol. 27; (1962); p. 4365,4367]</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Methyl acetate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 934.2<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Curcumin<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 934.8<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 15 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Pentanoic acid<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 939<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| n-Pentanoic acid, at 20 ºC<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dimethylformamide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 945<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Ricinoleic acid<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 945<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<ref>Straus; Heinze; Salzmann; Chemische Berichte; vol. 66; (1933); p. 638</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Cyclohexanone<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 947.8<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Beeswax<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 961<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Average density of most types of beeswax<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Butyric acid<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 952.8<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 25 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Cyclohexanol<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 962.4<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Methyl cellosolve<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 965<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sodium<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 970<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Tetralin<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 970<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Furan<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 973.1<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Khusimol<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 974<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>Nigam; Radecka; Komae; Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences; vol. 57; nb. 6; (1968); p. 1029 - 1030</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Acetylacetone<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 975<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Thymol blue<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 979<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Methyl formate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 980<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Benzylamine<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 981<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Pyridine<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 982.72<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Succinonitrile<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 985<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 25 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Propionic acid<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 987.97<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Benzylacetone<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 989<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Hydrogen fluoride (liquid)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 990<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 19.5 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Camphor<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 992<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Silicone<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 993<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Milk (cow, heavy cream)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 994<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Anisole<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 995<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Ammonium sulfide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 997<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Ferroin (0.1% solution)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 999<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 25 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Mayonnaise (light)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,000<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Water<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,000<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 4 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Chloric acid<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,000<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Estimated<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Chloromethane (liquid)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,003<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At -23.8 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Saline water<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,004<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| (0.9% NaCl)<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Phenylacetone<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,005.6<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<ref>Kuroyan, R. A.; Markosyan, A. I.; Engoyan, A. P.; Vartanyan, S. A.; Journal of Organic Chemistry USSR (English Translation); vol. 19; (1983); p. 1709 - 1714; Zhurnal Organicheskoi Khimii; vol. 19; nb. 9; (1983); p. 1947 - 1953,</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Morpholine<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,007<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Phenol<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,007<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Pilsner (beer)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,008<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At standard conditions<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Hydrazine<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,008.5<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Nicotine<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,009.25<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Ascaridole<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,010<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Benzonitrile<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,010<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sodium dodecyl sulfate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,010<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Borneol<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,011<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Milk (cow, light cream)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,012<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Propionic anhydride<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,015<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Ethanolamine<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,016.43<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Phenethyl alcohol<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,017<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Eosin Y<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,018<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Benzyl cyanide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,020<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Aniline<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,021.7<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sea water<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,025<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Average density at the surface<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Naphthalene<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,025.3<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,027 <br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 25 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Acetophenone<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,028 <br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Hexamethylphosphoramide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,030<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Milk (cow, whole)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,030<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,4-Dioxane<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,032.9<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<ref>O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p. 581</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Milk (cow, skim)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,033<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Aluminium isopropoxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,035<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Blood<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,035<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Isopropyl nitrate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,036<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Propylene glycol<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,036.1<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Benzaldehyde<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,044<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Benzyl alcohol<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,044<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Butylated hydroxytoluene<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,048<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Acetic acid<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,050<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Skin<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,050<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Nitroethane<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,054<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Tetrabutyltin<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,054<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Ethyl cyanoacrylate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,060<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Human body (average)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,062<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Thiophene<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,064.94<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sodium borohydride<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,074<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Phenylacetaldehyde<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,079<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sulfanilamide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,080<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At standard conditions<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Phenylacetic acid<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,081<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 25 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Acetic anhydride<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,082<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<ref>Lide, DR (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 81st Edition. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton: FL 2000, p. 3-5</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Hydroxyacetone<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,082<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 25 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Formalin<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,090<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 37% aqueous solution, at 25 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Hydrazoic acid<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,090<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 25 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Quinoline<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,093<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Diethanolamine<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,097<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Safrole<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,100<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Nitrous acid<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,100<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| ±0.1 kg/m<sup>3</sup> (1.1 for maximum possible concentration)<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Benzyl chloride<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,100.4<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dimethyl sulfoxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,100.4<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Carbon dioxide (liquid)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,101<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Liquid, at −37°C (saturation)<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Diphenylmethanol<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,103<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Peracetic acid<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,103.7<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<ref>Havel et al.; Chemicky Prumysl; vol. 10; (1960); p. 579</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Acetyl chloride<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,104<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Ethyl nitrate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,108.4<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Chlorobenzene<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,110<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| N-Allylthiourea<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,110<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Benzophenone<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,110<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sodium hypochlorite<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,110<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2-Mercaptoethanol<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,114<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Ethylene glycol<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,115<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sodium cyanoborohydride<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,120<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 25 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Triethanolamine<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,124.2<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| PLX (Picatinny Liquid Explosive)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,130<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At standard conditions<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Formamide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,133<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Triethyl citrate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,136.9<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Nitromethane<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,137.1<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<ref>Haynes, W.M. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 94th Edition. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton: FL 2013-2014, p. 3-414</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Glyoxal<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,140<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Liquid, at 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Peracetic acid (38-40%)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,140<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Chloroacetone<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,150<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Hydrogen fluoride (gas)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,150<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 25 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Hydrofluoric acid<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,150<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C, 48% w/w aqueous solution <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Nylon<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,150<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Fluorenol<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,151<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>Banerjee; Zeitschrift fuer Kristallographie, Kristallgeometrie, Kristallphysik, Kristallchemie; vol. 100; (1939); p. 316 - 330</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Oxygen (liquid)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,155<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Acetamide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,159<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Furfural<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,159.4<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Diphenylamine<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,160<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Potassium hypochlorite<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,160<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2-Nitrotoluene<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,161.1<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 19°C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Ammonium acetate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,170<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Benzocaine<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,170<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,170<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Plastics<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,175<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Approx. for PP, PETE and PVC<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dicyanoacetylene<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,176<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Methyl salicylate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,184<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 25 °C <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Hydrochloric acid<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,189<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C, 38% w/w aqueous solution<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Propylene carbonate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,190<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<ref>Porras Gutierrez, Ana Gabriela; Zeitouny, Joceline; Gomila, Antoine; Douziech, Benedicte; Cosquer, Nathalie; Conan, Francoise; Reinaud, Olivia; Hapiot, Philippe; Le Mest, Yves; Lagrost, Corinne; Le Poul, Nicolas; Dalton Transactions; vol. 43; nb. 17; (2014); p. 6436 - 6445</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Triphenylphosphine<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,194<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Methanediol<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,199<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Nitrobenzene<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,199<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Triphenylmethanol<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,199<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Quinine<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,200<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sodium triacetoxyborohydride<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,200<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2-Chloroethanol<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,201<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 25 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Chromic acid<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,201<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Fluorene<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,203<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 0 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sorbic acid<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,204<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Atropine<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,205<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>Vafai; Drake; Smith Jr.; Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data; vol. 38; nb. 1; (1993); p. 125 - 127</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Lactic acid<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,206<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 4-Aminoantipyrine<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,207<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Neon (liquid)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,207<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At boiling point<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Methyl nitrate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,207.5<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<ref>Cowley; Partington; Journal of the Chemical Society; (1933); p. 1252</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Benzoyl chloride<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,211<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Trimethyl phosphate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,214.4<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Crystal violet<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,219<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>Berkman; Zocher; Zeitschrift fuer Physikalische Chemie, Stoechiometrie und Verwandtschaftslehre; vol. 124;<br />
(1926); p. 325</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Acetone peroxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,220<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Trimer<ref>O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2006., p. 1649</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Formic acid<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,220<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Hypophosphorous acid (50%)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,220<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 50% wt. aq. solution<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Methyl yellow<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,223.3<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>Whitaker, A.; Journal of Crystallographic and Spectroscopic Research; vol. 22; nb. 2; (1992); p. 151 - 155</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Hydroxylamine<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,227<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Caffeine<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,230<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Nitrocellulose<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,230<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Propylene glycol dinitrate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,232<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sodium aluminium hydride<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,240<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Xanthatin<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,241<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 21.84 °C<ref>[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/anie.201406461 Shang, Hai; Liu, Junhua; Bao, Ruiyang; Cao, Yu; Zhao, Kun; Xiao, Chengqian; Zhou, Bing; Hu, Lihong; Tang, Yefeng; Angewandte Chemie - International Edition; vol. 53; nb. 52; (2014); p. 14494 - 14498; Angew. Chem.; vol. 126; nb. 52; (2014); p. 14722 - 14726,4]</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,4-Dichlorobenzene<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,247.5<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Bromothymol blue<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,250<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Pyruvic acid<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,250<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,2-Dichloroethane<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,253.1<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<ref>Lide, DR (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 81st Edition. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton: FL 2000, p. 3-154</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Glycerol<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,261<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Standard conditions<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sulfolane<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,261<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 25 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Carbon disulfide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,263.2<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<ref>Lide, D.R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 86TH Edition 2005-2006. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL 2005, p. 3-88</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Benzoic acid<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,265.9<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 15 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Glyoxal (40% aq. solution)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,270<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Ammonium formate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,280<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 25 °C<ref>Weast, R.C. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 60th ed. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press Inc., 1979., p. B-54</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Anthracene<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,280<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 25 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Methyl orange<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,280<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Resorcinol<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,280<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Chloric acid (heptahydrate)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,282<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| T<40 °C<ref>Handbook of Inorganic Compounds, Dale L. Perry, 1995, p. 112</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Guanidinium carbonate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,290<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 22 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Nitronium tetrafluoroborate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,290<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 4-Toluenesulfonyl chloride<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,300<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Aluminium chloride (hexahydrate)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,300<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| ANFO (solid prill)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,300<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Average, at standard conditions<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Phenolphthalein<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,300<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sodium methoxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,300<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Methyl red<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,310<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Phenanthroline<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,310<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Freon 12 (liquid)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,311<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Pressurized<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Ferulic acid<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,316<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,4-Benzoquinone<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,318<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Cellulose acetate fibers<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,320<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>''Regenerated Cellulose Fibres'', Calvin Woodings, Textile Institute (Manchester, England), 2001, p .212</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Urea<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,320<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Thioglycolic acid<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,325.3<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Boron trichloride<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,326<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 12 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dichloromethane<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,326.6<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dimethylzinc<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,330<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Pure substance, at 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Hexamine<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,330<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Hydroquinone<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,330<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dimethyl sulfate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,333<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 25 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Ammonium azide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,345.9<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Indigo dye<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,350<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Resiniferatoxin<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,350<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Guanidinium chloride<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,354<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Strychnine<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,359<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>Clarke; Chemische Berichte; vol. 12; (1879); p. 1399</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Potassium sorbate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,363<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Fluoroacetic acid<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,369<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Hydrazine sulfate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,378<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p. 852</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Corn syrup<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,380<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sodium amide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,390<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Argon (liquid)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,395.4<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At boiling point<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Pentaerythritol<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,396<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sodium hydride<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,396<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Acetylsalicylic acid<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,400<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Nicotinamide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,400<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 25 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sulfur dioxide (liquid)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,400<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At -10 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Urea peroxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,400<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Warfarin<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,400<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Threitol<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,401<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Chlorobutanol<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,404<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Cyanoguanidine<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,404<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Thiourea<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,405<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Ammonium sulfite<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,410<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 25 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Anthranilic acid<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,412<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Ethylene glycol dinitrate<ref>Lide, D.R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 88TH Edition 2007-2008. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL 2007, p. 3-232</ref><br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,419.8<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Honey<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,420<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Juglone<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,420<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 25 °C<ref>Borovikov; Sivachek; Makovetskii; Novikov; Borovikov; Russian Journal of General Chemistry; vol. 67; nb. 6; (1997); p. 936 - 941</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sodium sulfide (nonahydrate)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,430<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Phosgene (liquid)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,432<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 0 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Boric acid<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,435<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Guanidinium nitrate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,436<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Anthraquinone<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,438<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Hypophosphorous acid<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,439<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Anhydrous<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Nitrogen dioxide (liquid)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,440<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Salycilic acid<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,443<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dinitrogen tetroxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,445<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dinitrogen trioxide (liquid)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,447<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dextrin<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,450<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Average<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Hydrogen peroxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,450<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Pure, at 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Erythritol<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,450<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sodium acetate (trihydrate)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,450<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Iron pentacarbonyl<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,453<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Lithium hydroxide (anhydrous)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,460<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sodium carbonate (decahydrate)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,460<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Rubidium (liquid)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,460<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At melting point<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Magnesium nitrate (hexahydrate)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,464<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At standard conditions<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sodium sulfate (decahydrate)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,464<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Trichloroethylene<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,464.2<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Galactitol<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,466<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 15 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Biuret<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,467<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Isatin<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,472<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>Palenik, Gus J.; Koziol, Anna E.; Katritzky, Alan R.; Fan, Wei-Qiang; Journal of the Chemical Society. Chemical<br />
communications; nb. 9; (1990); p. 715 - 716</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Niacin<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,473<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Oxalyl chloride<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,478.5<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sodium bisulfite<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,480<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sodium metabisulfite<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,480<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Chloroform<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,483.2<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<ref>EPA, 1998</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sulfanilic acid<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,485<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 25 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sorbitol<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,489<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Glycolic acid<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,490<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 25 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Hydrobromic acid<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,490<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 48% w/w aqueous solution<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Amatol<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,500<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Average density<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Ammonium carbonate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,500<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Ammonium oxalate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,500<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Cellulose<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,500<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Fuming nitric acid<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,500<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Hydrazine monohydrochloride<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,500<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Phloroglucinol<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,500<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Starch<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,500<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Compact<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Fluorine (liquid)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,505<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At boiling point<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Cement (Portland)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,506<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Average density<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Calcium acetate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,509<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Lithium hydrate (monohydrate)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,510<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sodium carbonate (heptahydrate)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,510<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Magnesium sulfate (undecahydrate)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,512<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,2,4-Butanetriol trinitrate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,520<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 25 °C<ref>http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a130875.pdf</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Mannitol<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,520<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Potassium cyanide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,520<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Xylitol<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,520<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Cement (Portland) clinker<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,522<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Average density<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Ribitol<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,525<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Difluoroacetic acid<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,526<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 25 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sodium acetate (anhydrous)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,528<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Phthalic anhydride<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,530<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Trifluoroacetic acid<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,531<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Rubidium<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,532<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At room temperature<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Glutamic acid<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,538<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| L-Glutamic acid (at 20 °C)<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Glucose<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,540<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| D-glucose<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Citric acid (monohydrate)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,542<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 18 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sucrose<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,550<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Calcium<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,550<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Aminoguanidinium bicarbonate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,560<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sodium sulfite (heptahydrate)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,561<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Carbon dioxide (solid)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,562<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dry ice, at at 1 atm and −78.5 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Chlorine (liquid)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,562.5<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At boiling point<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dichloroacetic acid<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,563.4<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Aminoguanidinium nitrate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,566<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>Akella, Annapoorna; Keszler, Douglas A.; Acta Crystallographica, Section C: Crystal Structure Communications;<br />
vol. 50; (1994); p. 1974 - 1976</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Magnesium chloride (hexahydrate)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,569<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Zinc peroxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,570<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Succinic acid<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,572<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Phosphorus trichloride<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,574<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Cellulose II<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,580<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Crystal<ref>''Regenerated Cellulose Fibres'', Calvin Woodings, Textile Institute (Manchester, England), 2001, p .212</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Chloroacetic acid<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,580<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Kojic acid<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,580<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<ref>[https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jf502159m Li, Ying; Teng, Zi; Parkin, Kirk L.; Wang, Qin; Zhang, Qingli; Luo, Wei; Ma, Deyun; Zhao, Mouming; Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry; vol. 62; nb. 33; (2014); p. 8392 - 8401]</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sodium dithionite (dihydrate)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,580<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sodium sulfide (pentahydrate)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,580<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Ammonium bicarbonate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,586<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Nitroglycerin<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,593.1<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<ref>de Kreuk; Recueil des Travaux Chimiques des Pays-Bas; vol. 61; (1942); p. 822</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Carbon tetrachloride<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,594<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sodium cyanide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,595.5<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Glycine<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,600<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Guanidine<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,600<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| ±0.1 kg/m<sup>3</sup><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Fluorescein<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,602<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Nitrosylsulfuric acid (40% H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> sol.)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,612<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Ozone (liquid)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,614<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At -195.4 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Malonic acid<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,619<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Aluminium sulfate (octahydrate)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,620<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Monosodium glutamate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,620<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sulfur dichloride<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,621<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Tetrachloroethylene<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,622<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Standard conditions<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Trichloroacetic acid<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,630<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Ammonium hypophosphite<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,634<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<ref>Zachariasen, W. H.; Mooney, R. L.; Journal of Chemical Physics; vol. 2; (1934); p. 34</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Fumaric acid<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,635<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Potassium hydrogen phthalate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,636<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Thionyl chloride<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,638<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<ref>O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p. 1666</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Hydrazine nitrate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,640<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dinitrogen pentoxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,642<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 18 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Iron(III) nitrate (nonahydrate)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,642.9<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Phosphoryl chloride<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,645<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Ascorbic acid<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,650<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Ethylenedinitramine<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,650<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Nitrogen trichloride<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,653<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>Kafarov, V. V.; Dorokhov, I. N.; Vetokhin, V. N.; Volkov, L. P.; Doklady Physical Chemistry (Translation of the physical chemistry section of Doklady Akademii Nauk); vol. 314; (1990); p. 683 - 686</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Oxalic acid (dihydrate)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,653<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Trinitrotoluene<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,654<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Citric acid (anhydrous)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,665<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sodium thiosulfate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,667<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Carbonic acid<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,668<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Hydroxylammonium chloride<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,670<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sulfuryl chloride<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,670<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Calcium gluconate (pentahydrate)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,674<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>Wieczorek; Blaszczyk; Krol; Acta Crystallographica, Section C: Crystal Structure Communications; vol. 52; nb. Pt 5;(1996); p. 1193-1198</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Ammonium thiosulfate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,679<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 25 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Iron(III) nitrate (hexahydrate)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,680<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Magnesium sulfate (heptahydrate)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,680<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Phosphoric acid (85%)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,685<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Aqueous solution<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Disulfur dichloride<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,688<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Ammonium nitrite<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,690<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Lead(II) acetate (decahydrate)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,690<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Urea nitrate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,690<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Fructose<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,694<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Calcium hydride<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,700<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Thiourea dioxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,706<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1107/S0365110X62001851 Sullivan; Hargreaves; Acta Crystallographica; vol. 15; (1962); p. 675]</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Chromium(III) sulfate (octadecahydrate)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,709<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Calcium chloride (hexahydrate)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,710<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Nitroguanidine<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,710<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Aluminium nitrate (nonahydrate)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,720<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Aminoguanidine<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,720<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sodium nitropruside<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,720<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Ammonium nitrate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,725<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Fluorosulfuric acid<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,726<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Titanium(IV) chloride<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,726<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Borax<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,730<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Magnesium carbonate (pentahydrate)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,730<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Mannitol hexanitrate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,730<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Nitrourea<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,730<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sodium perborate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,730<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Tetryl<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,730<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Zinc acetate (dihydrate)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,735<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Magnesium<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,740<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Rubidium hydroxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,740<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 25 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Picramic acid<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,749<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Inositol<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,752<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Chlorosulfuric acid<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,753<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Methylene blue<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,757<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Chromium(III) chloride (hexahydrate)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,760<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Trinitroaniline<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,762<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Picric acid<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,763<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Ammonium sulfate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1.769<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Pentaerythritol tetranitrate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,770<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sodium hypophosphite (monohydrate)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,770<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Perchloric acid<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,770.3<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Anhydrous, at 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Ammonium bisulfate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,780<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Potassium sodium tartrate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,790<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Tartaric acid<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,790<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,800<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Ammonium sulfamate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,800<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Prussian blue<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,800<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>Lide, D.R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 88TH Edition 2007-2008. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL 2007, p. 4-69</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Ammonium dinitramide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,810<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dichlorine heptoxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,811<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<ref>Rosolovskii, V. Ya.; Zinov'ev, A. A.; Prokhorov, V. A.; Zhurnal Neorganicheskoi Khimii; vol. 5; (1960); p. 334 - 335; Zhurnal Neorganicheskoi Khimii; vol. 5; (1960); p. 692 - 694</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Iron(III) chloride (hexahydrate)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,820<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| RDX<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,820<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| White phosphorus<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,823<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Erythritol tetranitrate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,827<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Crystal density<ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/260409695_Explosive_Properties_of_Erythritol_Tetranitrate</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Styphnic acid<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,829<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sulfuric acid (98%)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,830<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Calcium chloride (tetrahydrate)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,830<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Magnesium carbonate (trihydrate)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,837<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Fluoroboric acid<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,840<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Hydroxylammonium nitrate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,840<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Cesium (liquid)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,843<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At melting point<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sodium azide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,846<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Beryllium<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,850<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Calcium chloride (dihydrate)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,850<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Potassium ferrocyanide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,850<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Trihydrate<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Xylitol pentanitrate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,852<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sodium sulfide (anhydrous)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,856<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Ammonium iron(II) sulfate (hexahydrate)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,860<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Chromium(III) sulfate (pentadecahydrate)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,860<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Cobalt(II) nitrate (hexahydrate)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,870<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Francium<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,870<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Predicted, at room temperature<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Ammonium tetrafluoroborate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,871<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 15 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Boron phosphate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,873<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| BPO4<ref>Handbook of Inorganic Compounds, Dale L. Perry, 1995, p. 72</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Hydroxylammonium sulfate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,880<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Copper(II) acetate (monohydrate)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,882<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| FOX-7<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,885<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Phosphoric acid (liquid)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,885<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Aqueous solution<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Potassium ferricyanide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,890<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Trinitrophloroglucinol<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,890<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1107/S0108270196009523 Wolff; Gredel; Irngartinger; Dreier; Acta Crystallographica, Section C: Crystal Structure Communications; vol. 52; nb. pt 12; (1996); p. 3225 - 3227]</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Iron(II) sulfate (heptahydrate)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,895<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Calcium nitrate (tetrahydrate)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,896<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Iron(III) sulfate (pentahydrate)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,898<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Ammonium chromate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,900<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Oxalic acid (anhydrous)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,900<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Tartrazine<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,900<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Solid<ref>https://www.mpbio.com/product.php?pid=05218628&country=175</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Bone<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,900<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Average human bone<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Chloral hydrate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,908.1<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,4-Dinitrobromobenzene<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,910<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| HMX<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,910<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 25 °C<ref>Liang, Lixuan; Cao, Dan; Song, Jinhong; Huang, Haifeng; Wang, Kai; Bian, Chengming; Dong, Xiao; Zhou, Zhiming; Journal of Materials Chemistry A; vol. 1; nb. 31; (2013); p. 8857 - 8865</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Potassium nitrite<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,914.986<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sodium formate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,920<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sulfur (gamma)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,920<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sulfur trioxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,920<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Liquid<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Cobalt(II) chloride (hexahydrate)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,924<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Cesium<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,930<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At room temperature<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Iron(II) chloride (tetrahydrate)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,930<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Strontium chloride (hexahydrate)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,930<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| TATB (Triaminotrinitrobenzene)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,930<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Ethyl iodide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,930.8<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<ref>Kibardin, A.M.; Gryaznov, P.I.; Gazizov, T.Kh.; Pudovik, A.N.; Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Division of Chemical Science (English Translation); vol. 33; nb. 10; (1984); p. 2166 - 2168; Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya; nb. 10; (1984); p. 2370 - 2373</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Bromoacetic acid<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,934<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Iron(II) sulfate (hexahydrate)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,934<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Hydrazine perchlorate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,939<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>[https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ba-1966-0054.ch007 The Deflagration of Hydrazine Perchlorate, J. B. LEVYG. VON ELBER. FRIEDMANT. WALLINS. J. ADAMS, Advanced Propellant Chemistry, Chapter 7, p. 55-72]</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Cobalt(II) sulfate (heptahydrate)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,948<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Nickel(II) sulfate (heptahydrate)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,948<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Ammonium perchlorate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,950<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Potassium bitartrate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,954<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Chromyl chloride<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,960<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sulfur (beta)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,960<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sodium permanganate (monohydrate)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,972<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Standard conditions<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Ammonium persulfate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,980<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Tetranitroglycoluril<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,980<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At standard conditions<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Nickel hydrazine perchlorate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,983<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Potassium chloride<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,984<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Activated charcoal<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,000<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Average skeletal density<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Oleum (60%)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,000<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Hydroxylammonium perchlorate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,060<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>https://www.docdroid.net/vugHRJ9/atlantic-research-corporation-research-on-the-deflagration-of-high-energy-solid-oxidizers.pdf</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 5-(4-Dimethylaminobenzylidene)rhodanine<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,009<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 23 °C<ref>Casas, Jose S.; Macias, Alejandro; Playa, Nuria; Sanchez, Agustin; Sordo, Jose; Varela, Jose M.; Polyhedron; vol. 11; (1992); p. 2231 - 2236</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Cadmium acetate (dihydrate)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,010<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>Handbook of Inorganic Compounds, Dale L. Perry, 1995, p. 76</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Manganese(II) chloride (tetrahydrate)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,010<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Standard conditions<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Cobalt(II) sulfate (hexahydrate)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,019<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sodium perchlorate (monohydrate)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,020<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Aluminium sulfide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,020<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Magnesium nitrate (dihydrate)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,025.6<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At standard conditions<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Ammonium bisulfite (72% aq. sol.)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,030<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Phosphoric acid (solid)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,030<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 25 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Potassium azide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,038<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,044<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Potassium hydroxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,044<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Nickel(II) nitrate (hexahydrate)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,050<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Lithium nitrate (hexahydrate)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,065<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Lithium chloride<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,068<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Copper(II) nitrate (hexahydrate)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,070<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Nickel(II) sulfate (hexahydrate)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,070<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sulfur (alfa)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,070<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Zinc sulfate (hexahydrate)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,072<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Devarda's alloy (bulk)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,080<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Boron nitride (hexagonal)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,100<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At standard conditions<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Phosphorus pentachloride<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,100<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At standard conditions<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sodium percarbonate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,100<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At standard conditions<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Manganese(II) sulfate (tetrahydrate)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,107<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Potassium nitrate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,109<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Lithium carbonate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,110<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Ammonium dichromate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,115<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Nickel hydrazine nitrate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,129<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sodium hydroxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,130<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Calcium chloride (anhydrous)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,150<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Iron(II) sulfate (pentahydrate)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,150<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Pyranine<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,150<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sulfamic acid<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,150<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Arsenic trichloride<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,163<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sodium chloride<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,165<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sodium nitrite<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,168<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Potassium bicarbonate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,170<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Potassium peroxymonosulfate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,170<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Oxone<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Barium hydroxide (octahydrate)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,180<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 25 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sodium bromide (dihydrate)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,180<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Nitrosonium tetrafluoroborate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,185<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>Balz, G.; Mailaender, E.; Z. Anorg. Chem.; vol. 217; (1934); p. 161 - 169</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Barium acetate (monohydrate)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,190<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Trichloroisocyanuric acid<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,190<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| ± 0.1 g/cm<sup>3</sup><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Titanium nitrate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,192<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Ammonium permanganate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,200<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Iodoacetic acid<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,200<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Nitronium perchlorate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,200<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>Truter, M. R.; Cruickshank, D. W. J.; Jeffrey, G. A.; Acta Crystallographica; vol. 13; (1960); p. 855 - 862</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Polytetrafluoroethylene<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,200<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sodium bicarbonate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,200<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Strontium nitrate (tetrahydrate)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,200<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Calcium hydroxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,211<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Calcium carbide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,220<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Copper(II) perchlorate (hexahydrate)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,225<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 25 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Lead(IV) acetate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,228<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 17 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Borosilicate glass<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,230<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Average value<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Tin(IV) chloride<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,230<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Peroxymonosulfuric acid<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,239<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Calcium chloride (monohydrate)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,240<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Potassium bisulfate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,245<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sodium carbonate (monohydrate)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,250<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sodium nitrate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,257<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Zinc perchlorate (hexahydrate)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,260<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Graphite<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,266<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Manganese(II) chloride (dihydrate)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,270<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Standard conditions<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sodium oxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,270<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Boron nitride (amorphous)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,280<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At standard conditions<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Methyl iodide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,280<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Copper(II) sulfate (pentahydrate)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,286<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Calcium cyanamide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,290<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Barium peroxide (octahydrate)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,292<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Diatomaceous earth (bulk)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,300<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At standard conditions<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Magnesium nitrate (anhydrous)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,300<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At standard conditions<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Copper(II) nitrate (trihydrate)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,320<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Calcium sulfate (dihydrate)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,320<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Magnesium chloride (anhydrous)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,320<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Potassium chlorate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,320<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Silicon<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,330<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Monopotassium phosphate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,338<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At standard conditions<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Boron<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,340<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Cadmium acetate (anhydrous)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,340<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>Handbook of Inorganic Compounds, Dale L. Perry, 1995, p. 76</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Potassium metabisulfite<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,340<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Red phosphorus<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,340<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sodium oxalate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,340<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Magnesium hydroxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,344.6<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Calcium hypochlorite<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,350<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Potassium sulfite<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,350<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<ref>https://www.americanelements.com/potassium-sulfite-10117-38-1</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Violet phosphorus<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,360<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Strontium (liquid)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,375<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At melting point<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Lithium nitrate (anhydrous)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,380<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sodium dithionite (anhydrous)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,380<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Iron(II) chloride (dihydrate)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,390<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Phosphorus pentoxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,390<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Manganese heptoxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,396<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<ref>Glemser, O.; Schroeder, H.; Zeitschrift fuer Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie; vol. 271; (1953); p. 293 - 304</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Concrete<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,400<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Average density<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Krypton (liquid)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,413<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At boiling point<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Ammonium chlorate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,420<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Potassium carbonate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,430<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Chloroplatinic acid<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,431<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dipotassium phosphate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,440<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Magnesium sulfate (monohydrate)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,445<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Cadmium nitrate (tetrahydrate)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,450<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Boron trioxide (liquid)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,460<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At melting point<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Barium acetate (anhydrous)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,468<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sodium chlorite<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,468<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Boron silicide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,470<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| B6Si<ref>Handbook of Inorganic Compounds, Dale L. Perry, 1995, p. 72</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Potassium persulfate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,477<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Cobalt(II) chloride (dihydrate)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,477<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Aluminium chloride (anhydrous)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,480<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sodium hexametaphosphate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,484<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Cobalt(II) nitrate (anhydrous)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,490<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Ammonium heptamolybdate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,498<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sodium perchlorate (anhydrous)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,499.4<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Boron carbide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,500<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Average density<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Cyanuric acid<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,500<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Calcium nitrate (anhydrous)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,504<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Copper(II) chloride (dihydrate)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,510<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sodium dichromate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,520<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Potassium chlorochromate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,522.8<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Potassium perchlorate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,523.9<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sodium carbonate (anhydrous)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,540<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 25 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Lead(II) acetate (trihydrate)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,550<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Boron trioxide (trigonal)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,550<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sodium fluoride<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,558<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Magnesium diboride<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,570<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sodium persulfate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,590<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Potassium antimony tartrate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,600<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Quartz<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,600<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sodium silicate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,610<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Aluminium iodide (hexahydrate)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,630<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sodium sulfite (anhydrous)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,633<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Strontium<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,640<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At room temperature<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Calcium perchlorate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,651<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sodium pyrosulfate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,658<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Magnesium sulfate (anhydrous)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,660<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Potassium sulfate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,660<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sodium sulfate (anhydrous)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,664<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Aluminium sulfate (anhydrous)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,672<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Strontium chloride (dihydrate)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,672<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Potassium dichromate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,676<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Black phosphorus<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,690<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sodium chromate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,698<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Aluminium<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,700<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Chromium trioxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,700<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Potassium permanganate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,703<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Tin(II) chloride (dihydrate)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,710<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Calcium carbonate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,711<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Calcite<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Potassium hexachlorostannate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,719<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>Vogt, K.; Reichardt, W.; Prandl, W.; Haussuehl, S.; Physica Status Solidi A: Applied Research; vol. 57; (1980); p. K145 - K148</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Potassium chromate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,732<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Potassium bromide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,740<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sodium bisulfate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,740<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Potassium manganate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,780<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Rubidium chloride<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,800<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 25 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Scandium (liquid)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,800<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At melting point<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sodium peroxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,805<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Silver perchlorate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,806<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Phosphoryl bromide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,820<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Magnesium carbonate (dihydrate)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,825<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Potassium ferrate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,829<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>Hoppe, Martin L.; Schlemper, E. O.; Murmann, R. K.; Acta Crystallographica, Section B: Structural Crystallography and Crystal Chemistry; vol. 38; (1982); p. 2237 - 2239</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Calcium carbonate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,830<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Aragonite<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Basic lead picrate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,831<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>https://archive.org/stream/Megalomanias_Controversial_Chemlab_12-08-2004/Megalomanias_Controversial_Chemlab_12-08-2004_djvu.txt</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Aluminium phosphide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,850<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Phosphorus tribromide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,852<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 15 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Chromium(III) chloride (anhydrous)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,870<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Chloroauric acid (tetrahydrate)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,890<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Bromoform<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,891.2<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Iron(III) chloride (anhydrous)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,898<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Barium hypophosphite<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,900<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sodium hexafluoroaluminate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,900<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Zinc chloride<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,907<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Zinc perchlorate (anhydrous)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,933<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Barium azide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,936<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Rubidium azide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,937<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Xenon (liquid)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,942<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At boiling point<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Manganese(II) sulfate (monohydrate)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,950<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Magnesium carbonate (anhydrous)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,958<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Calcium sulfate (anhydrous)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,960<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Manganese(II) chloride (anhydrous)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,977<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Standard conditions<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Scandium<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,985<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At room temperature<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Strontium nitrate (anhydrous)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,986<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Iron(II) sulfate (monohydrate)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 3,000<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Copper(II) nitrate (anhydrous)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 3,050<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Strontium chloride (anhydrous)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 3,052<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Lead styphnate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 3,060<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Cobalt(II) sulfate (monohydrate)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 3,075<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Cadmium sulfate (octahydrate)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 3,080<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Iron(III) sulfate (anhydrous)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 3,097<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Barium chloride (dihydrate)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 3,097.9<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Chromium(III) sulfate (anhydrous)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 3,100<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Bromine<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 3,102.8<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Standard conditions<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Iodine trichloride<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 3,110<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 15 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Rubidium nitrate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 3,110<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 25 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Calcium chromate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 3,120<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Potassium iodide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 3,123<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Barium nitrite<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 3,137<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Antimony(III) chloride<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 3,140<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 25 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Boron trioxide (monoclinic)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 3,146<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Iron(II) chloride (anhydrous)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 3,160<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Barium chlorate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 3,180<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Calcium fluoride<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 3,180<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Barium perchlorate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 3,200<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Silicon carbide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 3,210<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| All polytypes<ref>Patnaik, P. (2002). Handbook of Inorganic Chemicals. McGraw-Hill</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sodium bromide (anhydrous)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 3,210<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Barium nitrate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 3,240<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Lead(II) acetate (anhydrous)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 3,250<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Manganese(II) sulfate (anhydrous)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 3,250<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Copper(I) azide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 3,260<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>Handbook of Inorganic Compounds, Dale L. Perry, 1995, p. 134</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Silver acetate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 3,260<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Potassium bromate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 3,270<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Diiodomethane<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 3,325<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Barium (liquid)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 3,338<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At melting point<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sodium bromate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 3,339<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 25 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Calcium oxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 3,340<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Vanadium pentoxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 3,357<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Copper(II) hydroxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 3,368<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Copper(II) chloride (anhydrous)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 3,386<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Zinc chromate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 3,430<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Boron nitride (cubic)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 3,450<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At standard conditions<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Boron nitride (wurtzite)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 3,490<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At standard conditions<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Caesium azide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 3,500<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Cobalt(II) chloride (anhydrous)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 3,560<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Copper oxychloride<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 3,500<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Diamond<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 3,510<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Barium<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 3,530<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At room temperature<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Zinc sulfate (anhydrous)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 3,540<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Chevreul's salt<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 3,570<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>Etard, A.; Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences; vol. 93; (1881); p. 725 - 727</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Cadmium nitrate (anhydrous)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 3,600<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Copper(II) sulfate (anhydrous)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 3,600<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Magnesium oxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 3,600<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Phosphorus pentabromide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 3,610<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Potassium periodate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 3,618<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Iron(II) sulfate (anhydrous)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 3,650<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sodium iodide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 3,670<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Caesium hydroxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 3,675<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Cobalt(II) sulfate (anhydrous)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 3,710<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Mercury(II) thiocyanate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 3,710<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At standard conditions.<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Strontium carbonate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 3,740<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Barium hydroxide (monohydrate)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 3,743<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Barium permanganate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 3,770<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sodium molybdate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 3,780<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Titanium dioxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 3,780<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Anatase form<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Cadmium sulfate (monohydrate)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 3,790<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Barium chloride (anhydrous)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 3,856<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Potassium iodate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 3,890<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Chloroauric acid (anhydrous)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 3,900<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Silver fulminate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 3,938<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Tin(II) chloride (anhydrous)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 3,950<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Strontium sulfate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 3,960<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 25 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Aluminium iodide (anhydrous)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 3,980<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Caesium chloride<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 3,988<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Zinc phosphate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 3,998<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Aluminium oxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 4,000<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Average density<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Basic copper carbonate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 4,000<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Iodoform<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 4,008<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Nickel(II) sulfate (anhydrous)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 4,010<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Cadmium chloride<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 4,050<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>Handbook of Inorganic Compounds, Dale L. Perry, 1995, p. 77</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Zinc sulfide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 4,090<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Copper(I) chloride<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 4,145<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Phosphorus triiodide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 4,180<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At standard conditions<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Titanium dioxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 4,180<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Brookite<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Titanium dioxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 4,230<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Rutile form<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Cadmium azide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 4,240<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>Handbook of Inorganic Compounds, Dale L. Perry, 1995, p. 76</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yttrium (liquid)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 4,240<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At melting point<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Silver formate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 4,250<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<ref>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022459616304601 Anna N. Puzan, Vyacheslav N. Baumer, Pavel V. Mateychenko, Journal of Solid State Chemistry Volume 246, February 2017, Pages 264-268, "Structure and decomposition of the silver formate Ag(HCO2)"]</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Cadmium carbonate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 4,258<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>Handbook of Inorganic Compounds, Dale L. Perry, 1995, p. 77</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Barium carbonate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 4,286<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Mercury(II) nitrate (monohydrate)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 4,300<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Nitrogen triiodide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 4,300<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| ±0.1 g/cm<sup>3</sup><ref>http://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.55511.html</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Carbon tetraiodide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 4,320<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Silver nitrate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 4,350<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 24 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Zinc carbonate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 4,398<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<ref>http://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/chemical/4804</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Radon (liquid)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 4,400<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At boiling point<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Silver azide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 4,420<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Mercury(II) fulminate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 4,420<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Silver chlorate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 4,443<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Silver nitrite<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 4,453<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 25 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Silver acetylide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 4,470<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yttrium<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 4,472<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Barium sulfate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 4,490<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Barium chromate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 4,498<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Barium hydroxide (anhydrous)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 4,500<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Copper chromite<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 4,500<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Silver permanganate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 4,500<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 25 °C<ref>[https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1524/zkri.1984.169.14.295/html Chang, Fung Ming; Jansen, Martin; Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie; ; vol. 169; (1984); p. 295 - 298]</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Caesium iodide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 4,510<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Lead(II) nitrate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 4,530<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Titanium<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 4,540<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Tungsten hexafluoride (solid)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 4,560<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At −9 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Iodic acid<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 4,620<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Cadmium sulfate (octahydrate)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 4,691<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Strontium oxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 4,700<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Lead(II) azide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 4,710<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Bismuth chloride<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 4,750<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Selenium<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 4,800<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Barium manganate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 4,850<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Osmium tetroxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 4,900<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Barium iodide (dihydrate)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 4,916<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Iodine<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 4,933<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Iron(II,III) oxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 5,000<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Yttrium(III) oxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 5,010<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Manganese dioxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 5,026<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Silver oxalate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 5,066<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<ref>Naumov, Dmitry Yu.; Virovets, Alexander V.; Podberezskaya, Nina V.; Boldyreva Elena V.; Acta Crystallographica, Section C: Crystal Structure Communications; vol. 51; (1995); p. 60 - 62</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Bismuth sulfate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 5,080<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>Handbook of Inorganic Compounds, Dale L. Perry, 1995, p. 70</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Iodine pentoxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 5,080<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Barium iodide (anhydrous)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 5,150<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Cobalt(III) oxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 5,180<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Antimony(III) oxide (α-form)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 5,200<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Titanium nitride<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 5,210<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Chromium(III) oxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 5,220<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Iron(III) oxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 5,242<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Germanium<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 5,323<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Mercury(II) chloride<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 5,430<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Silver sulfate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 5,450<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20°C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Radium<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 5,500<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At room temperature<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Silver chloride<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 5,560<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Zinc oxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 5,610<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Antimony(III) oxide (β-form)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 5,670<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Barium peroxide (anhydrous)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 5,675<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0921453494005621 Wong-Ng, W.; Roth, R. S.; Physica C: Superconductivity and its Applications (Amsterdam); vol. 233; (1994); p. 97 - 101]</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Silver iodide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 5,675<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Barium oxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 5,720<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Arsenic<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 5,727<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Bismuth iodide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 5,778<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Devarda's alloy<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 5,790<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Zirconium (liquid)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 5,800<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At melting point<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Copper(I) nitride<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 5,840<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>Handbook of Inorganic Compounds, Dale L. Perry, 1995, p. 133</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Lead(II) chloride<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 5,850<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Silver(I) fluoride<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 5,852<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 15 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Gallium<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 5,910<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At room temperature<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Lanthanum (liquid)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 5,940<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At melting point<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Copper(I) oxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 6,000<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Silver carbonate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 6,077<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Gallium (liquid)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 6,095<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At melting point<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Vanadium<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 6,100<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Basic lead chromate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 6,120<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Lead chromate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 6,120<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Lead(II) iodide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 6,160<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Lanthanum<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 6,162<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At room temperature<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Ytterbium (liquid)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 6,210<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At room temperature<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Tellurium<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 6,240<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Copper(II) oxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 6,310<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Bismuth phosphate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 6,323<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>Handbook of Inorganic Compounds, Dale L. Perry, 1995, p. 69</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Astatine<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 6,350<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Predicted, at room temperature<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Mercury(II) sulfate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 6,470<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<ref>Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996., p. 1005</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Silver bromide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 6,473<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Praseodymium (liquid)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 6,500<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At melting point<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Sodium bismuthate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 6,500<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Zirconium<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 6,520<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Cerium (liquid)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 6,550<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At melting point<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Zinc (liquid)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 6,570<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Zamak<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 6,600<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Antimony<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 6,690<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Cerium<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 6,770<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At room temperature<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Praseodymium<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 6,770<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At room temperature<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Neodymium (liquid)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 6,890<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At melting point<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Ytterbium<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 6,900<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At room temperature<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Cadmium oxide (amorphous)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 6,950<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At room temperature<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Neodymium<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 7,010<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At room temperature<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Indium (liquid)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 7,020<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At melting point<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Kanthal A1<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 7,100<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Average density, standard conditions<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Europium (liquid)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 7,130<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At melting point<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Silver oxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 7,140<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Zinc<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 7,140<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At room temperature<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Samarium (liquid)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 7,160<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At melting point<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Chromium<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 7,200<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Cerium(IV) oxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 7,215<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Promethium<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 7,260<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At room temperature<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Europium<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 7,264<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At room temperature<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Indium<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 7,310<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At room temperature<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Tin<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 7,310<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Manganese<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 7,325<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Samarium<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 7,520<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At room temperature<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Lead(II) sulfide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 7,600<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Terbium (liquid)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 7,650<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At melting point<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Bismuth selenide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 7,700<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>Handbook of Inorganic Compounds, Dale L. Perry, 1995, p. 69</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Bismuth oxychloride<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 7,700<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>Handbook of Inorganic Compounds, Dale L. Perry, 1995, p. 68</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Iron<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 7,780<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Standard conditions<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Steel<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 7,850<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Mild carbon steel, standard conditions<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Gadolinium<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 7,900<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At room temperature<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Terbium(III) oxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 7,910<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Mercury sulfide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 8,100<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At room temperature<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Cadmium oxide (crystalline)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 8,150<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At room temperature<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Terbium<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 8,230<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At room temperature<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Bronze (manganese)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 8,300<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Average density<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Lead(II,IV) oxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 8,300<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Holmium (liquid)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 8,340<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At melting point<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dysprosium (liquid)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 8,370<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At melting point<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Nichrome<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 8,400<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 80% nickel 20% chromium<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dysprosium<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 8,540<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At room temperature<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Thulium (liquid)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 8,560<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At melting point<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Niobium<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 8,570<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Brass<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 8,600<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Average density<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Erbium(III) oxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 8,640<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Cadmium<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 8,650<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Holmium<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 8,790<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At room temperature<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Bronze (phosphorus)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 8,800<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Average density<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Einsteinium<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 8,840<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At room temperature<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Erbium (liquid)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 8,860<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At melting point<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Bismuth trioxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 8,900<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Cobalt<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 8,900<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Nickel<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 8,900<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Copper<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 8,940<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Erbium<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 9,066<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At room temperature<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Ytterbium(III) oxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 9,170<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Polonium (alpha)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 9,196<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Lutetium (liquid)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 9,300<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At melting point<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Thulium<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 9,320<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At room temperature<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Polonium (beta)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 9,398<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Lead(II) oxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 9,530<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Lead(IV) oxide (beta)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 9,550<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| β-PbO<sub>2</sub><ref>White, W. B.; Dachille, F.; Roy, R.; Journal of the American Ceramic Society; vol. 44; (1961); p. 170 - 174</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Wood's metal<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 9,700<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Bismuth<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 9,750<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Lead(IV) oxide (alpha)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 9,773<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| α-PbO<sub>2</sub><ref>Povarennikh, O. S.; Dopovidi Akad. Nauk Ukr.RSR; (1963); p. 805 - 808; C. A.; vol. 59; (1963); p. 13411</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Lutetium<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 9,841<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At room temperature<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Rose's metal<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 9,850<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At room temperature<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Actinium<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 10,000<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At room temperature<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Molybdenum<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 10,220<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Silver<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 10,500<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Technertium<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 11,000<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Mercury(II) oxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 11,140<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Thallium (liquid)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 11,220<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At melting point<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Lead<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 11,340<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Thorium<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 11,700<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Thallium<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 11,850<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At room temperature<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Hafnium (liquid)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 12,000<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At melting point<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Americium<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 12,000<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At room temperature<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Palladium<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 12,023<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Rhodium<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 12,410<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Ruthenium<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 12,450<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Berkelium (beta)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 13,250<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At room temperature<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Hafnium<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 13,310<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At room temperature<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Curium<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 13,510<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At room temperature<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Mercury<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 13,546<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Berkelium (alpha)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 14,780<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At room temperature<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Californium<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 15,100<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At room temperature<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Protactinium<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 15,370<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At room temperature<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Tungsten carbide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 15,600<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Tantalum<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 16,600<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Neptunium (gamma)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 18,000<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 639 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Uranium<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 18,900<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Tungsten<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 19,250<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Gold<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 19,320<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Neptunium (beta)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 19,360<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 313 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Plutonium<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 19,840<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Neptunium (alpha)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 20,450<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 282 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Rhenium<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 21,020<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Platinum<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 21,450<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Iridium<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 22,420<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Osmium<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 22,570<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Rutherfordium<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 23,200<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Predicted, at room temperature<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Copernicium<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 23,700<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Predicted, at room temperature<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Roentgenium<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 28,700<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Predicted, at room temperature<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dubnium<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 29,300<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Predicted, at room temperature<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Darmstadtum<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 34,800<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Predicted, at room temperature<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Seaborgium<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 35,000<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Predicted, at room temperature<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Bohrium<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 37,100<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Predicted, at room temperature<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Meitnerium<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 37,400<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Predicted, at room temperature<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Hassium<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 40,700<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Predicted, at room temperature<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Density ranges for heterogeneous materials===<br />
{|class="wikitable"<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Material<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Density value (kg/m<sup>3</sup>)<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Additional notes<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Activated carbon (powder)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 400 - 500<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Grain density<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Activated carbon (skeletal)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,000 - 2,100<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Solid a.k.a. skeletal density<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Agar (bulk)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 550 - 600<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Agate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,500 - 2,600<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Alabaster carbonate<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,700 - 2,800<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Albite<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,600 - 2,650<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Aluminium oxide<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 3,950 - 4,100<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Amber<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,060 - 1,100<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Amphiboles<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,900 - 3,200<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Anorthite<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,740 - 2,760<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Asbstos<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,000 - 2,800<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Balsa<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 40 - 340<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dry timber<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Basalt<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,400 - 3,100<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Beeswax<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 958 - 970<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Relative density at 15 °C<ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128021040000226</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Beryllium copper<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 8,100 - 8,250<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Biotite<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,700 - 3,100<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Black powder<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,700 - 1,820<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Mercury method<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Black powder<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,920 - 2,080<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Pycnometer<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Bone<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,700 - 2,000<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Human bone<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Brass<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 8,400 - 8,730<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Brick<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,400 - 2,400<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Bronze<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 7,400 - 8,900<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| (8-14% Sn)<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Bronze (lead)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 7,700 - 8,700<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Bronze (phosphorus)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 8,780 - 8,920<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| C-4<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,726.58 - 1,750<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Dynamite<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,300 - 1,510<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>http://www.dynonobel.com/~/media/Files/Dyno/ResourceHub/Guides/Trench%20Blasting%20Guide/TrenchBlastingGuide_22206.pdf</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Gasoline<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 710 - 770<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Gelatine<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,300 - 1,400<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>http://www.gelatin-gmia.com/images/GMIA_Gelatin_Manual_2012.pdf</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Gum arabic<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,350-1,490<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>http://cameo.mfa.org/wiki/Gum_arabic</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Kerosene<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 780 - 810<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Mineral oil (heavy)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 860 - 910<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Mineral oil (light)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 830 - 880<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Naphtha<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 750 - 850<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Oak<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 710 - 750<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Timber<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Petroleum ether<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 600 - 800<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Polystyrene<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 960 - 1050<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Prussian blue<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,750 - 1,810<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>http://www.drugfuture.com/chemdata/prussian-blue.html</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Smokeless powder<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 900 - 1,000<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| At 20 °C<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Stainless steel<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 7,480 - 8,050<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Zeolite (analcime)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,240 - 2,290<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>http://rruff.info/doclib/hom/analcime.pdf</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Zeolite (chabazite)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,050 - 2,200<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>http://www.mindat.org/min-6854.html</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Zeolite (clinoptilolite)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,200 - 2,440<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Powder<ref>http://www.zeolite-products.com/ktml2/files/uploads/msds.pdf</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Zeolite (heulandite)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,100 - 2,200<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>http://www.mindat.org/min-6988.html</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Zeolite (mordenite)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,120 - 2,150<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>http://www.iza-online.org/natural/Datasheets/Mordenite/mordenite.htm</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Zeolite (natrolite)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,200 - 2,260<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>http://www.mindat.org/min-2947.html</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Zeolite (phillipsite)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,200 - 2,242<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>http://www.mindat.org/min-3192.html</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Zeolite (phillipsite)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,200 - 2,242<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>http://www.mindat.org/min-3192.html</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| Zeolite (stilbite)<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,180 - 2,220<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>http://www.mindat.org/min-3785.html</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Density of materials at different temperatures===<br />
====Air====<br />
{|class="wikitable"<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Temperature (°C)<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Density (kg/m<sup>3</sup>)<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +727<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 0.340<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +227<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 0.696<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +35<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1.146<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +30<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1.164<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +27<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1.161<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +25<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1.184<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +20<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1.204<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +15<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1.225<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +10<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1.247<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +5<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1.269<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 0<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1.293<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| -5<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1.316<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| -10<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1.342<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| -15<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1.368<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| -20<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1.395<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| -25<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1.423<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| -73<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1.746<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| -173<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 3.556<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Ammonia====<br />
{|class="wikitable"<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Temperature (°C)<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Density (kg/m<sup>3</sup>)<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +25 °C<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,073<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +20 °C<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,170<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Ammonium acetate====<br />
{|class="wikitable"<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Temperature (°C)<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Density (kg/m<sup>3</sup>)<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +15 °C<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 0.73<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 0 °C<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 0,769<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| -33.34<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 0.86<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| -33.3<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 681.9<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| -80 °C<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 817<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Antimony(III) chloride====<br />
{|class="wikitable"<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Temperature (°C)<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Density (kg/m<sup>3</sup>)<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +150<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,510<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +25<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 3,140<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Argon====<br />
{|class="wikitable"<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Temperature (°C)<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Density (kg/m<sup>3</sup>)<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +27<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1.449<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 0<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1.784<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| -185<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,395.4<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Benzaldehyde====<br />
{|class="wikitable"<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Temperature (°C)<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Density (kg/m<sup>3</sup>)<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +20<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,044<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +15<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,050<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Biuret====<br />
{|class="wikitable"<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Temperature (°C)<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Density (kg/m<sup>3</sup>)<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +20<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,456<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +10<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,467<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Butyric acid====<br />
{|class="wikitable"<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Temperature (°C)<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Density (kg/m<sup>3</sup>)<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +25<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 952.8<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| -43<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,135<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Carbon dioxide====<br />
{|class="wikitable"<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Temperature (°C)<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Density (kg/m<sup>3</sup>)<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +25<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1.799<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| -78<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,562<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Carbon disulfide====<br />
{|class="wikitable"<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Temperature (°C)<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Density (kg/m<sup>3</sup>)<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +25<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,262<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +20<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,263.2<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 0<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,292.7<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| -186<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,539<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Carbon monoxide====<br />
{|class="wikitable"<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Temperature (°C)<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Density (kg/m<sup>3</sup>)<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +25<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1.145<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 0<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1.250<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| -191.5<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 789<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Carbon tetrachloride====<br />
{|class="wikitable"<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Temperature (°C)<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Density (kg/m<sup>3</sup>)<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +20<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,594<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| -80<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,809<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| -186<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,831<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Chloroform====<br />
{|class="wikitable"<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Temperature (°C)<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Density (kg/m<sup>3</sup>)<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +60<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,394<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +25<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,488.5<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +20<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,483.2<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| -20<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,564<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Chromyl chloride====<br />
{|class="wikitable"<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Temperature (°C)<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Density (kg/m<sup>3</sup>)<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +60<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,855<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +49<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,873<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +39<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,893<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +30<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,910<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +25<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,911.8<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +24<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,920<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +20<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,960<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| -47<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,052.2<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| -150<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,334<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Dimethyl ether====<br />
{|class="wikitable"<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Temperature (°C)<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Density (kg/m<sup>3</sup>)<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +25<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1.91855<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +20<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1.96<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +15<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1.993<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +0<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2.1146<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| -24<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2.3622<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| -25<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 735<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Ethyl formate====<br />
{|class="wikitable"<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Temperature (°C)<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Density (kg/m<sup>3</sup>)<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +50<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 876<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +45<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 883<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +40<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 890.5<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +35<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 897.1<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +30<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 903.6<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +25<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 910.1<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +20<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 916.6<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +15<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 929<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +10<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 934<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 0<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 948<br />
|}<br />
<ref>[http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/je500848q Almasi, Mohammad; Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data; vol. 60; nb. 3; (2015); p. 714 - 720]</ref><br />
<br />
====Helium====<br />
{|class="wikitable"<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Temperature (°C)<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Density (kg/m<sup>3</sup>)<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +27<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 0.164<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 0<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 0.1786<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| -269<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 147<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Hydrazine====<br />
{|class="wikitable"<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Temperature (°C)<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Density (kg/m<sup>3</sup>)<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +50<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 982<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +25<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,004<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +20<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,008.5<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +15<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,014<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 0<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,021<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Hydrogen====<br />
{|class="wikitable"<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Temperature (°C)<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Density (kg/m<sup>3</sup>)<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +125<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 0.6061<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +100<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 0.6465<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +75<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 0.6928<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +50<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 0.7461<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +25<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 0.8085<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 0<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 0.08988<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| -25<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 0.9708<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| -50<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1.0793<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| -75<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1.2154<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| -100<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1.3911<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| -125<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1.6271<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| -150<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1.9617<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| -175<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2.4760<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| -200<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 3.3817<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| -225<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 5.5430<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| -250<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 68.747<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| -255<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 74.252<ref>http://hydrogen.pnl.gov/hydrogen-data/hydrogen-density-different-temperatures-and-pressures</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Hydrogen fluoride====<br />
{|class="wikitable"<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Temperature (°C)<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Density (kg/m<sup>3</sup>)<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +25<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1.15<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +19.5<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 991<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +0<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,002<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Ice====<br />
{|class="wikitable"<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Temperature (°C)<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Density (kg/m<sup>3</sup>)<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 0<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 916<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| -50<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 922<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| -100<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 927<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Iodine trichloride====<br />
{|class="wikitable"<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Temperature (°C)<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Density (kg/m<sup>3</sup>)<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +15<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 3,110<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| -40<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 3,203<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Manganese heptoxide====<br />
{|class="wikitable"<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Temperature (°C)<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Density (kg/m<sup>3</sup>)<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +20<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,396<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| -30<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,790<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Methane====<br />
{|class="wikitable"<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Temperature (°C)<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Density (kg/m<sup>3</sup>)<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +25<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 0.656<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| -90<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 162<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| -161.65<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 422.62<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Methanol====<br />
{|class="wikitable"<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Temperature (°C)<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Density (kg/m<sup>3</sup>)<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +25<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 786.6<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +20<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 791.5<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +15<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 796<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide====<br />
{|class="wikitable"<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Temperature (°C)<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Density (kg/m<sup>3</sup>)<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +20<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,170<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +15<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,120<br />
|}<br />
<ref>http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0416.html</ref><br />
<br />
====Methyl formate====<br />
{|class="wikitable"<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Temperature (°C)<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Density (kg/m<sup>3</sup>)<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +20<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 980<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +15<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 987<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====NaK====<br />
{|class="wikitable"<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Temperature (°C)<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Density (kg/m<sup>3</sup>)<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +100<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 855<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +21<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 866<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Naphthalene====<br />
{|class="wikitable"<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Temperature (°C)<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Density (kg/m<sup>3</sup>)<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +100<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 962.5<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +20<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,025.3<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +15.5<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,145<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Nitrogen====<br />
{|class="wikitable"<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Temperature (°C)<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Density (kg/m<sup>3</sup>)<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +27<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1.145<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| -199<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 808<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Oxygen====<br />
{|class="wikitable"<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Temperature (°C)<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Density (kg/m<sup>3</sup>)<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +27<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1.308<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| -186<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,155<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Pentanol====<br />
{|class="wikitable"<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Temperature (°C)<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Density (kg/m<sup>3</sup>)<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +25<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 811<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +20<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 814.6<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +15<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 818<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Peracetic acid (40%)====<br />
{|class="wikitable"<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Temperature (°C)<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Density (kg/m<sup>3</sup>)<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +20<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,140<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +15<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,226<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Perchloric acid====<br />
{|class="wikitable"<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Temperature (°C)<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Density (kg/m<sup>3</sup>)<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +55<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,711<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +30<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,750.9<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +25<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,760.8<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +22<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,768<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +20<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,770.3<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +15<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,780<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +10<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,789.2<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +5<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,798.8<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 0<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,808.4<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| -5<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,818.1<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| -10<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,827.8<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| -15<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,837.3<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| -20<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,846.8<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| -25<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,856.1<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| -30<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,865.4<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| -160<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,160<br />
|}<ref>Mascherpa, G.; Revue de Chimie Minerale; vol. 2; (1965); p. 379 - 433</ref><br />
<br />
====Phenolphthalein====<br />
{|class="wikitable"<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Temperature (°C)<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Density (kg/m<sup>3</sup>)<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +32<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,277<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +25<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,299<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +20<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,300<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Phthalic anhydride====<br />
{|class="wikitable"<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Temperature (°C)<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Density (kg/m<sup>3</sup>)<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +135<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,200<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +20<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,530<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Potassium hydroxide====<br />
{|class="wikitable"<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Temperature (°C)<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Density (kg/m<sup>3</sup>)<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +25<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,120<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +20<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,044<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Propylene oxide====<br />
{|class="wikitable"<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Temperature (°C)<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Density (kg/m<sup>3</sup>)<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +20<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 830.4<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +0<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 859<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Pyruvic acid====<br />
{|class="wikitable"<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Temperature (°C)<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Density (kg/m<sup>3</sup>)<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +25<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,267<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +20<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,250<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Rubidium chloride====<br />
{|class="wikitable"<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Temperature (°C)<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Density (kg/m<sup>3</sup>)<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +750<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,088<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +25<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,800<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Silver nitrate====<br />
{|class="wikitable"<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Temperature (°C)<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Density (kg/m<sup>3</sup>)<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +210<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 3,970<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +24<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 4,350<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Silver sulfate====<br />
{|class="wikitable"<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Temperature (°C)<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Density (kg/m<sup>3</sup>)<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +660<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 4,480<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +20<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 5,450<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Sodium bisulfite====<br />
{|class="wikitable"<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Temperature (°C)<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Density (kg/m<sup>3</sup>)<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +25<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,360<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +20<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,480<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Sulfur dichloride====<br />
{|class="wikitable"<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Temperature (°C)<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Density (kg/m<sup>3</sup>)<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +20<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,621<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +15<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,628.5<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 0<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,656.7<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| -134<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 2,120<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Thionyl chloride====<br />
{|class="wikitable"<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Temperature (°C)<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Density (kg/m<sup>3</sup>)<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +20<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,638<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +10<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,655<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 0<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,676<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Thiophene====<br />
{|class="wikitable"<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Temperature (°C)<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Density (kg/m<sup>3</sup>)<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +25<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,051<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +20<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,064.94<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Trimethyl phosphate====<br />
{|class="wikitable"<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Temperature (°C)<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Density (kg/m<sup>3</sup>)<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +25<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,197<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +20<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 1,214.4<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====Water====<br />
{|class="wikitable"<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Temperature (°C)<br />
! style="text-align:center;"| Density (kg/m<sup>3</sup>)<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +100<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 958.4<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +80<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 971.8<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +60<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 983.2<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +50<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 988.03<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +40<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 992.2<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +30<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 995.6502<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +25<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 997.0479<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +22<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 997.7735<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +20<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 998.2071<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +15<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 999.1026<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +10<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 999.7026<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| +4<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 999.9720<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 0<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 999.8395<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| -10<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 998.117<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| -20<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 993.547<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| -30<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| 983.854<br />
|}<br />
The values below 0 °C refer to supercooled water.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
*https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Density<br />
*http://physics.info/density/<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
[[Category:Chemical properties]]<br />
[[Category:Data tables]]</div>
Mabus
https://www.sciencemadness.org/smwiki/index.php?title=Barium_hydroxide&diff=15636
Barium hydroxide
2024-03-13T20:04:45Z
<p>Mabus: Created page with "{{Chembox | Name = Barium hydroxide | Reference = | IUPACName = Barium hydroxide | PIN = | SystematicName = | OtherNames = Barium dihydroxide<br>Baryta<br>Baryta-water <!-- Im..."</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Chembox<br />
| Name = Barium hydroxide<br />
| Reference =<br />
| IUPACName = Barium hydroxide<br />
| PIN =<br />
| SystematicName =<br />
| OtherNames = Barium dihydroxide<br>Baryta<br>Baryta-water<br />
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| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties<br />
| AtmosphericOHRateConstant = <br />
| Appearance = White solid<br />
| BoilingPt = <br />
| BoilingPtC = 780-800<br />
| BoilingPt_ref = <br />
| BoilingPt_notes = Decomposes<br />
| Density = 4.5 g/cm<sup>3</sup> (20 °C) (anhydrous)<br>3.743 g/cm<sup>3</sup> (monohydrate)<br>2.18 g/cm<sup>3</sup> (25 °C) (octahydrate)<br />
| Formula = Ba(OH)<sub>2</sub> (anhydrous)<br>Ba(OH)<sub>2</sub>·H<sub>2</sub>O (monohydrate)<br>Ba(OH)<sub>2</sub>·8H<sub>2</sub>O (octahydrate)<br />
| HenryConstant = <br />
| LogP = <br />
| MolarMass = 171.34 g/mol (anhydrous)<br>189.355 g/mol (monohydrate)<br>315.46 g/mol (octahydrate)<br />
| MeltingPt = <br />
| MeltingPtC = <br />
| MeltingPt_ref = <br />
| MeltingPt_notes = ''octahydrate''<br>78 °C (172 °F; 351 K)<br>''monohydrate''<br>300 °C (572 °F; 573 K)<br>''anhydrous''<br>407 °C (765 °F; 680 K)<br />
| Odor = Odorless<br />
| pKa = <br />
| pKb = 0.64<br />
| Solubility = 1.67 g/100 ml (0 °C)<br>2.48 g/100 ml (10 °C)<br>3.89 g/100 ml (20 °C)<br>5.59 g/100 ml (30 °C)<br>8.22 g/100 ml (40 °C)<br>13.1 g/100 ml (50 °C)<br>20.9 g/100 ml (60 °C)<br>101.4 g/100 ml (80 °C)<ref>Rabinovich V.A., Khavin Z.Ya. Brief chemical reference book. - L.: Chemistry, 1977 (Рабинович В.А., Хавин З.Я. Краткий химический справочник. - Л.: Химия, 1977)</ref><br />
| SolubleOther = Reacts with acids<br>Insoluble in hydrocarbons<br />
| Solvent = <br />
| VaporPressure = ~0 mmHg<br />
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| Section3 = {{Chembox Structure<br />
| Coordination = <br />
| CrystalStruct = Octahedral<br />
| MolShape = <br />
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| Section4 = {{Chembox Thermochemistry<br />
| DeltaGf = -886 kJ/mol<br />
| DeltaHc = <br />
| DeltaHf = −944.7 kJ/mol<br />
| Entropy = 124 J·mol<sup>-1</sup>·K<sup>-1</sup><br />
| HeatCapacity = <br />
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| REFactor = <br />
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| AutoignitionPt = Non-flammable<br />
| ExploLimits = Non-flammable<br />
| ExternalMSDS = [https://jmp.sh/hak3NgQK Sigma-Aldrich] (octahydrate)<br />
| FlashPt = Non-flammable<br />
| LD50 = 308 mg/kg (rat, oral)<br>255 mg/kg (rat, IP)<br />
| LC50 = <br />
| MainHazards = Irritant<br>Harmful<br />
| NFPA-F = <br />
| NFPA-H = <br />
| NFPA-R = <br />
| NFPA-S = <br />
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| OtherCompounds = [[Magnesium hydroxide]]<br>[[Calcium hydroxide]]<br>[[Strontium hydroxide]]<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
'''Barium hydroxide''' is a chemical compound with the chemical formula '''Ba(OH)<sub>2</sub>'''. The monohydrate (x = 1), known as baryta or baryta-water, is one of the principal compounds of barium.<br />
<br />
==Properties==<br />
===Chemical===<br />
Barium hydroxide decomposes to [[barium oxide]] when heated to 800 °C.<br />
<br />
: Ba(OH)<sub>2</sub> → BaO + H<sub>2</sub>O<br />
<br />
Reactions of barium hydroxide with [[ammonium]] salts are strongly endothermic. The reaction of barium hydroxide octahydrate with [[ammonium chloride]] or [[ammonium thiocyanate]] is often used as a classroom chemistry demonstration, producing temperatures cold enough to freeze water and enough water to dissolve the resulting mixture.<br />
<br />
Barium hydroxide is occasionally used in organic synthesis as a strong base, for example for the hydrolysis of esters and nitriles, and as a base in aldol condensations. It can be used to perform decarboxylation of amino acids.<br />
<br />
Barium hydroxide is often used in ketonic decarboxylations for the preparation of various organic compound, like cyclopentanone from adipic acid or diacetone alcohol from [[acetone]].<br />
<br />
===Physical===<br />
Barium hydroxide is a colorless solid, slightly soluble in cold water, but more soluble in hot water.<br />
<br />
As [[barium carbonate]] is insoluble in water, clear solutions of barium hydroxide are free of any carbonates. This property allows the use of barium hydroxide to be used in titration of acids using indicators such as [[phenolphthalein]] or [[thymolphthalein]] (with alkaline color changes) without the risk of titration errors due to the presence of carbonate ions, which are much less basic.<br />
<br />
==Availability==<br />
Barium hydroxide is sold by chemical suppliers.<br />
<br />
==Preparation==<br />
Barium hydroxide can be prepared by dissolving [[barium oxide]] (BaO) in water:<br />
<br />
: BaO + H<sub>2</sub>O → Ba(OH)<sub>2</sub><br />
<br />
The reaction is exothermic, and the heat produced may even melt the octahydrate.<br />
<br />
It crystallizes as the octahydrate from water, which converts to the monohydrate upon heating in air above 78 °C.<br />
<br />
If heated above 100 °C in a vacuum, the monohydrate will yield BaO and water.<ref>(1960). ''Gmelins Handbuch der anorganischen Chemie (8. Aufl.)'', Weinheim: Verlag Chemie, p. 289.</ref><br />
<br />
A simple route involves the double displacement of [[barium chloride]] with [[sodium hydroxide]]. Both solutions should be warmed before being mixed.<br />
<br />
: BaCl<sub>2</sub> + 2 NaOH + 8 H<sub>2</sub>O → 2 NaCl + Ba(OH)<sub>2</sub>·8H<sub>2</sub>O ↓<br />
<br />
Another possible preparation route, taking advantage of its moderate water solubility, involves the double displacement reaction of [[barium acetate]] and [[potassium hydroxide]], reaction which takes place at high temperatures (60-80 °C). As the solution cools, the less soluble barium hydroxide precipitates out of the solution, while the much more soluble potassium acetate stays in solution.<br />
<br />
: Ba(CH<sub>3</sub>COO)<sub>2</sub> + 2 KOH + 8 H<sub>2</sub>O → 2 CH<sub>3</sub>COOK + Ba(OH)<sub>2</sub>·8H<sub>2</sub>O ↓<br />
<br />
==Projects==<br />
*Make barium salts<br />
*Titration of acids<br />
*Chemical demonstrations of endothermic reactions<br />
*Ketonic decarboxylations<br />
<br />
==Handling==<br />
===Safety===<br />
Barium hydroxide is toxic if ingested, as it reacts with stomach acid to form the more soluble [[barium chloride]]. In case of ingestion, a non-toxic soluble sulfate solution (like sodium or magnesium sulfate) can be used as antidote.<br />
<br />
===Storage===<br />
Should be kept in air-tight plastic bottles.<br />
<br />
===Disposal===<br />
Can be mixed with a sulfate, to yield the insoluble barium sulfate, which is non-toxic.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
===Relevant Sciencemadness threads===<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=5487 barium hydroxide [Ba(OH)2]]<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=25391 Barium and sodium hydroxide shelf life]<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=61223 Make barium hydroxide from spent sparklers]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Chemical compounds]] <br />
[[Category:Inorganic compounds]]<br />
[[Category:Barium compounds]]<br />
[[Category:Bases]]<br />
[[Category:Hydroxides]]<br />
[[Category:Materials unstable in acidic solution]]<br />
[[Category:Easily prepared chemicals]]</div>
Mabus
https://www.sciencemadness.org/smwiki/index.php?title=Magnesium_hydroxide&diff=15635
Magnesium hydroxide
2024-03-13T17:13:21Z
<p>Mabus: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Chembox<br />
| Name = Magnesium hydroxide<br />
| Reference =<br />
| IUPACName = Magnesium hydroxide<br />
| PIN =<br />
| SystematicName = Magnesium hydroxide<br />
| OtherNames = Brucite<br>Magensium dihydroxide<br>Milk of magnesia<br />
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<!-- Sections --><br />
| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers<br />
| 3DMet = <br />
| Abbreviations = <br />
| SMILES = [OH-].[OH-].[Mg+2]<br />
}}<br />
| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties<br />
| AtmosphericOHRateConstant = <br />
| Appearance = White solid <br />
| BoilingPt = <br />
| BoilingPtC = <br />
| BoilingPt_ref = <br />
| BoilingPt_notes = Decomposes<br />
| Density = 2.3446 g/cm<sup>3</sup><br />
| Formula = Mg(OH)<sub>2</sub><br />
| HenryConstant = <br />
| LogP = <br />
| MolarMass = 58.3197 g/mol<br />
| MeltingPt = 350 °C (662 °F; 623 K) decomposes<br />
| MeltingPtC = <br />
| MeltingPt_ref = <br />
| MeltingPt_notes = <br />
| Odor = Odorless<br />
| pKa = <br />
| pKb = <br />
| Solubility = 0.00064 g/100 ml (25 °C)<br>0.004 g/100 ml (100 °C)<br />
| SolubleOther = Reacts with acids<br />
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| VaporPressure = ~ 0 mmHg<br />
}}<br />
| Section3 = {{Chembox Structure<br />
| Coordination = <br />
| CrystalStruct = Hexagonal, hP3<br />
| MolShape = <br />
}}<br />
| Section4 = {{Chembox Thermochemistry<br />
| DeltaGf = −833.7 kJ/mol<br />
| DeltaHc = <br />
| DeltaHf = −924.7 kJ/mol<br />
| Entropy = 64 J·mol<sup>−1</sup>·K<sup>−1</sup><br />
| HeatCapacity = 77.03 J·mol<sup>−1</sup>·K<sup>−1</sup><br />
}}<br />
| Section5 = {{Chembox Explosive<br />
| ShockSens = <br />
| FrictionSens = <br />
| DetonationV = <br />
| REFactor = <br />
}}<br />
| Section6 = {{Chembox Hazards<br />
| AutoignitionPt = Non-flammable<br />
| ExploLimits = Non-explosive<br />
| ExternalMSDS = [https://www.docdroid.net/GJM8l7D/magnesium-hydroxide-sa.pdf.html Sigma-Aldrich]<br />
| FlashPt = Non-flammable<br />
| LD50 = <br />
| LC50 = <br />
| MainHazards = Irritant<br />
| NFPA-F = <br />
| NFPA-H = <br />
| NFPA-R = <br />
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| Section7 = {{Chembox Related<br />
| OtherAnions = <br />
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'''Magnesium hydroxide''' is inorganic compound with formula '''Mg(OH)<sub>2</sub>'''. It is often known as milk of magnesia, because of its milk-like appearance as a suspension. The solid mineral form of magnesium hydroxide is known as '''brucite'''. Suspensions of magnesium hydroxide in water are used as an antacid to neutralize stomach acid, and as a laxative. The diarrhea caused by magnesium hydroxide carries away much of the body's supply of potassium, and failure to take extra potassium may lead to muscle cramps. Magnesium hydroxide is also used as an antiperspirant underarm deodorant.<br />
<br />
==Properties==<br />
===Chemical===<br />
Magnesium hydroxide reacts with acids, forming the magnesium salt of said acid and water.<br />
<br />
: Mg(OH)<sub>2</sub> + 2 HCl → MgCl<sub>2</sub> + 2 H<sub>2</sub>O<br />
<br />
Magnesium hydroxide decomposes when heated at high temperatures.<br />
<br />
: Mg(OH)<sub>2</sub> → MgO + H<sub>2</sub>O<br />
<br />
===Physical===<br />
Magnesium hydroxide is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula of hydrated Mg(OH)<sub>2</sub>. While magnesium hydroxide has a low solubility in water, with a Ksp of 1.5×10<sup>−11</sup>, it is large enough that it will partially dissolve to produce ions in the solution, forming the suspension. A relatively high concentration of magnesium or hydroxide ions would be required to revert the suspension to the solid precipitate by reversing the equilibrium.<br />
<br />
In this suspended form, magnesium hydroxide is a common component of antacids and laxatives; it interferes with the absorption of folic acid and iron. The antacid properties come from the hydroxide ions which are responsible for neutralizing the acid.<br />
<br />
==Preparation== <br />
Magnesium hydroxide is composed of magnesium ions and hydroxide ions and it will precipitate whenever the two are present together - ie, combine in a metathesis reaction. The reaction is as follows:<br />
<br />
: Mg<sup>2+</sup> (aq) + 2 OH<sup>−</sup> (aq) → Mg(OH)<sub>2</sub> (s)<br />
<br />
It can be easily prepared by mixing [[sodium hydroxide]] or [[potassium hydroxide]] with [[magnesium sulfate]].<br />
<br />
: 2 NaOH + MgSO<sub>4</sub> → Mg(OH)<sub>2</sub> + Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub><br />
: 2 KOH + MgSO<sub>4</sub> → Mg(OH)<sub>2</sub> + K<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub><br />
<br />
Note that it is extremely hard to filter milk of magnesia: magnesium hydroxide forms a slime-like gel that clogs most filters, and even strong vacuum does not help much.<br />
<br />
Very pure magnesium hydroxide can be obtained by reacting [[magnesium]] metal with water, which works much better with hot water than cold water.<br />
<br />
: Mg + 2 H<sub>2</sub>O → Mg(OH)<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub><br />
<br />
Magnesium metal does not react with alkali hydroxides, thus the hydroxide cannot be produced this way.<br />
<br />
==Availability==<br />
Magnesium hydroxide is sold by chemical suppliers and can be bought cheaply online.<br />
<br />
Some companies, like [http://magnesiaspecialties.com Martin Marietta Magnesia Specialties], deal in high purity products.<br />
<br />
It's also available in some drugstores as an antacid.<br />
<br />
==Projects==<br />
*Make magnesium salts<br />
*Make magnesium oxide<br />
*Antiacid<br />
<br />
==Handling==<br />
===Safety===<br />
Magnesium hydroxide has low to no toxicity, though if too much is ingested it may cause digestion issues and hypermagnesemia. It's non-flammable and non-explosive.<br />
<br />
===Storage===<br />
Magnesium hydroxide should be stored in closed bottles, away from open air to prevent it from absorbing carbon dioxide or sulfur dioxide from air.<br />
<br />
===Disposal===<br />
Magnesium hydroxide can be safely thrown out with your normal garbage or dumped in plant-less soil.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
===Relevant Sciencemadness threads===<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=3178 Separation of Mg(OH)2 from Ca(OH)2]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Chemical compounds]] <br />
[[Category:Inorganic compounds]]<br />
[[Category:Magnesium compounds]]<br />
[[Category:Bases]]<br />
[[Category:Hydroxides]]<br />
[[Category:Materials unstable in acidic solution]]<br />
[[Category:Easily prepared chemicals]]<br />
[[Category:Minerals]]<br />
[[Category:Irritants]]<br />
[[Category:Air-sensitive materials]]</div>
Mabus
https://www.sciencemadness.org/smwiki/index.php?title=Topical_Compendium:_Elements&diff=15634
Topical Compendium: Elements
2024-03-13T16:27:05Z
<p>Mabus: /* Isolation of */</p>
<hr />
<div>''Back to [[Topical Compendium]] home'' <br><br />
This is the Elements chapter of the '''Topical Compendium'''.<br />
<br />
<br />
== [[Hydrogen]] ==<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=26672 Ampouling gases]<br />
<br />
== [[Helium]] ==<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=18347 Alternative inert gasses]<br />
<br />
== [[Lithium]] ==<br />
===Cleaning===<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=20125 Cleaning and making lithium look presentable]<br />
===Isolation of===<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=29291 Electrolysis of alkali salts at STP]<br />
<br />
===Other===<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=28800 Searching for Lithium and Rubidium in Lepidolite]<br />
<br />
== [[Beryllium]] ==<br />
===Isolation of===<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=23007 Extraction of beryllium from beryl]<br />
<br />
== [[Boron]] ==<br />
===Isolation of===<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=26415 Isolation of Boron from Borax (Sodium Tetraborate)]<br />
<br />
== [[Carbon]] ==<br />
''Also see: [[Topical Compendium: Organic Chemistry]]''<br />
<br />
===Isolation of===<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=24757 Production of small quantities of crude Wood Charcoal Carbon powder]<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=12881 Video: Dehydration of sugar by sulfuric acid]<br />
<br />
== [[Nitrogen]] ==<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=726 N2 - nitrogen from air]<br />
<br />
== [[Oxygen]] ==<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=23211 LOX (Liquid Oxygen)]<br />
<br />
== [[Fluorine]] ==<br />
===Isolation of===<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=17233 A small scale fluorine generator]<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=16246 Fluorine gas non-electrical production]<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=22476 Preparing elemental fluorine in your home lab?]<br />
===Compounds===<br />
====Inorganic Fluorides====<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=24869 Fluorine salts acquisition?]<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=8 Hydrofluoric acid]<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=22494 Silicon tetrafluoride]<br />
===Other===<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=17240 Be the first kid on the block with a hydrogen-fluorine torch]<br />
<br />
== [[Neon]] ==<br />
<br />
== [[Sodium]] ==<br />
===Isolation of===<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=29291 Electrolysis of alkali salts at STP]<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=24352 Is this for Real? Mg + NaOH ==> Sodium?]<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=2105 unconventional sodium]<br />
<br />
== [[Magnesium]] ==<br />
===Compounds===<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=10110 Sr, Mg, and Transition Metal Soaps!]<br />
===Isolation of===<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=8757 Mg metal from MgO]<br />
<br />
== [[Aluminium]] ==<br />
===Compounds===<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=14111 Preparation of anhydrous AlCl3 in DCM - photos]<br />
<br />
===Other===<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=21387 Aluminum Powder]<br />
<br />
== [[Silicon]] ==<br />
===Compounds===<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=22494 Silicon tetrafluoride]<br />
<br />
== [[Phosphorus]] ==<br />
===Isolation of===<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=65 Preparation of elemental phosphorus]<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=13932 Phosphorus via reduction of phosphoric acid with carbon in a microwave]<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=20985 Purification of phosphorus -- treatment of WP burns]<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=25653 An illustrated guide on the preparation of white phosphorus (P4) from red phosphorus (P)]<br />
<br />
== [[Sulfur]] ==<br />
*[https://sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=3902 Hot toluene: a great solvent for sulfur]<br />
<br />
== [[Chlorine]] ==<br />
===Isolation of===<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=9713 Chlorine - Illustrated Practical Guide]<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=1305 Chlorine]<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=17336 Small scale chlorine generation.]<br />
<br />
== [[Argon]] ==<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=18347 Alternative inert gasses]<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=10366 argon]<br />
<br />
== [[Potassium]] ==<br />
===Isolation of===<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=14970 Make Potassium (from versuchschemie.de)]<br />
** ''Also see: [https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=15171 Synthesis of longer chain tertiary alcohols]''<br />
<br />
== [[Calcium]] ==<br />
===Compounds===<br />
====Carbide====<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=2492 Calcium Carbide CaC2 - Acquisition, Uses and Synthesis]<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=27475 Synthesis of calcium carbide with electric arc]<br />
===Other===<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=11946 Suitable Flux for Calcium Metal Fusion]<br />
<br />
== [[Scandium]] ==<br />
<br />
== [[Titanium]] ==<br />
===Compounds===<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=26676 Titanium (III) Potassium Alum: failed attempt]<br />
<br />
== [[Vanadium]] ==<br />
===Catalysis===<br />
*[https://sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=1599 V2O5 catalyst for H2SO4 production.]<br />
<br />
===Compounds===<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=13849 How to convert ferrovanadium (82%) in vanadium pentoxide]<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=25849 Vanadium sulfate - does it exist?]<br />
<br />
===Redox Chemistry===<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=25956 Reduction of Vanadium with Magnesium]<br />
<br />
== [[Chromium]] ==<br />
===Coordination complexes===<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=26095 Interesting and colorful coordination chemistry with ethylene diamine]<br />
<br />
===Isolation of===<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=15839 extract chromium from 18/0 stainless]<br />
<br />
== [[Manganese]] ==<br />
===Compounds===<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=6554 Manganese Chloride Crystals]<br />
====Permanganates/manganates====<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=8480 Permanganates]<br />
<br />
===Isolation of===<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=27150 Isolating manganese metal from potassium permanganate]<br />
<br />
== [[Iron]] ==<br />
===Compounds===<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=5650 Preparation of Ammonium iron (III) sulphate (ferric alum)]<br />
<br />
===Thermite===<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=26094 Questions about thermite]<br />
<br />
== [[Cobalt]] ==<br />
===Coordination complexes===<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=26095 Interesting and colorful coordination chemistry with ethylene diamine]<br />
<br />
== [[Nickel]] ==<br />
===Compounds===<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=21869 separation of nickel nitrate and copper nitrate]<br />
<br />
===Coordination complexes===<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=26095 Interesting and colorful coordination chemistry with ethylene diamine]<br />
<br />
===Isolation of===<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=16811 Separation of a US nickel]<br />
<br />
== [[Copper]] ==<br />
===Catalysis===<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=23499 Copper catalyzed cyanations of benzyl chlorides with potassium ferrocyanide]<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=10704 Cu/SiO2 a cheap versatil hydrogenation catalyst?]<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=24998#pid291469 CuO catalyzed hydrogen peroxide decomp.]<br />
<br />
===Compounds===<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=20392 Chevreul's Salt]<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=16586 Colorful copper compounds I've made so far]<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=16452 Copper Borate?]<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=21869 separation of nickel nitrate and copper nitrate]<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=24764 Silver and Copper Cyanide from Potassium Ferrocyanide]<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=24280 Stability of the Cu(I) compounds]<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=11661 Yet even more copper chemistry...]<br />
<br />
====Carboxylates====<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=9920 Copper(II) Aspirinate Synthesis]<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=10948 Dry distillation of Copper Acetate]<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=11144 Making Copper Acetate?]<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=10110 Sr, Mg, and Transition Metal Soaps!]<br />
<br />
===Coordination complexes===<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=15513 Another remarkable copper(II) complex] (cesium trichlorocuprate)<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=11218 Complex of copper(II)] (chloro and bromo complexes)<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=21021 Isolation of Schweizer's Reagent]<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=16220 tetraamine copper nitrate sensitivity?]<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=11661 Yet even more copper chemistry...]<br />
<br />
===Electrochemistry===<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=23909 Growing copper electrolytically]<br />
<br />
===Redox chemistry===<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=21268 OTC Copper Mirror]<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=2654 Precipitated copper powder]<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=44 Reduction of copper(II) by fructose]<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=25537 Reduction of Copper (II) Compounds]<br />
<br />
===Other===<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=24628 microwave assisted synthesis of air stable copper nanoparticles]<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=23967 Pyrophoric copper: How?]<br />
<br />
== [[Zinc]] ==<br />
<br />
== [[Gallium]] ==<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=26420 Ampouling Gallium?]<br />
<br />
== [[Germanium]] ==<br />
<br />
== [[Arsenic]] ==<br />
===Isolation of===<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=25979 Arsenic from Skutterudite]<br />
<br />
== [[Selenium]] ==<br />
<br />
== [[Bromine]] ==<br />
===Isolation of===<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=20090 Bromine from NaBr]<br />
<br />
== [[Krypton]] ==<br />
<br />
== [[Rubidium]] ==<br />
===Isolation of===<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=22890 Alkali metal synthesis]<br />
<br />
===Other===<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=28800 Searching for Lithium and Rubidium in Lepidolite]<br />
<br />
<br />
== [[Strontium]] ==<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=10110 Sr, Mg, and Transition Metal Soaps!]<br />
<br />
== [[Yttrium]] ==<br />
<br />
== [[Zirconium]] ==<br />
<br />
== [[Niobium]] ==<br />
===Compounds===<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=7145 niobium pentachloride -- interesting reagent?]<br />
===Redox chemistry===<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=4838 Dissolving niobium metal]<br />
<br />
== [[Molybdenum]] ==<br />
===Isolation of===<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=28565 Molybdenum from molybdic acid - success!]<br />
<br />
===Compounds===<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=11962 Colorful Aqueous Molybdenum and Tungsten Chemistry]<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=11908 some molybdenum chemistry] (ammonium phosphomolybdate)<br />
<br />
== [[Technetium]] ==<br />
<br />
== [[Ruthenium]] ==<br />
<br />
== [[Rhodium]] ==<br />
<br />
== [[Palladium]] ==<br />
<br />
== [[Silver]] ==<br />
===Compounds===<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=27851 Nitric Acid and Silver Nitrate]<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=24764 Silver and Copper Cyanide from Potassium Ferrocyanide]<br />
<br />
== [[Cadmium]] ==<br />
===Isolation of===<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=24102 Melting/cleaning cadmium metal]<br />
<br />
== [[Indium]] ==<br />
<br />
== [[Tin]] ==<br />
<br />
== [[Antimony]] ==<br />
<br />
== [[Tellurium]] ==<br />
<br />
== [[Iodine]] ==<br />
===Isolation of===<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=24862 Alternative Iodine Isolation]<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=22658 Drying Iodine]<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=28199 Iodine extraction using sodium nitrite (pictures)]<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=22182 Making I2 with NO2, success]<br />
<br />
== [[Xenon]] ==<br />
<br />
== [[Caesium]] ==<br />
===Isolation of===<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=22890 Alkali metal synthesis]<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=6981 Cesium from CsCl]<br />
<br />
== [[Barium]] ==<br />
<br />
== [[Lanthanum]] ==<br />
<br />
== [[Cerium]] ==<br />
===Compounds===<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=9505 Ceric ammonium nitrate- uses and synthesis]<br />
<br />
===Isolation of===<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=22225 Reduction of cerium oxide to metal]<br />
<br />
== [[Praseodymium]] ==<br />
<br />
== [[Neodymium]] ==<br />
===Compounds===<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=14145 The trouble with neodymium...] (various, from magnets)<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=24851 two times neodymium sulfate; different colors]<br />
<br />
== [[Promethium]] ==<br />
<br />
== [[Samarium]] ==<br />
[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=31324&page=2 Colours]<br />
<br />
== [[Europium]] ==<br />
<br />
== [[Gadolinium]] ==<br />
<br />
== [[Terbium]] ==<br />
===Compounds===<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=27265 General Discussion of Terbium Compounds]<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=21885 Green Smash-Glow Crystals]<br />
<br />
== [[Dysprosium]] ==<br />
<br />
== [[Holmium]] ==<br />
<br />
== [[Erbium]] ==<br />
<br />
== [[Thulium]] ==<br />
<br />
== [[Ytterbium]] ==<br />
<br />
== [[Lutetium]] ==<br />
<br />
== [[Hafnium]] ==<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=26651 Hafnium - Plasma Torch Electrode]<br />
<br />
== [[Tantalum]] ==<br />
<br />
== [[Tungsten]] ==<br />
===Compounds===<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=11962 Colorful Aqueous Molybdenum and Tungsten Chemistry]<br />
<br />
== [[Rhenium]] ==<br />
<br />
== [[Osmium]] ==<br />
<br />
== [[Iridium]] ==<br />
<br />
== [[Platinum]] ==<br />
<br />
== [[Gold]] ==<br />
<br />
== [[Mercury]] ==<br />
===Compounds===<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=20959 mercury(II) chloride]<br />
<br />
===Isolation of===<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=18162 Refining mercury from cinnabar]<br />
<br />
== [[Thallium]] ==<br />
<br />
== [[Lead]] ==<br />
===Compounds===<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=5490 The lead salts preparation thread!]<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=1932 PbO2]<br />
<br />
== [[Bismuth]] ==<br />
===Isolation of===<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=1527 Bismuth from its Subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol®)]<br />
<br />
== [[Polonium]] ==<br />
<br />
== [[Astatine]] ==<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=62413 Astatine]<br />
<br />
== [[Radon]] ==<br />
<br />
== [[Francium]] ==<br />
<br />
== [[Radium]] ==<br />
===Extraction from paint===<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=5523 Dissolving Radium and Friends]<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=6308 Radium Bromide/Chloride/Sulfide from Paint]<br />
<br />
===Other===<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=17295 Radium glow]<br />
<br />
== [[Actinium]] ==<br />
<br />
== [[Thorium]] ==<br />
===Isolation of===<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=11275 Thorium Separation From TIG Electrodes]<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=29927 The trials & tribulations of Thorium production]<br />
<br />
== [[Protactinium]] ==<br />
<br />
== [[Uranium]] ==<br />
===Acquisition of===<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=23611 Looking for uranium salts at non-insane prices, preferably from depleted feed-stock.]<br />
<br />
===Compounds===<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=22751 Uranium Trioxide]<br />
<br />
<br />
== [[Neptunium]] ==<br />
<br />
== [[Plutonium]] ==<br />
<br />
== [[Americium]] ==<br />
<br />
[[Category:Resources for amateur chemists]]<br />
[[Category:Sciencemadness.org]]</div>
Mabus
https://www.sciencemadness.org/smwiki/index.php?title=Topical_Compendium:_Elements&diff=15633
Topical Compendium: Elements
2024-03-13T16:26:44Z
<p>Mabus: /* Redox Chemistry */</p>
<hr />
<div>''Back to [[Topical Compendium]] home'' <br><br />
This is the Elements chapter of the '''Topical Compendium'''.<br />
<br />
<br />
== [[Hydrogen]] ==<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=26672 Ampouling gases]<br />
<br />
== [[Helium]] ==<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=18347 Alternative inert gasses]<br />
<br />
== [[Lithium]] ==<br />
===Cleaning===<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=20125 Cleaning and making lithium look presentable]<br />
===Isolation of===<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=29291 Electrolysis of alkali salts at STP]<br />
<br />
===Other===<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=28800 Searching for Lithium and Rubidium in Lepidolite]<br />
<br />
== [[Beryllium]] ==<br />
===Isolation of===<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=23007 Extraction of beryllium from beryl]<br />
<br />
== [[Boron]] ==<br />
===Isolation of===<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=26415 Isolation of Boron from Borax (Sodium Tetraborate)]<br />
<br />
== [[Carbon]] ==<br />
''Also see: [[Topical Compendium: Organic Chemistry]]''<br />
<br />
===Isolation of===<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=24757 Production of small quantities of crude Wood Charcoal Carbon powder]<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=12881 Video: Dehydration of sugar by sulfuric acid]<br />
<br />
== [[Nitrogen]] ==<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=726 N2 - nitrogen from air]<br />
<br />
== [[Oxygen]] ==<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=23211 LOX (Liquid Oxygen)]<br />
<br />
== [[Fluorine]] ==<br />
===Isolation of===<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=17233 A small scale fluorine generator]<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=16246 Fluorine gas non-electrical production]<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=22476 Preparing elemental fluorine in your home lab?]<br />
===Compounds===<br />
====Inorganic Fluorides====<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=24869 Fluorine salts acquisition?]<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=8 Hydrofluoric acid]<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=22494 Silicon tetrafluoride]<br />
===Other===<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=17240 Be the first kid on the block with a hydrogen-fluorine torch]<br />
<br />
== [[Neon]] ==<br />
<br />
== [[Sodium]] ==<br />
===Isolation of===<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=29291 Electrolysis of alkali salts at STP]<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=24352 Is this for Real? Mg + NaOH ==> Sodium?]<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=2105 unconventional sodium]<br />
<br />
== [[Magnesium]] ==<br />
===Compounds===<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=10110 Sr, Mg, and Transition Metal Soaps!]<br />
===Isolation of===<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=8757 Mg metal from MgO]<br />
<br />
== [[Aluminium]] ==<br />
===Compounds===<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=14111 Preparation of anhydrous AlCl3 in DCM - photos]<br />
<br />
===Other===<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=21387 Aluminum Powder]<br />
<br />
== [[Silicon]] ==<br />
===Compounds===<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=22494 Silicon tetrafluoride]<br />
<br />
== [[Phosphorus]] ==<br />
===Isolation of===<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=65 Preparation of elemental phosphorus]<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=13932 Phosphorus via reduction of phosphoric acid with carbon in a microwave]<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=20985 Purification of phosphorus -- treatment of WP burns]<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=25653 An illustrated guide on the preparation of white phosphorus (P4) from red phosphorus (P)]<br />
<br />
== [[Sulfur]] ==<br />
*[https://sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=3902 Hot toluene: a great solvent for sulfur]<br />
<br />
== [[Chlorine]] ==<br />
===Isolation of===<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=9713 Chlorine - Illustrated Practical Guide]<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=1305 Chlorine]<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=17336 Small scale chlorine generation.]<br />
<br />
== [[Argon]] ==<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=18347 Alternative inert gasses]<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=10366 argon]<br />
<br />
== [[Potassium]] ==<br />
===Isolation of===<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=14970 Make Potassium (from versuchschemie.de)]<br />
** ''Also see: [https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=15171 Synthesis of longer chain tertiary alcohols]''<br />
<br />
== [[Calcium]] ==<br />
===Compounds===<br />
====Carbide====<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=2492 Calcium Carbide CaC2 - Acquisition, Uses and Synthesis]<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=27475 Synthesis of calcium carbide with electric arc]<br />
===Other===<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=11946 Suitable Flux for Calcium Metal Fusion]<br />
<br />
== [[Scandium]] ==<br />
<br />
== [[Titanium]] ==<br />
===Compounds===<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=26676 Titanium (III) Potassium Alum: failed attempt]<br />
<br />
== [[Vanadium]] ==<br />
===Catalysis===<br />
*[https://sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=1599 V2O5 catalyst for H2SO4 production.]<br />
<br />
===Compounds===<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=13849 How to convert ferrovanadium (82%) in vanadium pentoxide]<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=25849 Vanadium sulfate - does it exist?]<br />
<br />
===Redox Chemistry===<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=25956 Reduction of Vanadium with Magnesium]<br />
<br />
== [[Chromium]] ==<br />
===Coordination complexes===<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=26095 Interesting and colorful coordination chemistry with ethylene diamine]<br />
<br />
===Isolation of===<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=15839 extract chromium from 18/0 stainless]<br />
<br />
== [[Manganese]] ==<br />
===Compounds===<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=6554 Manganese Chloride Crystals]<br />
====Permanganates/manganates====<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=8480 Permanganates]<br />
<br />
===Isolation of===<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=27150 Isolating manganese metal from potassium permanganate]<br />
<br />
== [[Iron]] ==<br />
===Compounds===<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=5650 Preparation of Ammonium iron (III) sulphate (ferric alum)]<br />
<br />
===Thermite===<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=26094 Questions about thermite]<br />
<br />
== [[Cobalt]] ==<br />
===Coordination complexes===<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=26095 Interesting and colorful coordination chemistry with ethylene diamine]<br />
<br />
== [[Nickel]] ==<br />
===Compounds===<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=21869 separation of nickel nitrate and copper nitrate]<br />
<br />
===Coordination complexes===<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=26095 Interesting and colorful coordination chemistry with ethylene diamine]<br />
<br />
===Isolation of===<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=16811 Separation of a US nickel]<br />
<br />
== [[Copper]] ==<br />
===Catalysis===<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=23499 Copper catalyzed cyanations of benzyl chlorides with potassium ferrocyanide]<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=10704 Cu/SiO2 a cheap versatil hydrogenation catalyst?]<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=24998#pid291469 CuO catalyzed hydrogen peroxide decomp.]<br />
<br />
===Compounds===<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=20392 Chevreul's Salt]<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=16586 Colorful copper compounds I've made so far]<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=16452 Copper Borate?]<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=21869 separation of nickel nitrate and copper nitrate]<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=24764 Silver and Copper Cyanide from Potassium Ferrocyanide]<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=24280 Stability of the Cu(I) compounds]<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=11661 Yet even more copper chemistry...]<br />
<br />
====Carboxylates====<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=9920 Copper(II) Aspirinate Synthesis]<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=10948 Dry distillation of Copper Acetate]<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=11144 Making Copper Acetate?]<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=10110 Sr, Mg, and Transition Metal Soaps!]<br />
<br />
===Coordination complexes===<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=15513 Another remarkable copper(II) complex] (cesium trichlorocuprate)<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=11218 Complex of copper(II)] (chloro and bromo complexes)<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=21021 Isolation of Schweizer's Reagent]<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=16220 tetraamine copper nitrate sensitivity?]<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=11661 Yet even more copper chemistry...]<br />
<br />
===Electrochemistry===<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=23909 Growing copper electrolytically]<br />
<br />
===Redox chemistry===<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=21268 OTC Copper Mirror]<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=2654 Precipitated copper powder]<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=44 Reduction of copper(II) by fructose]<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=25537 Reduction of Copper (II) Compounds]<br />
<br />
===Other===<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=24628 microwave assisted synthesis of air stable copper nanoparticles]<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=23967 Pyrophoric copper: How?]<br />
<br />
== [[Zinc]] ==<br />
<br />
== [[Gallium]] ==<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=26420 Ampouling Gallium?]<br />
<br />
== [[Germanium]] ==<br />
<br />
== [[Arsenic]] ==<br />
===Isolation of===<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=25979 Arsenic from Skutterudite]<br />
<br />
== [[Selenium]] ==<br />
<br />
== [[Bromine]] ==<br />
===Isolation of===<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=20090 Bromine from NaBr]<br />
<br />
== [[Krypton]] ==<br />
<br />
== [[Rubidium]] ==<br />
===Isolation of===<br />
*[[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=22890 Alkali metal synthesis]<br />
<br />
===Other===<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=28800 Searching for Lithium and Rubidium in Lepidolite]<br />
<br />
<br />
== [[Strontium]] ==<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=10110 Sr, Mg, and Transition Metal Soaps!]<br />
<br />
== [[Yttrium]] ==<br />
<br />
== [[Zirconium]] ==<br />
<br />
== [[Niobium]] ==<br />
===Compounds===<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=7145 niobium pentachloride -- interesting reagent?]<br />
===Redox chemistry===<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=4838 Dissolving niobium metal]<br />
<br />
== [[Molybdenum]] ==<br />
===Isolation of===<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=28565 Molybdenum from molybdic acid - success!]<br />
<br />
===Compounds===<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=11962 Colorful Aqueous Molybdenum and Tungsten Chemistry]<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=11908 some molybdenum chemistry] (ammonium phosphomolybdate)<br />
<br />
== [[Technetium]] ==<br />
<br />
== [[Ruthenium]] ==<br />
<br />
== [[Rhodium]] ==<br />
<br />
== [[Palladium]] ==<br />
<br />
== [[Silver]] ==<br />
===Compounds===<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=27851 Nitric Acid and Silver Nitrate]<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=24764 Silver and Copper Cyanide from Potassium Ferrocyanide]<br />
<br />
== [[Cadmium]] ==<br />
===Isolation of===<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=24102 Melting/cleaning cadmium metal]<br />
<br />
== [[Indium]] ==<br />
<br />
== [[Tin]] ==<br />
<br />
== [[Antimony]] ==<br />
<br />
== [[Tellurium]] ==<br />
<br />
== [[Iodine]] ==<br />
===Isolation of===<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=24862 Alternative Iodine Isolation]<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=22658 Drying Iodine]<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=28199 Iodine extraction using sodium nitrite (pictures)]<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=22182 Making I2 with NO2, success]<br />
<br />
== [[Xenon]] ==<br />
<br />
== [[Caesium]] ==<br />
===Isolation of===<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=22890 Alkali metal synthesis]<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=6981 Cesium from CsCl]<br />
<br />
== [[Barium]] ==<br />
<br />
== [[Lanthanum]] ==<br />
<br />
== [[Cerium]] ==<br />
===Compounds===<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=9505 Ceric ammonium nitrate- uses and synthesis]<br />
<br />
===Isolation of===<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=22225 Reduction of cerium oxide to metal]<br />
<br />
== [[Praseodymium]] ==<br />
<br />
== [[Neodymium]] ==<br />
===Compounds===<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=14145 The trouble with neodymium...] (various, from magnets)<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=24851 two times neodymium sulfate; different colors]<br />
<br />
== [[Promethium]] ==<br />
<br />
== [[Samarium]] ==<br />
[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=31324&page=2 Colours]<br />
<br />
== [[Europium]] ==<br />
<br />
== [[Gadolinium]] ==<br />
<br />
== [[Terbium]] ==<br />
===Compounds===<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=27265 General Discussion of Terbium Compounds]<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=21885 Green Smash-Glow Crystals]<br />
<br />
== [[Dysprosium]] ==<br />
<br />
== [[Holmium]] ==<br />
<br />
== [[Erbium]] ==<br />
<br />
== [[Thulium]] ==<br />
<br />
== [[Ytterbium]] ==<br />
<br />
== [[Lutetium]] ==<br />
<br />
== [[Hafnium]] ==<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=26651 Hafnium - Plasma Torch Electrode]<br />
<br />
== [[Tantalum]] ==<br />
<br />
== [[Tungsten]] ==<br />
===Compounds===<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=11962 Colorful Aqueous Molybdenum and Tungsten Chemistry]<br />
<br />
== [[Rhenium]] ==<br />
<br />
== [[Osmium]] ==<br />
<br />
== [[Iridium]] ==<br />
<br />
== [[Platinum]] ==<br />
<br />
== [[Gold]] ==<br />
<br />
== [[Mercury]] ==<br />
===Compounds===<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=20959 mercury(II) chloride]<br />
<br />
===Isolation of===<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=18162 Refining mercury from cinnabar]<br />
<br />
== [[Thallium]] ==<br />
<br />
== [[Lead]] ==<br />
===Compounds===<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=5490 The lead salts preparation thread!]<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=1932 PbO2]<br />
<br />
== [[Bismuth]] ==<br />
===Isolation of===<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=1527 Bismuth from its Subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol®)]<br />
<br />
== [[Polonium]] ==<br />
<br />
== [[Astatine]] ==<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=62413 Astatine]<br />
<br />
== [[Radon]] ==<br />
<br />
== [[Francium]] ==<br />
<br />
== [[Radium]] ==<br />
===Extraction from paint===<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=5523 Dissolving Radium and Friends]<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=6308 Radium Bromide/Chloride/Sulfide from Paint]<br />
<br />
===Other===<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=17295 Radium glow]<br />
<br />
== [[Actinium]] ==<br />
<br />
== [[Thorium]] ==<br />
===Isolation of===<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=11275 Thorium Separation From TIG Electrodes]<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=29927 The trials & tribulations of Thorium production]<br />
<br />
== [[Protactinium]] ==<br />
<br />
== [[Uranium]] ==<br />
===Acquisition of===<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=23611 Looking for uranium salts at non-insane prices, preferably from depleted feed-stock.]<br />
<br />
===Compounds===<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=22751 Uranium Trioxide]<br />
<br />
<br />
== [[Neptunium]] ==<br />
<br />
== [[Plutonium]] ==<br />
<br />
== [[Americium]] ==<br />
<br />
[[Category:Resources for amateur chemists]]<br />
[[Category:Sciencemadness.org]]</div>
Mabus
https://www.sciencemadness.org/smwiki/index.php?title=Uranium&diff=15632
Uranium
2024-03-11T19:17:43Z
<p>Mabus: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox element<br />
<!-- top --><br />
|image name= Uranium metal vial sample by vano.jpg<br />
|image alt=<br />
|image size=<br />
|image name comment= Glass ampoule containing uranium metal<br />
|image name 2=<br />
|image alt 2=<br />
|image size 2=<br />
|image name 2 comment=<br />
<!-- General properties --><br />
|name=Uranium<br />
|symbol=U<br />
|pronounce=<br />
|pronounce ref=<br />
|pronounce comment=<br />
|pronounce 2=<br />
|alt name=<br />
|alt names=<br />
|allotropes=α-U (orthorhombic), β-U (tetragonal), γ-U (body-centered cubic)<br />
|appearance=Metallic gray<br />
<!-- Periodic table --><br />
|above=[[Neodymium|Nd]]<br />
|below=Uqh<br />
|left=[[Protactinium]]<br />
|right=[[Neptunium]]<br />
|number=92<br />
|atomic mass=238.02891(3)<br />
|atomic mass 2=<br />
|atomic mass ref=<br />
|atomic mass comment=<br />
|series=<br />
|series ref=<br />
|series comment=<br />
|series color=<br />
|group=<br />
|group ref=<br />
|group comment= n/a<br />
|period=7<br />
|period ref=<br />
|period comment=<br />
|block=f<br />
|block ref=<br />
|block comment=<br />
|electron configuration=[Rn] 5f<sup>3</sup> 6d<sup>1</sup> 7s<sup>2</sup><br />
|electron configuration ref=<br />
|electron configuration comment=<br />
|electrons per shell=2, 8, 18, 32, 21, 9, 2<br />
|electrons per shell ref=<br />
|electrons per shell comment=<br />
<!-- Physical properties --><br />
|physical properties comment=<br />
|color=Metallic gray<br />
|phase=Solid<br />
|phase ref=<br />
|phase comment=<br />
|melting point K=1405.3<br />
|melting point C=1132.2<br />
|melting point F=2070<br />
|melting point ref=<br />
|melting point comment=<br />
|boiling point K=4404<br />
|boiling point C=4131<br />
|boiling point F=7468<br />
|boiling point ref=<br />
|boiling point comment=<br />
|sublimation point K=<br />
|sublimation point C=<br />
|sublimation point F=<br />
|sublimation point ref=<br />
|sublimation point comment=<br />
|density gplstp=<br />
|density gplstp ref=<br />
|density gplstp comment=<br />
|density gpcm3nrt=19.1<br />
|density gpcm3nrt ref=<br />
|density gpcm3nrt comment=<br />
|density gpcm3nrt 2=<br />
|density gpcm3nrt 2 ref=<br />
|density gpcm3nrt 2 comment=<br />
|density gpcm3nrt 3=<br />
|density gpcm3nrt 3 ref=<br />
|density gpcm3nrt 3 comment=<br />
|density gpcm3mp=17.3<br />
|density gpcm3mp ref=<br />
|density gpcm3mp comment=<br />
|density gpcm3bp=<br />
|density gpcm3bp ref=<br />
|density gpcm3bp comment=<br />
|molar volume=<br />
|molar volume unit =<br />
|molar volume ref=<br />
|molar volume comment=<br />
|triple point K=<br />
|triple point kPa=<br />
|triple point ref=<br />
|triple point comment=<br />
|triple point K 2=<br />
|triple point kPa 2=<br />
|triple point 2 ref=<br />
|triple point 2 comment=<br />
|critical point K=<br />
|critical point MPa=<br />
|critical point ref=<br />
|critical point comment=<br />
|heat fusion=9.14<br />
|heat fusion ref=<br />
|heat fusion comment=<br />
|heat fusion 2=<br />
|heat fusion 2 ref=<br />
|heat fusion 2 comment=<br />
|heat vaporization=417.1<br />
|heat vaporization ref=<br />
|heat vaporization comment=<br />
|heat capacity=27.665<br />
|heat capacity ref=<br />
|heat capacity comment=<br />
|heat capacity 2=<br />
|heat capacity 2 ref=<br />
|heat capacity 2 comment=<br />
|vapor pressure 1=2325<br />
|vapor pressure 10=2564<br />
|vapor pressure 100=2859<br />
|vapor pressure 1 k=3234<br />
|vapor pressure 10 k=3727<br />
|vapor pressure 100 k=4402<br />
|vapor pressure ref=<br />
|vapor pressure comment=<br />
|vapor pressure 1 2=<br />
|vapor pressure 10 2=<br />
|vapor pressure 100 2=<br />
|vapor pressure 1 k 2=<br />
|vapor pressure 10 k 2=<br />
|vapor pressure 100 k 2=<br />
|vapor pressure 2 ref=<br />
|vapor pressure 2 comment=<br />
<!-- Atomic properties --><br />
|atomic properties comment=<br />
|oxidation states='''6''', 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 <br />
|oxidation states ref=<br />
|oxidation states comment=(a weakly basic oxide)<br />
|electronegativity=1.38<br />
|electronegativity ref=<br />
|electronegativity comment=<br />
|ionization energy 1=597.6<br />
|ionization energy 1 ref=<br />
|ionization energy 1 comment=<br />
|ionization energy 2=1420<br />
|ionization energy 2 ref=<br />
|ionization energy 2 comment=<br />
|ionization energy 3=<br />
|ionization energy 3 ref=<br />
|ionization energy 3 comment=<br />
|number of ionization energies=<br />
|ionization energy ref=<br />
|ionization energy comment=<br />
|atomic radius=156<br />
|atomic radius ref=<br />
|atomic radius comment=<br />
|atomic radius calculated=<br />
|atomic radius calculated ref=<br />
|atomic radius calculated comment=<br />
|covalent radius=196±7<br />
|covalent radius ref=<br />
|covalent radius comment=<br />
|Van der Waals radius=186<br />
|Van der Waals radius ref=<br />
|Van der Waals radius comment=<br />
<!-- Miscellanea --><br />
|crystal structure=<br />
|crystal structure prefix=<br />
|crystal structure ref=<br />
|crystal structure comment=Orthorhombic<br />
|crystal structure 2=<br />
|crystal structure 2 prefix=<br />
|crystal structure 2 ref=<br />
|crystal structure 2 comment=<br />
|speed of sound=<br />
|speed of sound ref=<br />
|speed of sound comment=<br />
|speed of sound rod at 20=3155<br />
|speed of sound rod at 20 ref=<br />
|speed of sound rod at 20 comment=<br />
|speed of sound rod at r.t.=<br />
|speed of sound rod at r.t. ref=<br />
|speed of sound rod at r.t. comment=<br />
|thermal expansion=<br />
|thermal expansion ref=<br />
|thermal expansion comment=<br />
|thermal expansion at 25=13.9<br />
|thermal expansion at 25 ref=<br />
|thermal expansion at 25 comment=<br />
|thermal conductivity=27.5<br />
|thermal conductivity ref=<br />
|thermal conductivity comment=<br />
|thermal conductivity 2=<br />
|thermal conductivity 2 ref=<br />
|thermal conductivity 2 comment=<br />
|thermal diffusivity=<br />
|thermal diffusivity ref=<br />
|thermal diffusivity comment=<br />
|electrical resistivity=<br />
|electrical resistivity unit prefix=<br />
|electrical resistivity ref=<br />
|electrical resistivity comment=<br />
|electrical resistivity at 0=0.28·10<sup>-3</sup><br />
|electrical resistivity at 0 ref=<br />
|electrical resistivity at 0 comment=<br />
|electrical resistivity at 20=<br />
|electrical resistivity at 20 ref=<br />
|electrical resistivity at 20 comment=<br />
|band gap=<br />
|band gap ref=<br />
|band gap comment=<br />
|Curie point K=<br />
|Curie point ref=<br />
|Curie point comment=<br />
|magnetic ordering=Paramagnetic<br />
|magnetic ordering ref=<br />
|magnetic ordering comment=<br />
|tensile strength=<br />
|tensile strength ref=<br />
|tensile strength comment=<br />
|Young's modulus=208<br />
|Young's modulus ref=<br />
|Young's modulus comment=<br />
|Shear modulus=111<br />
|Shear modulus ref=<br />
|Shear modulus comment=<br />
|Bulk modulus=100<br />
|Bulk modulus ref=<br />
|Bulk modulus comment=<br />
|Poisson ratio=0.23<br />
|Poisson ratio ref=<br />
|Poisson ratio comment=<br />
|Mohs hardness=<br />
|Mohs hardness ref=<br />
|Mohs hardness comment=<br />
|Mohs hardness 2=<br />
|Mohs hardness 2 ref=<br />
|Mohs hardness 2 comment=<br />
|Vickers hardness=1960–2500<br />
|Vickers hardness ref=<br />
|Vickers hardness comment=<br />
|Brinell hardness=2350–3850<br />
|Brinell hardness ref=<br />
|Brinell hardness comment=<br />
|CAS number=7440-61-1<br />
|CAS number ref=<br />
|CAS number comment=<br />
<!-- History --><br />
|naming=After planet Uranus, itself named after Greek god of the sky Uranus<br />
|predicted by=<br />
|prediction date ref=<br />
|prediction date=<br />
|discovered by=Martin Heinrich Klaproth (1789)<br />
|discovery date ref=<br />
|discovery date=<br />
|first isolation by=Eugène-Melchior Péligot (1841)<br />
|first isolation date ref=<br />
|first isolation date=<br />
|discovery and first isolation by=<br />
|named by=<br />
|named date ref=<br />
|named date=<br />
|history comment label=<br />
|history comment=<br />
<!-- Isotopes --><br />
|isotopes=<br />
|isotopes comment=<br />
|engvar=<br />
}}<br />
'''Uranium''' is a radioactive chemical element, member of the actinide group. It has the symbol '''U''' and atomic number 92. Because the uranium isotope Uranium-238 has a half-life of 4.468 billion years, the great majority (99.284%) of natural uranium is composed of this isotope. The uranium with a higher concentration of U-238 than the U-235 isotope (the fissile isotope) is commonly known as '''depleted uranium''' ('''DU''').<br />
<br />
==Properties==<br />
===Chemical===<br />
Uranium reacts with almost all non-metal elements and their compounds, its reactivity increases at higher temperatures. It will quickly tarnish in air, forming a dark layer of uranium dioxide. [[Hydrochloric acid|Hydrochloric]] and [[nitric acid]]s dissolve uranium, but other non-oxidizing acids attack the element very slowly. When finely divided, it is very pyrophoric and can react with cold water.<br />
<br />
As an actinide that displays the "quasi-group" property, uranium acts similarly to Group 6 metals: its most characteristic oxidation state is +6.<br />
<br />
===Physical===<br />
Uranium is a silvery-white metal in the actinide series of the periodic table. Its density is 18.9-19.1 g/cm<sup>3</sup> about 70% higher than that of [[lead]], but slightly lower than that of [[gold]] or [[tungsten]].<br />
<br />
==Availability==<br />
Uranium is available for sale at chemical suppliers such as [http://unitednuclear.com/index.php?main_page=product_info&cPath=16_17_69&products_id=1078 United Nuclear] in its depleted form. In the US it may require a license<ref>http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/cfr/part040/part040-0025.html</ref> above certain quantity<ref>http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/cfr/part040/part040-0013.html</ref>. Boeing 747 planes produced between 1968 and 1981 used triangular DU counterweights before they were replaced with [[tungsten]] ones.<ref>http://pbadupws.nrc.gov/docs/ML0321/ML032180089.pdf</ref> [http://www.goodfellow.com/catalogue/GFCat4.php?ewd_token=1WXOmJaNjPfAoNBwoIYglarnDJ0Liu&n=KyMQFIQq3lD3HMbBmccOCQ5t7m8Wtn GoodFellow] sells uranium foil and wire. Uranium compounds, such as ammonium diuranate (aka "yellowcake") and uranium dioxide can also be purchased from United Nuclear.<br />
<br />
In most countries, the sale of uranium metal and its compounds is regulated, even for small samples. Uranium ores however, are somewhat easier to acquire, and while dangerous, it's possible to extract tiny amounts of the metal from its natural ore. Uranium glass is also sold online, but it's very difficult to extract the metal it, and the amount is very small.<br />
<br />
==Isolation==<br />
Uranium metal can be prepared by reducing its compounds with a more reactive metal, such as [[calcium]]. The reduction should be performed under inert conditions, as uranium is pyrophoric.<br />
<br />
Cody has made a video about extracting uranium metal from its ore, and was able to obtain a small amount of uranium metal.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r6lZJuD6RIM</ref><br />
<br />
==Projects==<br />
*Uranium glass<br />
*Weak alpha radiation source<br />
*Make [[uranium carbonate]]<br />
*[[Element collecting]]<br />
<br />
==Handling==<br />
===Safety===<br />
Natural and depleted uranium is weakly radioactive and poses little radiation risk. The metal and its compounds are toxic to the organism and should be handled with proper protection. Inhalation of powdered depleted uranium or uranium compounds is dangerous due to it's status as an alpha emitter. The main danger with uranium is not its radiation (it can safely be handled by hand), but its toxicity on ingestion.<br />
<br />
Bulk DU is difficult to ignite, but finely divided uranium is highly pyrophoric.<br />
<br />
===Storage===<br />
As uranium will slowly react with the air, it should be stored under oil or in an inert container. Because of it's low radioactive hazard, depleted uranium does not require radiation shielding (the storage container walls will effectively absorb the weak alpha radiation).<br />
<br />
===Disposal===<br />
As uranium compounds are toxic and is a heavy metal, it is recommended to avoid dumping the compounds in the environment and should be taken to waste disposal facilities.<br />
<br />
If the uranium was extracted from its natural ore taken from an area where the said ore can be easily collected, it's not entirely a bad idea to dispose of the ore wastes as well as uranium compounds residues in the said area, as the ore area is already naturally contaminated and the amount of ore waste is the same as the one you originally picked it up. Note that this method is not 100% sure and some research on its disposal is necessary.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
===Relevant Sciencemadness threads===<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=23611 Looking for uranium salts at non-insane prices, preferably from depleted feed-stock.]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Elements]]<br />
[[Category:Metals]]<br />
[[Category:Actinides]]<br />
[[Category:Radioactives]]<br />
[[Category:Heavy metal toxicants]]<br />
[[Category:Pyrophoric materials]]<br />
[[Category:F-block]]</div>
Mabus
https://www.sciencemadness.org/smwiki/index.php?title=File:Uranium_metal_vial_sample_by_vano.jpg&diff=15631
File:Uranium metal vial sample by vano.jpg
2024-03-11T19:09:47Z
<p>Mabus: Source: https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=26378&page=74#pid676630</p>
<hr />
<div>Source: https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=26378&page=74#pid676630</div>
Mabus
https://www.sciencemadness.org/smwiki/index.php?title=Cobalt(II)_nitrate&diff=15630
Cobalt(II) nitrate
2024-03-11T19:01:41Z
<p>Mabus: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Chembox<br />
| Name = Cobalt(II) nitrate<br />
| Reference =<br />
| IUPACName = Cobalt(II) nitrate<br />
| PIN =<br />
| SystematicName =<br />
| OtherNames = Cobalt dinitrate<br>Cobaltous nitrate<br />
<!-- Images --><br />
| ImageFile = Cobalt(II) nitrate hydrate crystals by vano.jpg<br />
| ImageSize = 280<br />
| ImageAlt = <br />
| ImageName = <br />
| ImageCaption = Some nice cobalt(II) nitrate crystals<br />
| ImageFile1 = <br />
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<!-- Sections --><br />
| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers<br />
| 3DMet = <br />
| Abbreviations = <br />
| SMILES = <br />
}}<br />
| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties<br />
| AtmosphericOHRateConstant = <br />
| Appearance = Pale red powder (anhydrous)<br>Red crystalline solid (hexahydrate)<br />
| BoilingPt = <br />
| BoilingPtC = <br />
| BoilingPt_ref = <br />
| BoilingPt_notes = ''anhydrous''<br>100-105 °C (212-221 °F; 373-378 K) (decomposes)<br>''hexahydrate''<br>74 °C (165 °F; 347 K) (decomposes)<br />
| Density = 2.49 g/cm<sup>3</sup> (anhydrous)<br>1.87 g/cm<sup>3</sup> (hexahydrate)<br />
| Formula = Co(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub> (anhydrous)<br>Co(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O (hexahydrate)<br />
| HenryConstant = <br />
| LogP = <br />
| MolarMass = 182.943 g/mol (anhydrous)<br>291.03 g/mol (hexahydrate)<br />
| MeltingPt = <br />
| MeltingPtC = <br />
| MeltingPt_ref = <br />
| MeltingPt_notes = ''anhydrous''<br>100 °C (212 °F; 373 K) (decomposes)<br>''hexahydrate''<br> 55 °C (131 °F; 328 K) (hexahydrate) (decomposes)<br />
| Odor = Odorless<br />
| pKa = <br />
| pKb = <br />
| Solubility = ''anhydrous''<br>84.03 g/100 ml (0 °C)<br>334.9 g/100 ml (90 °C)<br>''hexahydrate''<br>66.96 g/100 ml (20 °C)<br />
| SolubleOther = Soluble in [[acetone]], [[Dimethyl sulfoxide|DMSO]], [[ethanol]], [[methanol]]<br>Insoluble in hydrocarbons<br />
| Solvent = <br />
| VaporPressure = ~0 mmHg<br />
}}<br />
| Section3 = {{Chembox Structure<br />
| Coordination = <br />
| CrystalStruct = <br />
| MolShape = <br />
}}<br />
| Section4 = {{Chembox Thermochemistry<br />
| DeltaGf = <br />
| DeltaHc = <br />
| DeltaHf = -420.5 kJ/mol<br />
| Entropy = <br />
| HeatCapacity = <br />
}}<br />
| Section5 = {{Chembox Explosive<br />
| ShockSens = <br />
| FrictionSens = <br />
| DetonationV = <br />
| REFactor = <br />
}}<br />
| Section6 = {{Chembox Hazards<br />
| AutoignitionPt = Non-flammable<br />
| ExploLimits = Non-flammable<br />
| ExternalMSDS = [https://jmp.sh/II6as0BP Sigma-Aldrich] (hexahydrate)<br />
| FlashPt = Non-flammable<br />
| LD50 = 434 mg/kg (rat, oral) (anhydrous)<br>691 mg/kg (rat, oral) (hexahydrate)<br />
| LC50 = <br />
| MainHazards = Irritant<br />
| NFPA-F = <br />
| NFPA-H = <br />
| NFPA-R = <br />
| NFPA-S = <br />
}}<br />
| Section7 = {{Chembox Related<br />
| OtherAnions = <br />
| OtherCations = <br />
| OtherFunction = <br />
| OtherFunction_label = <br />
| OtherCompounds = [[Cobalt(II) chloride]]<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
'''Cobalt nitrate''' is the inorganic compound with the general formula '''Co(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>·xH<sub>2</sub>O'''. The most common form is the hexahydrate '''Co(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O'''.<br />
<br />
==Properties==<br />
===Chemical===<br />
Addition of an alkali hydroxide to an aq. solution of cobalt nitrate yields cobalt hydroxide:<br />
<br />
: Co(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub> + MOH → Co(OH)<sub>2</sub> + MNO<sub>3</sub><br />
<br />
===Physical===<br />
Cobalt nitrate is a reddish crystalline solid, soluble in water.<br />
<br />
==Availability==<br />
Cobalt nitrate is sold by chemical suppliers.<br />
<br />
==Preparation==<br />
Cobalt nitrate hexahydrate can be prepared by treating metallic [[cobalt]] or one of its oxides, hydroxides, or carbonate with [[nitric acid]]: <br />
<br />
: Co + 4 HNO<sub>3</sub> + 4 H<sub>2</sub>O → Co(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O + 2 NO<sub>2</sub><br />
: CoO + 2 HNO<sub>3</sub> + 5 H<sub>2</sub>O → Co(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O<br />
: CoCO<sub>3</sub> + 2 HNO<sub>3</sub> + 5 H<sub>2</sub>O → Co(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O + CO<sub>2</sub><br />
<br />
==Projects==<br />
*Grow nice red crystals<br />
*Make coordination complexes<br />
*Compound collecting<br />
<br />
==Handling==<br />
===Safety===<br />
Cobalt nitrate, like all cobalt compounds, is harmful and a known allergen.<br />
<br />
===Storage===<br />
In closed containers.<br />
<br />
===Disposal===<br />
Cobalt nitrate should be converted to an insoluble form, before being taken to disposal centers.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
===Relevant Sciencemadness threads===<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=12508 cobalt nitrate]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Chemical compounds]]<br />
[[Category:Inorganic compounds]]<br />
[[Category:Cobalt compounds]]<br />
[[Category:Nitrates]]<br />
[[Category:Oxidizing agents]]<br />
[[Category:Chemicals for crystal growing]]<br />
[[Category:Solids]]</div>
Mabus
https://www.sciencemadness.org/smwiki/index.php?title=File:Cobalt(II)_nitrate_hydrate_crystals_by_vano.jpg&diff=15629
File:Cobalt(II) nitrate hydrate crystals by vano.jpg
2024-03-11T18:59:28Z
<p>Mabus: Source: https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=26378&page=73#pid676567</p>
<hr />
<div>Source: https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=26378&page=73#pid676567</div>
Mabus
https://www.sciencemadness.org/smwiki/index.php?title=Kolbe_nitrile_synthesis&diff=15628
Kolbe nitrile synthesis
2024-03-11T18:44:03Z
<p>Mabus: /* General */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Stub}}<br />
The '''Kolbe nitrile synthesis''' is a substitution reaction commonly used for the preparation of alkyl nitriles by reaction of the corresponding alkyl halide with a metal cyanide.<br />
<br />
A side product in the reaction is the formation of an isonitrile because the cyanide ion is an ambident nucleophile and according to Kornblum's rule is capable of reacting with either carbon or nitrogen.<br />
<br />
==General==<br />
The Kolbe nitrile reaction can be written as:<br />
<br />
: R-X + MCN → R-CN + MX<br />
: 2 R-X + 2 MCN → R-CN + R-NC + 2 MX<br />
<br />
The ratio in which both isomers form depends on the solvent and the reaction mechanism. With the application of alkali cyanides such as [[sodium cyanide]] and polar solvents the reaction type is an S<sub>N</sub>2 reaction whereby the alkyl halide is attacked by the more nucleophilic carbon atom of the cyanide ion. Primary alkylating agents work best, while secondary bromides and chlorides react in moderate yields to give the desired nitriles. Tertiary halides mainly undergo side reactions, one of which is the E2 elimination.<br />
<br />
According the HSAB principles, the carbon center is more basic and more nucleophilic. When protic solvents are used, the resulting greater solvation of this carbon center is thought to favor the competing reaction at the weaker nitrogen center. A similar rationale explains why the more covalent cyanide salts such as silver cyanides and cuprous cyanides also give isonitriles as main product.<br />
<br />
Various polar aprotic solvents can be used, such as [[acetone]] and [[dimethyl sulfoxide|DMSO]]. DMSO is often used for more sterically hindered electrophilies (such as secondary and neopentyl halides) without rearrangement side-reactions.<ref>[https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jo01076a001 L. Friedman, Harold Shechter (1960). "Preparation of Nitriles from Halides and Sodium Cyanide. An Advantageous Nucleophilic Displacement in Dimethyl Sulfoxide". Journal of Organic Chemistry. 25 (6): 877–879]</ref><br />
<br />
However, due to DMSO's ability to quickly penetrate the skin and carry any dissolved compound through it, it's recommended to wear proper protection gloves when handling DMSO solutions of cyanides, as any dissolved solution that touches the bare skin will enter the bloodstream.<br />
<br />
==Procedure==<br />
*A solvent is selected, either [[acetone]] or DMSO. The solvent must be dry before use;<br />
*In a reaction flask, the alkyl halide is added, along with the metal cyanide.<br />
*The dry solvent is added in the flask, along with a stir bar;<br />
*A condenser is attached to the flask, and the mixture is brought to reflux and strong stirring;<br />
*If a small amount of [[sodium iodide|sodium]] or [[potassium iodide]] are added in the reaction flask (unless the alkyl halide used is an alkyl iodide already), it can help the reaction. This route is called [[Finkelstein reaction]], and can be used to increase the reactivity of the alkyl halides and improve the yield;<br />
*Due to low solubility of the salts in acetone, the reaction may take hours or 1-2 days;<br />
*Side products of the reaction include isonitriles. These are rapidly hydrolyzed to amines and formic acid, an extraction step with hydrochloric acid is normally sufficient in practice to remove these impurities from a desired nitrile product.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
===Relevant Scencemadness threads===<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=156558 Isocyanate synthesis via halide displacement]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Reactions]]</div>
Mabus
https://www.sciencemadness.org/smwiki/index.php?title=Kolbe_nitrile_synthesis&diff=15627
Kolbe nitrile synthesis
2024-03-11T18:42:27Z
<p>Mabus: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Stub}}<br />
The '''Kolbe nitrile synthesis''' is a substitution reaction commonly used for the preparation of alkyl nitriles by reaction of the corresponding alkyl halide with a metal cyanide.<br />
<br />
A side product in the reaction is the formation of an isonitrile because the cyanide ion is an ambident nucleophile and according to Kornblum's rule is capable of reacting with either carbon or nitrogen.<br />
<br />
==General==<br />
The Kolbe nitrile reaction can be written as:<br />
<br />
: R-X + MCN → R-CN + MX<br />
: 2 R-X + 2 MCN → R-CN + R-NC + 2 MX<br />
<br />
The ratio in which both isomers form depends on the solvent and the reaction mechanism. With the application of alkali cyanides such as [[sodium cyanide]] and polar solvents the reaction type is an S<sub>N</sub>2 reaction whereby the alkyl halide is attacked by the more nucleophilic carbon atom of the cyanide ion. Primary alkylating agents work best, while secondary bromides and chlorides react in moderate yields to give the desired nitriles. Tertiary halides mainly undergo side reactions, one of which is the E2 elimination.<br />
<br />
According the HSAB principles, the carbon center is more basic and more nucleophilic. When protic solvents are used, the resulting greater solvation of this carbon center is thought to favor the competing reaction at the weaker nitrogen center. A similar rationale explains why the more covalent cyanide salts such as silver cyanides and cuprous cyanides also give isonitriles as main product.<br />
<br />
Various polar aprotic solvents can be used, such as [[acetone]] and [[dimethyl sulfoxide|DMSO]]. DMSO is often used for more sterically hindered electrophilies (such as secondary and neopentyl halides) without rearrangement side-reactions.<ref>[https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jo01076a001 L. Friedman, Harold Shechter (1960). "Preparation of Nitriles from Halides and Sodium Cyanide. An Advantageous Nucleophilic Displacement in Dimethyl Sulfoxide". Journal of Organic Chemistry. 25 (6): 877–879]</ref><br />
<br />
However, due to DMSO's ability to quickly penetrate the skin and carry any dissolved compound through it, it's recommended to wear proper protection gloves when handling DMSO solutions of cyanides.<br />
<br />
==Procedure==<br />
*A solvent is selected, either [[acetone]] or DMSO. The solvent must be dry before use;<br />
*In a reaction flask, the alkyl halide is added, along with the metal cyanide.<br />
*The dry solvent is added in the flask, along with a stir bar;<br />
*A condenser is attached to the flask, and the mixture is brought to reflux and strong stirring;<br />
*If a small amount of [[sodium iodide|sodium]] or [[potassium iodide]] are added in the reaction flask (unless the alkyl halide used is an alkyl iodide already), it can help the reaction. This route is called [[Finkelstein reaction]], and can be used to increase the reactivity of the alkyl halides and improve the yield;<br />
*Due to low solubility of the salts in acetone, the reaction may take hours or 1-2 days;<br />
*Side products of the reaction include isonitriles. These are rapidly hydrolyzed to amines and formic acid, an extraction step with hydrochloric acid is normally sufficient in practice to remove these impurities from a desired nitrile product.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
===Relevant Scencemadness threads===<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=156558 Isocyanate synthesis via halide displacement]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Reactions]]</div>
Mabus
https://www.sciencemadness.org/smwiki/index.php?title=Kolbe_nitrile_synthesis&diff=15626
Kolbe nitrile synthesis
2024-03-11T18:24:47Z
<p>Mabus: Created page with "{{Stub}} The '''Kolbe nitrile synthesis''' is a substitution reaction commonly used for the preparation of alkyl nitriles by reaction of the corresponding alkyl halide with a..."</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Stub}}<br />
The '''Kolbe nitrile synthesis''' is a substitution reaction commonly used for the preparation of alkyl nitriles by reaction of the corresponding alkyl halide with a metal cyanide.<br />
<br />
A side product in the reaction is the formation of an isonitrile because the cyanide ion is an ambident nucleophile and according to Kornblum's rule is capable of reacting with either carbon or nitrogen.<br />
<br />
==General==<br />
The Kolbe nitrile reaction can be written as:<br />
<br />
: R-X + MCN → R-CN + MX<br />
: 2 R-X + 2 MCN → R-CN + R-NC + 2 MX<br />
<br />
The ratio in which both isomers form depends on the solvent and the reaction mechanism. With the application of alkali cyanides such as [[sodium cyanide]] and polar solvents the reaction type is an S<sub>N</sub>2 reaction whereby the alkyl halide is attacked by the more nucleophilic carbon atom of the cyanide ion. Primary alkylating agents work best, while secondary bromides and chlorides react in moderate yields to give the desired nitriles. Tertiary halides mainly undergo side reactions, one of which is the E2 elimination.<br />
<br />
According the HSAB principles, the carbon center is more basic and more nucleophilic. When protic solvents are used, the resulting greater solvation of this carbon center is thought to favor the competing reaction at the weaker nitrogen center. A similar rationale explains why the more covalent cyanide salts such as silver cyanides and cuprous cyanides also give isonitriles as main product.<br />
<br />
Various polar aprotic solvents can be used, such as [[acetone]] and [[dimethyl sulfoxide|DMSO]]. DMSO is often used for more sterically hindered electrophilies (such as secondary and neopentyl halides) without rearrangement side-reactions.<ref>[https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jo01076a001 L. Friedman, Harold Shechter (1960). "Preparation of Nitriles from Halides and Sodium Cyanide. An Advantageous Nucleophilic Displacement in Dimethyl Sulfoxide". Journal of Organic Chemistry. 25 (6): 877–879]</ref><br />
<br />
==Procedure==<br />
*A solvent is selected, either [[acetone]] or DMSO. The solvent must be dry before use;<br />
*In a reaction flask, the alkyl halide is added, along with the metal cyanide.<br />
*The dry solvent is added in the flask, along with a stir bar;<br />
*A condenser is attached to the flask, and the mixture is brought to reflux and strong stirring;<br />
*If a small amount of [[sodium iodide|sodium]] or [[potassium iodide]] are added in the reaction flask (unless the alkyl halide used is an alkyl iodide already), it can help the reaction. This route is called [[Finkelstein reaction]], and can be used to increase the reactivity of the alkyl halides and improve the yield;<br />
*Due to low solubility of the salts in acetone, the reaction may take hours or 1-2 days;<br />
*Side products of the reaction include isonitriles. These are rapidly hydrolyzed to amines and formic acid, an extraction step with hydrochloric acid is normally sufficient in practice to remove these impurities from a desired nitrile product.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
===Relevant Scencemadness threads===<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=156558 Isocyanate synthesis via halide displacement]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Reactions]]</div>
Mabus
https://www.sciencemadness.org/smwiki/index.php?title=Diphenylmethanol&diff=15618
Diphenylmethanol
2024-03-05T17:16:55Z
<p>Mabus: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Chembox<br />
| Name = Diphenylmethanol<br />
| Reference =<br />
| IUPACName = Diphenylmethanol<br />
| PIN =<br />
| SystematicName = Diphenylmethanol<br />
| OtherNames = 1,1-Diphenylmethanol<br>Benzhydrol<br>Diphenylcarbinol<br>Hydroxydiphenylmethane<br />
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| AtmosphericOHRateConstant = <br />
| Appearance = White solid<br />
| BoilingPt = <br />
| BoilingPtC = 297-298<br />
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| BoilingPt_notes = <br />
| Density = 1.103 g/cm<sup>3</sup><br />
| Formula = C<sub>13</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<br>(C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>)<sub>2</sub>CHOH<br />
| HenryConstant = <br />
| LogP = 2.67<br />
| MolarMass = 184.238 g/mol<br />
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| Odor = Odorless<br />
| pKa = <br />
| pKb = <br />
| Solubility = 0.05 g/100 ml (20 °C)<br />
| SolubleOther = Soluble in [[acetonitrile]], [[chloroform]], [[diethyl ether]], [[ethanol]], [[methanol]]<br />
| Solubility1 = 35 g/100 ml<ref>Cohen; Recueil des Travaux Chimiques des Pays-Bas; vol. 38; (1919); p. 88</ref><br />
| Solvent1 = ethanol<br />
| VaporPressure = 2.73·10<sup>-5</sup> mmHg at 20 °C<br />
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| DeltaGf = <br />
| DeltaHc = -6,757.03 kJ/mol<br />
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| FlashPt = 160 °C (320 °F; 433 K)<br />
| LD50 = 5,000 mg/kg (rat, oral)<br />
| LC50 = <br />
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'''Diphenylmethanol''' or '''benzhydrol''' is the organic compound with the formula '''C<sub>13</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O'''.<br />
<br />
==Properties==<br />
===Chemical===<br />
Diphenylmethanol can be oxidized to [[benzophenone]].<br />
<br />
===Physical===<br />
Diphenylmethanol is a white solid, insoluble in water, but soluble in organic solvents.<br />
<br />
==Availability==<br />
Diphenylmethanol is sold by chemical suppliers.<br />
<br />
==Preparation==<br />
Diphenylmethanol may be prepared by a [[Grignard reaction]] between phenylmagnesium bromide (prepared from benzyl bromide and magnesium) and [[benzaldehyde]]. The resulting benhydrol is obtained by adding cold water/crushed ice to the reaction product.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GNAfK-hKbSo Making a Secondary Alcohol Called Benzhydrol]</ref><br />
<br />
: C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>MgBr + C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>CHO → (C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>6</sub>)<sub>2</sub>CH-OMgBr<br />
: (C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>6</sub>)<sub>2</sub>CH-OMgBr + H<sub>2</sub>O → (C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>6</sub>)<sub>2</sub>CH-OH + Mg(OH)Br<br />
<br />
Reducing [[benzophenone]] is another route.<br />
<br />
: (C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>6</sub>)<sub>2</sub>C=O + 2 [H] → (C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>6</sub>)<sub>2</sub>CH-OH<br />
<br />
Reducing agents used for this reaction are:<br />
*[[Sodium borohydride]] with sodium hydroxide in water<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cPCE23MctY8 Synthesis of Benzhydrol]</ref><br />
*[[Zinc]] dust with [[sodium hydroxide]] in [[ethanol]]<ref>http://www.orgsyn.org/demo.aspx?prep=cv1p0090</ref><br />
*[[Sodium]] amalgam can also bee used.<br />
<br />
Interestingly enough, according to one source, benzhydrol can also be obtained by reducing benzophenone using only [[sodium hydroxide]] in [[isopropanol]]. The reaction takes place under reflux, for 27 h, and the yield of this route is claimed to be 90%.<ref>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00397910903061043 Daniel R. Zuidema, Katherine J. Wert, Sarah L. Williams, Samuel T. Chill, Kimberly L. Holte, Nathanael K. Kokes, Novel Method of Reducing Ketones Using Sodium Hydroxide in Isopropanol, Synthetic Communications, Volume 40, 2010 - Issue 8, p. 1187-1191 ]</ref><br />
<br />
Can also be prepared by hydrolyzing diphenhydramine.<br />
<br />
==Projects==<br />
*Synthesis of Modafinil/Armodafinil, Adrafinil<br />
*Synthesis of Diphenhydramine<br />
<br />
==Handling==<br />
===Safety===<br />
Diphenylmethanol is an irritant to the eyes, skin and respiratory system.<br />
<br />
===Storage===<br />
In closed bottles.<br />
<br />
===Disposal===<br />
No special disposal is required as it's not very toxic.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
===Relevant Sciencemadness threads===<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=132397 Benzhydrol from Diphenhydramine]<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=17503 Benzhydrol--->bromodiphenylmethane]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Chemical compounds]]<br />
[[Category:Organic compounds]]<br />
[[Category:Alcohols]]<br />
[[Category:Secondary alcohols]]<br />
[[Category:Aromatic alcohols]]<br />
[[Category:Aromatic compounds]]<br />
[[Category:Solids]]</div>
Mabus
https://www.sciencemadness.org/smwiki/index.php?title=Kojic_acid&diff=15617
Kojic acid
2024-03-01T23:23:42Z
<p>Mabus: /* Relevant Sciencemadness threads */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Chembox<br />
| Name = Kojic acid<br />
| Reference =<br />
| IUPACName = 5-Hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-4H-pyran-4-one<br />
| PIN =<br />
| SystematicName =<br />
| OtherNames = 2-Hydroxymethyl-5-hydroxy-γ-pyrone<br>5-Hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-4-pyrone<br />
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| BoilingPt = <br />
| BoilingPtC = 180<br />
| BoilingPt_ref = <br />
| BoilingPt_notes = (decomposes)<br />
| Density = 1.58 g/cm<sup>3</sup> (20 °C)<ref>[https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jf502159m Li, Ying; Teng, Zi; Parkin, Kirk L.; Wang, Qin; Zhang, Qingli; Luo, Wei; Ma, Deyun; Zhao, Mouming; Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry; vol. 62; nb. 33; (2014); p. 8392 - 8401]</ref><br />
| Formula = C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>6</sub>O<sub>4</sub><br />
| HenryConstant = <br />
| LogP = -0.64<br />
| MolarMass = 142.11 g/mol<br />
| MeltingPt = <br />
| MeltingPtC = 153.5<br />
| MeltingPt_ref = <br />
| MeltingPt_notes = <ref>Lide, D.R. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 88TH Edition 2007-2008. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL 2007, p. 3-292</ref><br />
| Odor = Tree bark-like<br />
| pKa = 9.40<br />
| pKb = <br />
| Solubility = 9.23 g/100 ml (20 °C)<ref>http://www.t3db.ca/toxins/T3D3769</ref><br />
| SolubleOther = Soluble in [[acetone]], [[Dimethyl sulfoxide|DMSO]], [[ethanol]], [[methanol]]<br>Slightly soluble in [[benzene]], [[chloroform]], [[diethyl ether]], [[ethyl acetate]], [[pyridine]]<br />
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| VaporPressure = 3.21·10<sup>-6</sup> mmHg at 25 °C<br />
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| AutoignitionPt = <br />
| ExploLimits = <br />
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| FlashPt = <br />
| LD50 = 1,000 mg/kg (rat, oral)<br />
| LC50 = <br />
| MainHazards = Irritant<br />
| NFPA-F = <br />
| NFPA-H = <br />
| NFPA-R = <br />
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'''Kojic acid''' is an organic compound, a chelation agent produced by several species of fungi, especially Aspergillus oryzae, known in Japan as ''koji'' ("steamed rice"), from which the said compound got its name. Chemically, kojic acid is a γ-pyrone.<br />
<br />
==Properties==<br />
===Chemical===<br />
Kojic acid forms a bright red complex with ferric ions. The red color persists even at a dilution 1:200,000. This property permits the <br />
estimation of kojic acid by colorimetry.<ref>T. Yabuta, Orig. Com. 8th Intern. Congr. Appl. Chem. (Appendix), 26, 455 (1912); Chem. Abstracts, 7, 2191 (1913)</ref><br />
<br />
Salts of kojic acid are called kojates. Kojic acid forms stable complexes of metal kojates via reaction of kojic acid with metal acetate salts such as [[tin]], [[beryllium]], [[zinc]], [[copper]], [[nickel]], [[cobalt]], [[iron]], [[manganese]], [[chromium]], [[gold]], [[palladium]], [[indium]], [[gallium]], [[vanadium]], and [[aluminium]]. Tris(kojic acid)aluminium(III) and -gallium(III) complexes have lipid solubility and have been shown to cross the blood-brain barrier in tests.<br />
<br />
===Physical===<br />
Kojic acid is a colorless solid. It is soluble in [[water]] and a few organic solvents, like [[acetone]], [[ethanol]] and [[methanol]].<ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0096533208601186</ref> Impure samples appear slight beige or yellowish.<br />
<br />
==Availability==<br />
Kojic acid is sold by soapmaking suppliers and other natural care shops. Can be cheaply bought online.<br />
<br />
==Preparation==<br />
Kojic acid is a by-product in the fermentation process of malting rice caused by the Aspergillus oryzae fungus, process used in the manufacturing of sake, the Japanese rice wine.<br />
<br />
Purification an be done by recrystallization from acetone, ethanol-ether, and methanol-ethyl acetate. Sublimation at low pressure, between 150–200 °C is another route.<br />
<br />
==Projects==<br />
*Make metal complexes<br />
*Make red complex with Fe3+<br />
*Gravimetric determination of copper<br />
*Food additive to prevent browning of food<br />
*Make skin lightning products<br />
<br />
==Handling==<br />
===Safety===<br />
Kojic acid doesn't appear to be toxic. In acute, chronic, reproductive and genotoxicity studies, kojic acid was not found to pose high toxicity. Due to slow absorption into the circulation from human skin, it does not reach the threshold at tumor promotion and weak carcinogenicity effects were only suspected.<br />
<br />
Kojic acid it's a slight irritant due to its ability to lighten skin.<br />
<br />
===Storage===<br />
In closed bottles, away from oxidizers.<br />
<br />
===Disposal===<br />
No special disposal is required, can be dumped in trash or down the drain.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
===Relevant Sciencemadness threads===<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=160039 Kojic acid metal complexes]<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=54463 Producing Organic Acids with Microorganisms]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Chemical compounds]]<br />
[[Category:Organic compounds]]<br />
[[Category:Acids]]<br />
[[Category:Weak acids]]<br />
[[Category:Pyrones]]<br />
[[Category:Chelating agents]]<br />
[[Category:Biologically-derived compounds]]<br />
[[Category:Materials available as food grade]]<br />
[[Category:Readily available chemicals]]</div>
Mabus
https://www.sciencemadness.org/smwiki/index.php?title=Magnesium&diff=15616
Magnesium
2024-02-27T18:21:48Z
<p>Mabus: /* Availability and sources */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox element<br />
<!-- top --><br />
|image name=Magnesium_ribbon.jpg<br />
|image alt=<br />
|image size=200<br />
|image name comment=Magnesium ribbon stored in mineral oil to prevent oxidation<br />
|image name 2=<br />
|image alt 2=<br />
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|image name 2 comment=<br />
<!-- General properties --><br />
|name=Magnesium<br />
|symbol=Mg<br />
|pronounce=<br />
|pronounce ref=<br />
|pronounce comment=<br />
|pronounce 2=<br />
|alt name=<br />
|alt names=<br />
|allotropes=<br />
|appearance=Silvery-white<br />
<!-- Periodic table --><br />
|above=[[Beryllium|Be]]<br />
|below=[[Calcium|Ca]]<br />
|left=[[Sodium]]<br />
|right=[[Aluminium]]<br />
|number=12<br />
|atomic mass=24.305<br />
|atomic mass 2=<br />
|atomic mass ref=<br />
|atomic mass comment=<br />
|series=<br />
|series ref=<br />
|series comment=<br />
|series color=<br />
|group=2<br />
|group ref=<br />
|group comment= 2 (alkaline earth metals)<br />
|period=3<br />
|period ref=<br />
|period comment=<br />
|block=s<br />
|block ref=<br />
|block comment=<br />
|electron configuration=[Ne] 3s<sup>2</sup><br />
|electron configuration ref=<br />
|electron configuration comment=<br />
|electrons per shell=2, 8, 2<br />
|electrons per shell ref=<br />
|electrons per shell comment=<br />
<!-- Physical properties --><br />
|physical properties comment=<br />
|color=Silvery-white<br />
|phase=Solid<br />
|phase ref=<br />
|phase comment=<br />
|melting point K=923<br />
|melting point C=650<br />
|melting point F=1202<br />
|melting point ref=<br />
|melting point comment=<br />
|boiling point K=1363<br />
|boiling point C=1091<br />
|boiling point F=1994<br />
|boiling point ref=<br />
|boiling point comment=<br />
|sublimation point K=<br />
|sublimation point C=<br />
|sublimation point F=<br />
|sublimation point ref=<br />
|sublimation point comment=<br />
|density gplstp=<br />
|density gplstp ref=<br />
|density gplstp comment=<br />
|density gpcm3nrt=1.738<br />
|density gpcm3nrt ref=<br />
|density gpcm3nrt comment=<br />
|density gpcm3nrt 2=<br />
|density gpcm3nrt 2 ref=<br />
|density gpcm3nrt 2 comment=<br />
|density gpcm3nrt 3=<br />
|density gpcm3nrt 3 ref=<br />
|density gpcm3nrt 3 comment=<br />
|density gpcm3mp=1.584<br />
|density gpcm3mp ref=<br />
|density gpcm3mp comment=<br />
|density gpcm3bp=<br />
|density gpcm3bp ref=<br />
|density gpcm3bp comment=<br />
|molar volume=<br />
|molar volume unit =<br />
|molar volume ref=<br />
|molar volume comment=<br />
|triple point K=<br />
|triple point kPa=<br />
|triple point ref=<br />
|triple point comment=<br />
|triple point K 2=<br />
|triple point kPa 2=<br />
|triple point 2 ref=<br />
|triple point 2 comment=<br />
|critical point K=<br />
|critical point MPa=<br />
|critical point ref=<br />
|critical point comment=<br />
|heat fusion=8.48<br />
|heat fusion ref=<br />
|heat fusion comment=<br />
|heat fusion 2=<br />
|heat fusion 2 ref=<br />
|heat fusion 2 comment=<br />
|heat vaporization=128<br />
|heat vaporization ref=<br />
|heat vaporization comment=<br />
|heat capacity=24.869<br />
|heat capacity ref=<br />
|heat capacity comment=<br />
|heat capacity 2=<br />
|heat capacity 2 ref=<br />
|heat capacity 2 comment=<br />
|vapor pressure 1=701<br />
|vapor pressure 10=773<br />
|vapor pressure 100=861<br />
|vapor pressure 1 k=971<br />
|vapor pressure 10 k=1132<br />
|vapor pressure 100 k=1361<br />
|vapor pressure ref=<br />
|vapor pressure comment=<br />
|vapor pressure 1 2=<br />
|vapor pressure 10 2=<br />
|vapor pressure 100 2=<br />
|vapor pressure 1 k 2=<br />
|vapor pressure 10 k 2=<br />
|vapor pressure 100 k 2=<br />
|vapor pressure 2 ref=<br />
|vapor pressure 2 comment=<br />
<!-- Atomic properties --><br />
|atomic properties comment=<br />
|oxidation states='''+2''', +1<br />
|oxidation states ref=<br />
|oxidation states comment=(a strongly basic oxide)<br />
|electronegativity=1.31<br />
|electronegativity ref=<br />
|electronegativity comment=<br />
|ionization energy 1=737.7<br />
|ionization energy 1 ref=<br />
|ionization energy 1 comment=<br />
|ionization energy 2=1450.7<br />
|ionization energy 2 ref=<br />
|ionization energy 2 comment=<br />
|ionization energy 3=7732.7<br />
|ionization energy 3 ref=<br />
|ionization energy 3 comment=<br />
|number of ionization energies=<br />
|ionization energy ref=<br />
|ionization energy comment=<br />
|atomic radius=160<br />
|atomic radius ref=<br />
|atomic radius comment=<br />
|atomic radius calculated=<br />
|atomic radius calculated ref=<br />
|atomic radius calculated comment=<br />
|covalent radius=141±7<br />
|covalent radius ref=<br />
|covalent radius comment=<br />
|Van der Waals radius=173<br />
|Van der Waals radius ref=<br />
|Van der Waals radius comment=<br />
<!-- Miscellanea --><br />
|crystal structure=<br />
|crystal structure prefix=<br />
|crystal structure ref=<br />
|crystal structure comment= Hexagonal close-packed (hcp)<br />
|crystal structure 2=<br />
|crystal structure 2 prefix=<br />
|crystal structure 2 ref=<br />
|crystal structure 2 comment=<br />
|speed of sound=<br />
|speed of sound ref=<br />
|speed of sound comment=<br />
|speed of sound rod at 20=<br />
|speed of sound rod at 20 ref=<br />
|speed of sound rod at 20 comment=<br />
|speed of sound rod at r.t.=4940<br />
|speed of sound rod at r.t. ref=<br />
|speed of sound rod at r.t. comment=(annealed)<br />
|thermal expansion=<br />
|thermal expansion ref=<br />
|thermal expansion comment=<br />
|thermal expansion at 25=24.8<br />
|thermal expansion at 25 ref=<br />
|thermal expansion at 25 comment=<br />
|thermal conductivity=156<br />
|thermal conductivity ref=<br />
|thermal conductivity comment=<br />
|thermal conductivity 2=<br />
|thermal conductivity 2 ref=<br />
|thermal conductivity 2 comment=<br />
|thermal diffusivity=<br />
|thermal diffusivity ref=<br />
|thermal diffusivity comment=<br />
|electrical resistivity=<br />
|electrical resistivity unit prefix=<br />
|electrical resistivity ref=<br />
|electrical resistivity comment=<br />
|electrical resistivity at 0=<br />
|electrical resistivity at 0 ref=<br />
|electrical resistivity at 0 comment=<br />
|electrical resistivity at 20=4.39·10<sup>-8</sup><br />
|electrical resistivity at 20 ref=<br />
|electrical resistivity at 20 comment=<br />
|band gap=<br />
|band gap ref=<br />
|band gap comment=<br />
|Curie point K=<br />
|Curie point ref=<br />
|Curie point comment=<br />
|magnetic ordering=Paramagnetic<br />
|magnetic ordering ref=<br />
|magnetic ordering comment=<br />
|tensile strength=<br />
|tensile strength ref=<br />
|tensile strength comment=<br />
|Young's modulus=45<br />
|Young's modulus ref=<br />
|Young's modulus comment=<br />
|Shear modulus=17<br />
|Shear modulus ref=<br />
|Shear modulus comment=<br />
|Bulk modulus=45<br />
|Bulk modulus ref=<br />
|Bulk modulus comment=<br />
|Poisson ratio=0.29<br />
|Poisson ratio ref=<br />
|Poisson ratio comment=<br />
|Mohs hardness=1–2.5<br />
|Mohs hardness ref=<br />
|Mohs hardness comment=<br />
|Mohs hardness 2=<br />
|Mohs hardness 2 ref=<br />
|Mohs hardness 2 comment=<br />
|Vickers hardness=<br />
|Vickers hardness ref=<br />
|Vickers hardness comment=<br />
|Brinell hardness=44–260<br />
|Brinell hardness ref=<br />
|Brinell hardness comment=<br />
|CAS number=7439-95-4<br />
|CAS number ref=<br />
|CAS number comment=<br />
<!-- History --><br />
|naming=After Magnesia, Greece<br />
|predicted by=<br />
|prediction date ref=<br />
|prediction date=<br />
|discovered by= Joseph Black<br />
|discovery date ref=<br />
|discovery date=1755<br />
|first isolation by= Humphry Davy<br />
|first isolation date ref=<br />
|first isolation date=1808<br />
|discovery and first isolation by=<br />
|named by=<br />
|named date ref=<br />
|named date=<br />
|history comment label=<br />
|history comment=<br />
<!-- Isotopes --><br />
|isotopes=<br />
|isotopes comment=<br />
|engvar=<br />
}}<br />
'''Magnesium''' is an [[alkaline earth metal]] with the symbol '''Mg''' and atomic number 12. It is one of the most powerful [[reducer|reducing agent]]s available to the amateur chemist, even more so than [[zinc]]. However, it is impossible to plate magnesium out of an aqueous solution, and it is generally not feasible to recover the metal.<br />
<br />
==Properties==<br />
===Physical properties===<br />
Magnesium is a light, grayish metal. Oxidized pieces are a darker shade of gray, and tend to have a white powder of [[magnesium oxide]] on the surface. It has a low melting point of 650 °C, though the metal will ignite in air before it reaches that temperature.<br />
<br />
===Chemical properties===<br />
Magnesium is an extremely powerful reducing agent, though it is relatively stable in air due to the formation of a partial passivation layer. In air, magnesium will ignite with a very hot white flame to form a mixture that consists mostly of magnesium oxide, but also contains some [[magnesium nitride]].<br />
<br />
: 2 Mg + O<sub>2</sub> → 2 MgO<br />
: 3 Mg + N<sub>2</sub> → Mg<sub>3</sub>N<sub>2</sub><br />
<br />
The color of the flame is a noticeably purer white than that of [[titanium]] or [[zirconium]] flames, which appear slightly yellowish. Dangerous amounts of UV light is produced when magnesium burns, necessitating eye protection if one were to stare directly at the flame.<br />
<br />
Magnesium reacts with [[carbon dioxide]] exothermically to form [[magnesium oxide]] and [[carbon]]:<br />
<br />
: 2 Mg + CO<sub>2</sub> → 2 MgO + C<br />
<br />
Hence, carbon dioxide fuels rather than extinguishes magnesium fires.<br />
<br />
Powdered Mg reacts with [[hydrogen]] at high pressure and temperature (200 atmospheres, 500 °C), in the presence of magnesium iodide catalyst, to yield magnesium hydride.<br />
<br />
In water, magnesium pieces react only slowly to form [[magnesium hydroxide]], due to the build-up of magnesium hydroxide on the surface of the pure magnesium metal, which slows down any further reaction. Powdered magnesium, however, reacts much more vigorously with water.<br />
<br />
: Mg + 2 H<sub>2</sub>O → Mg(OH)<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub><br />
<br />
Magnesium metal does not react with alkali solutions. However, the metal will react vigorously in dilute acids to form corresponding magnesium salts.<br />
<br />
: Mg + 2 HX → MgX<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub><br />
<br />
Most of these are soluble except for the hydroxide, fluoride, and carbonate.<br />
<br />
Magnesium is the choice reducing agent when extracting lanthanide metals from their salts, as well as many transition metals that cannot be extracted via carbon thermoreduction. Magnesium metal can also be used to obtain alkali metals, like sodium, potassium and even rubidium and caesium (but not lithium) by reducing their respective hydroxide, either in a [[Thermochemical dioxane approach|thermoreduction process]] or by [[Alcohol catalyzed alkali metal production|stirring the Mg-MOH mixture in an inert solvent with a tertiary alcohol as catalyst at high temperature for several hours or days]].<br />
<br />
==Availability and sources==<br />
A good and readily available source of magnesium is the sacrificial anodes used in many water heaters. They can be cheaply found at most plumbing stores. One rod generally has around 200 g of magnesium metal and costs around 8-12 $.<br />
<br />
Fire starting kits often contain magnesium of 95% purity, which is sufficient for most simple reductions.<br />
<br />
Some pencil sharpeners, such as those manufactured by [http://www.cultpens.com/c/q/brands/kum KUM] and [http://www.staedtler.com/en/products/pencils-accessories/sharpeners/ Staedtler] are made of magnesium, in case of the latter, 95% pure. A simple test to see if these are made of magnesium or not involves heating one in a blowtorch flame for about 30 seconds (outside!); if it is magnesium, it will catch fire and give off intense white light. A less destructive method involves adding a few drops of aqueous NaOH on the sharpener surface. Magnesium does not react with sodium hydroxide, but aluminium will. These can also be found at University of California campuses. They are easily identifiable by their light weight.<br />
<br />
Magnesium products of higher purity can be bought from [http://www.mcssl.com/store/gallium-source/magnesium-metal GalliumSource]. It is sold as turnings (coarse and fine), ribbon, ingots, rods, and foil.<br />
<br />
Magnesium strips can also be bought from [http://unitednuclear.com/index.php?main_page=product_info&cPath=89&products_id=160 United Nuclear] if you live in the US.<br />
<br />
Magnesium powder can be purchased from [http://www.ebay.com/bhp/magnesium-powder eBay], at varying prices, depending on the particle size. In the EU, there are some restrictions regarding the sale and ownership of magnesium powders below a certain size, though there aren't any restrictions for coarse powders and turnings. Grignard-grade Mg turnings can also be bought freely from suppliers or online.<br />
<br />
Some old laptops contain frames made out of magnesium or magnesium alloy.<br />
<br />
==Preparation==<br />
Elemental magnesium is difficult to prepare, due to its high reactivity. The industrial method involves the electrolysis of molten [[magnesium chloride]] or an eutectic mixture of MgCl<sub>2</sub> and KCl (melting point 450 °C), in a Downs cell. This process requires the use of corrosion-resistant alloy crucibles, as molten magnesium chloride is very corrosive. The process takes place in an inert atmosphere, either [[argon]] or more often [[sulfur hexafluoride]].<br />
<br />
==Projects==<br />
*Make [[flash powder]] (water sensitive)<br />
*Make and ignite [[thermite]]<br />
*Grignard reactions<br />
*Make [[sodium]] and [[potassium]] metal<br />
<br />
==Handling==<br />
===Safety===<br />
Magnesium and its compounds are not particularly toxic. Bulk magnesium is not prone to ignition, but magnesium powder and turnings are. '''Water and Carbon Dioxide extinguishers must NEVER be used to put out magnesium fires''', as this accelerates the burning and can produce toxic and/or explosive gasses as a byproduct. Dry sand can be used to fight burning magnesium. Likewise, powdered magnesium oxide aka magnesia is also suitable for putting out magnesium fires.<br />
<br />
'''Never consume magnesium or its compounds, when produced in the laboratory, as a supplement.'''<br />
<br />
===Storage===<br />
Magnesium metal will slowly corrode in air and turn dark gray. To prevent this, storage under [[mineral oil]] is sufficient. For long-term storage, [[Ampoule|ampouling]] is a viable solution, though rarely necessary. Keep it away from acidic vapors and corrosive gases.<br />
<br />
In general, magnesium doesn't require special storage conditions, as long as the air from the storage space has low humidity and is not polluted. A simple zip lock bag is good enough to keep magnesium unaffected for several years.<br />
<br />
===Disposal===<br />
No special disposal procedures are required for magnesium and magnesium compounds. Discard them as you wish.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
===Relevant Sciencemadness threads===<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=134874 How to discover if something is made of Magnesium?]<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=15555 Why are pencil sharpners magnesium?]<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=29857 Magnesium Metal from scrapyard]<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=74617 Cheap/Easy Sources of Magnesium Metal]<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=4617 Magnesium metal in Italy?]<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=16637 Magnesium powder from magnesium ingots]<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=14238 Magnesium powder from magnesium pencil sharpener]<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=15338 Are Magnesium Metal Flakes Spontaneously Reactive with Any Oxidizers?]<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=14 Extracting magnesium metal from its salts]<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=8757 Mg metal from MgO]<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=97625 Electrolysis of MgCl2 (a realistic objective?)]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Elements]]<br />
[[Category:Metals]]<br />
[[Category:Alkaline earth metals]]<br />
[[Category:Reducing agents]]<br />
[[Category:Materials unstable in acidic solution]]<br />
[[Category:Readily available chemicals]]<br />
[[Category:DEA SS List]]<br />
[[Category:S-block]]</div>
Mabus
https://www.sciencemadness.org/smwiki/index.php?title=Nitroglycerin&diff=15615
Nitroglycerin
2024-02-27T12:55:13Z
<p>Mabus: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Chembox<br />
| Name = Nitroglycerin<br />
| Reference =<br />
| IUPACName =<br />
| PIN = Propane-1,2,3-triyl trinitrate<br />
| SystematicName =<br />
| OtherNames = 1,2,3-Tris(nitrooxy)propane<br>Glyceryl trinitrate<br>Nitro-dur<br>Nitroglycerol<br>Nitrostat<br>Trinitroglycerin<br>Trinitroglycerine<br />
<!-- Images --><br />
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<!-- Sections --><br />
| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers<br />
| 3DMet = <br />
| Abbreviations = <br />
| SMILES = <br />
}}<br />
| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties<br />
| AtmosphericOHRateConstant = <br />
| Appearance = Colorless to pale-yellow liquid<br />
| BoilingPt = <br />
| BoilingPtC = 50<br />
| BoilingPt_ref = <br />
| BoilingPt_notes = (explodes)<br />
| Density = 1.6 g/cm<sup>3</sup> (at 15 °C)<br />
| Formula = C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>5</sub>N<sub>3</sub>O<sub>6</sub><br />
| HenryConstant = <br />
| LogP = <br />
| MolarMass = 227.09 g/mol<br />
| MeltingPt = <br />
| MeltingPtC = 14<br />
| MeltingPt_ref = <br />
| MeltingPt_notes = <br />
| Odor = Odorless<br />
| pKa = <br />
| pKb = <br />
| Solubility = 0.138 g/100 ml (at 20 °C)<br />
| SolubleOther = Miscible with [[1,2-Dibromoethane|1,2-dibromoethane]], glacial [[acetic acid]], [[dichloroethylene]], [[ethyl acetate]], [[nitrobenzene]], [[pyridine]]<br>Slightly soluble in [[carbon disulfide]], [[ethanol]], [[methanol]]<br>Poorly soluble in [[glycerol]], liq. petrolatum, oleic acid, [[petroleum ether]], [[toluene]]<br />
| Solubility1 = 0.833 g/100 ml<br />
| Solvent1 = carbon disulfide<br />
| Solubility2 = 25 g/100 ml<br />
| Solvent2 = ethanol<br />
| Solubility3 = 5.55 g/100 ml<br />
| Solvent3 = methanol<br />
| VaporPressure = 0.0003 mmHg (at 20 °C)<br />
}}<br />
| Section3 = {{Chembox Structure<br />
| Coordination = <br />
| CrystalStruct = <br />
| MolShape = <br />
}}<br />
| Section4 = {{Chembox Thermochemistry<br />
| DeltaGf = <br />
| DeltaHc = −1.529 MJ/mol<br />
| DeltaHf = −370 kJ/mol<br />
| Entropy = <br />
| HeatCapacity = <br />
}}<br />
| Section5 = {{Chembox Explosive<br />
| ShockSens = High<br />
| FrictionSens = High<br />
| DetonationV = 7700 m/s<br />
| REFactor = 1.50<br />
}}<br />
| Section6 = {{Chembox Hazards<br />
| AutoignitionPt = <br />
| ExploLimits = <br />
| ExternalMSDS = [http://www.cpcb.nic.in/divisionsofheadoffice/pci-ssi/MATERIAL_SAFETY-DATABASE/MSDS2008/433.pdf CPCB]<br />
| FlashPt = <br />
| LD50 = <br />
| LC50 = <br />
| MainHazards = Explosive<br />
| NFPA-F = <br />
| NFPA-H = <br />
| NFPA-R = <br />
| NFPA-S = <br />
}}<br />
| Section7 = {{Chembox Related<br />
| OtherAnions = <br />
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| OtherFunction = <br />
| OtherFunction_label = <br />
| OtherCompounds = [[Ethylene glycol dinitrate]]<br>[[1,2,4-Butanetriol trinitrate]]<br>[[Erythritol tetranitrate]]<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
'''Nitroglycerin''' ('''NG'''), more correctly called '''glycerol trinitrate''', is the [[Alkyl nitrate|nitrate ester]] of [[glycerol]]. It is one of the most commonly used explosives, found in dynamites, blasting gelatine and [[smokeless powder]]s.<br />
<br />
==Properties==<br />
===Physical===<br />
Nitroglycerin is a dense (1.59 g/cm<sup>3</sup>), oily, colourless liquid with freezing point 14 °C. It is a solvent for [[nitrocellulose]], and the resulting gel is known as blasting gelatine (blasting jelly).<br />
<br />
===Explosive===<br />
Nitroglycerin is a powerful explosive, similar to [[ethylene glycol dinitrate]]. It is highly sensitive to impact, but incomplete detonation result from everything but a strong initiation. This causes its lead block test value to be dependent on the strength of initiation:<br />
<br />
: detonator No.1 ... 190 cm<sup>3</sup><br />
: detonator No.2 ... 225 cm<sup>3</sup><br />
: detonator No.6 ... 460 cm<sup>3</sup><br />
: detonator No.8 ... 590 cm<sup>3</sup><br />
<br />
Nitroglycerin will not detonate if ignited with an external flame, but if poured on a hot surface with its temperature >200 °C, it will rapidly decompose and almost immediately detonate.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1lvZNK9KyK8 How I made 100% PURE NITROGLYCERIN]</ref><br />
<br />
==Availability==<br />
Nitroglycerin pills contain a very small amount of nitroglycerin, impractical for extraction and use (though some types of pills will burn if ignited).<br />
<br />
The classic dynamite contains NG mixed with kieselgur ([[diatomaceous earth]]), to make it stable. Most smokeless powders contain nitro. Extracting the nitroglycerin from these products however, is impractical and dangerous for large quantities.<br />
<br />
==Preparation==<br />
Nitroglycerin is prepared by the [[nitration]] of [[glycerol]] using a concentrated mixture of [[Nitric acid|nitric]] and [[sulfuric acid]]s in an ice bath, at very low temperatures. The information in this article is not enough to attempt such a synthesis though, as the risks are very high with this compound.<br />
<br />
Just an idea how powerful a small amount of nitroglycerin is, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rZE82WD6Pbk here is a good demonstration of what 1 ounce (28 g) of pure nitroglycerin does to a heavy steel plate].<br />
<br />
==Projects==<br />
*[[Dynamite]]<br />
*[[Smokeless powder]]s<br />
*Various propellents<br />
<br />
==Handling==<br />
===Safety===<br />
Nitroglycerin is a dangerously sensitive and extremely powerful explosive. Improperly neutralized it is even more sensitive. It is also toxic by skin contact and inhalation. As a strong vasodilator, it results in severe headaches, though it is used medicinally in very low concentrations.<br />
<br />
===Storage===<br />
Never store liquid nitroglycerin, even for short periods!<br />
<br />
Dynamite, which consists of nitroglycerin mixed with diatomite, is much more stable, though over time the dynamite will "sweat" or "weep" its nitroglycerin, which can then pool in the bottom of the box or storage area and can explode.<br />
<br />
===Disposal===<br />
Nitroglycerin can be neutralized by carefully diluting it first in a solvent, then slowly adding it dropwise in a diluted solution of [[sodium hydroxide]] or being exposed to sunlight for a while, also diluted. Concentrated stuff may explode.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
Chemistry and Technology of Explosives - Volume II, first edition, 1965.<br />
===Sciencemadness libray===<br />
*[https://library.sciencemadness.org/library/books/nitroglycerine_explosives.pdf Nitroglycerine and nitroglycerine explosives, Phokion Naoúm, 1928]<br />
===Relevant Sciencemadness threads===<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=949 nitroglycerin]<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=1026 nitroglycerin without nitric acid]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Chemical compounds]]<br />
[[Category:Organic compounds]]<br />
[[Category:Nitrates]]<br />
[[Category:Nitrated organic compounds]]<br />
[[Category:Energetic materials]]<br />
[[Category:High explosives]]<br />
[[Category:Secondary explosives]]<br />
[[Category:Hair-trigger explosives]]<br />
[[Category:Contact poisons]]<br />
[[Category:Things that can kill you very quickly]]<br />
[[Category:Liquids]]</div>
Mabus
https://www.sciencemadness.org/smwiki/index.php?title=List_of_chemistry_Youtube_channels&diff=15612
List of chemistry Youtube channels
2024-02-18T14:44:02Z
<p>Mabus: </p>
<hr />
<div>This is supposed to be a rather complete list of chemistry channels on YouTube. Since YouTube changes, this list may be out of date. (Last update: 22.05.2022)<br />
<br />
See also [[Chemistry Diamonds on Youtube]] and [[Chemistry around the internet]].<br />
<br />
In the table below the number under "activity" describes the frequency of recent uploads on a percent scale. The number is 0 if the channel has no videos or the last upload was more than approximately 5 years ago. Note that this does not reflect quality or length of the videos and provides purely an upload frequency score. Alternatively, the following keywords indicate:<br />
*'''Deleted''' - The channel doesn't exist anymore due to personal or legal issues with YouTube<br />
*'''N/A''' - No score was calculated<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!Name<br />
!Activity<br />
!Focus<br />
!Notes<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCL0YD84ppC-Y2lap_1GDlqQ - C For Chemistry -]<br />
|0.00<br />
|Inorganic, organic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC4t9tVlAk7ww1wgCVW4yUjg 12thealchemist]<br />
|5.92<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCo1Q-cQeEDR5juhZSPVIOqg 18thTimeLucky - Amateur Experimentalism]<br />
|0.15<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|Few videos<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCCDBv4gmYCD4zN9WeCO2iWQ 2 AM Productions]<br />
|1.10<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC2Mf2-oKQDKPx1JZaXcxA1g 2MC]<br />
|34.42<br />
|Energetics, organic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC3iNBXl35gSaB7UJXageMYg 86Maldoror86]<br />
|81.93<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|Focus on radioactive minerals<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCBoJrksxdlMbMFmoJZSkRkg 99Chemicals]<br />
|0.12<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCNaUpQ2STayI9-htlVPc9rQ Aaron Huggard]<br />
|0.01<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|Short clips of reactions<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCCIX2RtaGz321HcFQucXWzw Adrian's Chemistry Laboratory]<br />
|43.89<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCg3RZM3NzgEItFRmgOixGOQ Adumbrate]<br />
|15.22<br />
|Inorganic, energetics<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC2M2T4FSz1kSqNhhL-n9R9A Advanced Tinkering]<br />
|89.06<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|Also some glassblowing content<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCOKCxmnoyGbWQEdP8_lwQFQ African Pyro]<br />
|0.00<br />
|Energetics<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCWieQLfF7fW2-MGHlCs8dRg aga]<br />
|10.51<br />
|Organic<br />
|New uploads don't seem chem related<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCv-31_nRF1sW0OwIEg2Zh8Q AHW214]<br />
|22.93<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|Possibly no longer active in chemistry<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC9GD00yhAoKajgjRWvqyH-w Akhil the Chemist]<br />
|85.66<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/user/AlchemicalGarden AlchemicalGarden]<br />
|Deleted<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|Backup available on [https://archive.org/details/AlchemicalGarden archive.org]<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCgcb7wEAAjA6tU_Ui72NV8w AlChemicalLife]<br />
|43.62<br />
|Inorganic, organic<br />
|Newer uploads not related to chemistry<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC-u1Htr0EwabHG2LFWdnzuw Ale]<br />
|2.13<br />
|Inorganic, organic<br />
|English and Italian<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCT5dNpwpPhRy_oSi8y_6hOA Alexander Demidov]<br />
|0.47<br />
|Energetics<br />
|Few videos<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC8TeGTpP4ptpljbNoSWK8MA Alexander470815]<br />
|26.16<br />
|General science<br />
|Focus on supercooled applications<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC3fNEZGladFdjdZ0BEalomQ All about chemistry]<br />
|1.42<br />
|Organic, inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCWbbidIY4v57uczsl0Fgv7w AllChemystery]<br />
|2.74<br />
|Energetics, inorganic, organic<br />
|See also [https://vimeo.com/energyunleashed vimeo channel] and [https://www.bitchute.com/channel/allchemystery/ bitchute]<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC-JFkzCb8iKZwttncwJ7A9g Also]<br />
|25.51<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|Polish<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC1sJo8J1ZObrc4cKlsig1jA AMchemistry]<br />
|0.06<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCY3DB7Y6_wu_XO8brD-O06w AmericanBornChemist]<br />
|0.01<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCBsy7f40NzuWOhP3YdyyBjA amritacreate]<br />
|54.95<br />
|General chemistry<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCzFR-OzlMF5A3ccva4Df_jQ AnalyticalChem]<br />
|4.91<br />
|General chemistry<br />
|German<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCXZEixpdMo14AhFHKZEDEyQ Andrew Bounds]<br />
|37.80<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCTlpZDUZ_4PoewFMOOCKqjQ Andrew Humphrey]<br />
|1.42<br />
|General chemistry<br />
|Very visually appealing<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCTSWRNTeS2ytivpJ4wbCNHg Androl]<br />
|0.41<br />
|Pyro<br />
|Few videos<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCyrkULcST6hSwvnK5qda00A Andy Elliott Craft & Creations]<br />
|30.34<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|No longer active in chemistry<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UChoow6BNlOIjEtF2pN04PYA andycapo123]<br />
|27.92<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKTnKuI1PGy-Zmc2ULURmcw Anthony's lab]<br />
|44.64<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCy29cCMadUw76YdNrhK3uHg antiswattt3]<br />
|Deleted<br />
|Energetics<br />
|Not aware of backups<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCivA7_KLKWo43tFcCkFvydw Applied Science]<br />
|35.01<br />
|General science<br />
|Not specifically chemistry<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC6u1f63lQ4noXrovf2iXWXQ April Noble]<br />
|25.76<br />
|Organic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCTuqbIOgNF8ELJoKCINKjaw Archimedes Channel]<br />
|81.24<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|Focus on gold recovery<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCUdokEZmiZv5-OYuzhopqiw Armus]<br />
|22.61<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAzqywqfSp6kctmgIqTkh6w Artisan-man]<br />
|0.76<br />
|Inorganic, organic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCyo_iytV0ns0TuaGItrtM_A Astral Chemistry]<br />
|2.78<br />
|Organic, inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCFep7Sry3274Etk1lHU-yEw At Home Science]<br />
|4.40<br />
|Energetics, inorganic<br />
|Few chemistry related videos<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC1zhLq-8SrS2Au3IV71u7Mw Aussie Chemist]<br />
|6.91<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC7D566ClLdr1By2JnKh_DgA BackMacSci]<br />
|13.81<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCcdai9G_4qGeRxkQiEsXU8g BackYard Science 2000]<br />
|60.52<br />
|Energetics, inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCBV78acSjNRY-IfEFL--hnw BarstowChem]<br />
|0.00<br />
|Energetics<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCyMxogHbZwfMQTc_y2asSjg Basco36]<br />
|0.00<br />
|Inorganic, energetics<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC5EhxnUYcrhhHNwJ2O61i7w BasementBiotech]<br />
|3.61<br />
|Biochemistry<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmrScx-6JxekoYfTwiTRZtQ bdbdbd]<br />
|16.04<br />
|Organic, inorganic, energetics<br />
|Mostly short clips from university, dutch<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCYmL90kuJusvrpVv3B60Rsg Beauty of Science]<br />
|31.80<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|Visually focused videos in high quality<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCw915MY141YmQll6mUOY_AQ Because We Can- The Channel]<br />
|2.91<br />
|General chemistry, inorganic, organic<br />
|New uploads seemingly not chem related<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC-EYhIT5cgmnTeJ71vDj8_Q BerkeleyChemDemos]<br />
|5.41<br />
|Inorganic, general chemistry<br />
|Focus on showcasing reactions<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCsnHnFtfUgDJtepBbt2LWgQ Beryllium.Laboratories]<br />
|1.64<br />
|Inorganic, organic<br />
|Focus on beryllium chemistry<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCkoGOn3Z2UJlTUmu_knXFDg BHOpyro]<br />
|17.15<br />
|Pyro<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHYS-ByTyvpfVKqRscJZJIg Bob Burk]<br />
|0.13<br />
|Analytical, organic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCasf8aNFT8wDBECydYRwP2g Bong Chemistry]<br />
|4.46<br />
|General chemistry, organic<br />
|Focus on theory<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCzBGXZZqNl5Gqe0kJSt7anA boomboom314159]<br />
|0.00<br />
|Energetics<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC223puMZ_Ns6Zrc8Qyqka8g Brad Sieve]<br />
|1.18<br />
|General chemistry<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCocJBHPJtU2NywIX6f05Nkw Brain&Force]<br />
|8.57<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCFHMw64uu66VKPXq5gh29IQ Brainiac75]<br />
|55.80<br />
|General science<br />
|Lasers, elements in magnetic fields<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClqsT86YgmunQf-DNrkM1Eg Brant Kedrowski]<br />
|26.75<br />
|Organic, general chemistry<br />
|Lecture videos<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCxrPlUkO_5rTin21Ct7GxKA Bunsen Burns' Bonus Videos]<br />
|0.32<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC8iP3YPj42dacTWS9lrqzUQ ButteScience]<br />
|0.02<br />
|General chemistry<br />
|Videos from university<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC_OQtid1eO6sMk6T-E-NXQA C2N10]<br />
|14.56<br />
|Energetics<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCN-SF6pTS0WyUxpj7t3x_jA Caju]<br />
|4.55<br />
|Organic<br />
|Portuguese <br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC3vsaMGAL9ZAVPUYDxMkx9g Call.Me.Heisenberg]<br />
|4.96<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCGN8m6iGkxnmQnGezVxxnmg Carl Willis]<br />
|12.43<br />
|Radiochemistry<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCxUnFxzZjb5BHpaDCHvwRnw Casual Chemistry]<br />
|57.93<br />
|General chemistry<br />
|Explanation of theoretical concepts, retrosynthesis and named reactions. [https://twitter.com/CasualChemistry Twitter], [https://chemistrycasual.wixsite.com/casualchemistry website], [https://www.instagram.com/casualchemistry/ instagram] and [https://www.facebook.com/Casual-Chemistry-105272718443704 facebook] are linked<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCgAT_j8uouDRa8qYXWDi_FA ccclabmit]<br />
|3.90<br />
|Organometallic chemistry<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC5isd3pO1xZY7bQ54uLmZIw CEEA Erasmus]<br />
|0.88<br />
|Inorganic, organic, general chemistry<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC5SKu_NBDNmB6Hl_ul-g2ag Cerealkiffer]<br />
|0.01<br />
|Energetics<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQNj8r14-dyi4mlyenLwnaw Cesium Helos]<br />
|16.31<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKacsSiYGv9oAuCUrovj-UA chakraprasadjoshi]<br />
|0.43<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|Focus on nanoparticles and related<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCsFgGxZaeOU_o-VkYYjbNcA Chan Heosican]<br />
|91.09<br />
|Organic, inorganic<br />
|Considerable focus on plant extractions<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCMzWloW6QtwwRFpMA3pIEiQ Chaoschemiker]<br />
|0.00<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCu-TJngCSJQ5hKa2EjqHPmg Charlie Hames]<br />
|0.00<br />
|Inorganic, energetics<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCqOFUKkniqISLH3lTldk_2g Chem Explorer]<br />
|0.31<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCb6d-RJGmMPBtq5wwf-BG3g Chem Josh]<br />
|0.13<br />
|Organic<br />
|Just one video<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCiU1dHvZObB2iP6xkJ__Icw Chem Player]<br />
|Deleted<br />
|General chemistry<br />
|[https://www.bitchute.com/channel/chemplayer/ chemplayer on bitchute] and [https://archive.org/details/ChemPlayer archive.org backup]<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCpa8Zbs6VRuMI7OzydVnR8g chem2050]<br />
|0.00<br />
|Organic<br />
|Videos from university<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCrHCofTKQuOMmqYaNFydM_g ChemEx LK]<br />
|55.34<br />
|Inorganic, organic, general chemistry<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCMZ1fA3gItoC63gp663xVHQ ChemExperimentalist]<br />
|0.00<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCx6IrJIvDl1LKw_yIhzHT0Q Chemical bouillon]<br />
|6.37<br />
|General science<br />
|Focus on timelapses and showcases<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClcQ4KWUnBZWEKzS1fuWgVw Chemical Engineer]<br />
|4.60<br />
|General chemistry<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCO1lI0B3zznbzwqgRB37DKg Chemical Mishaps]<br />
|3.14<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCqONNjBkukcc2yXbmHL8niQ ChemicalForce]<br />
|74.49<br />
|Inorganic, organic<br />
|Showcase of exotic and violent reactions<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCCxj_eSosnhSD5RKML5UujA chemicaloid]<br />
|80.73<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|Other channel (Chinese) [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCjtE1HaV93W7Gu4aOJtc-rA 卡米貓]<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCzvJPKT8IYd6vi1KeLtacEw chemicum]<br />
|9.05<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|Also batteries and fuel cells<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCpFyOYcpIZzWibvshi2u0Pg Chemiday com]<br />
|7.92<br />
|Inorganic, general chemistry<br />
|Russian<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHjFjNxMWUjifoMViAT0gbA Chemie KZN Kantonsschule Zürich Nord]<br />
|13.65<br />
|Inorganic, organic<br />
|German<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCUR6h55nYfFj5xO1q821jcg ChemieChecker DE]<br />
|0.02<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|German<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCsRqpJd7xORic1eehXVhUuw ChemieRUB]<br />
|7.12<br />
|Theoretical chemistry<br />
|English, some German<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCOoJzNPCr9cWfL3Ryop923w Chemify]<br />
|7.33<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCoDmZirW1o9XSKSRM6YJ1rQ Chemiolis]<br />
|79.94<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCewLLVQMSt1bQ_Ri5exi1wg Chemist by Destiny]<br />
|6.50<br />
|General chemistry<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCv8XmH-rHVDL4FAhT37tC-A Chemistree]<br />
|4.91<br />
|Theoretical, inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCdHcUASd24nNWNEYfj0S6Gg Chemistry 4all]<br />
|1.16<br />
|Organic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC97WOMsh7F1Ru4AFGkFRthQ Chemistry Dog]<br />
|0.16<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCdaqnxKH8M9PgRdS2pHlxEg Chemistry Saschko]<br />
|0.15<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCOATREFOJJGzBKy_hKHWkyw Chemistry'sCuriosities Cannagorilla]<br />
|16.61<br />
|Inorganic, energetics<br />
|[https://www.bitchute.com/channel/cannagorilla/ bitchute channel] but seemingly abandoned<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC39ZspzUdOOeC2SOWqmJ2VA Chemistry.Fun]<br />
|0.85<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/user/chemistry858 chemistry858]<br />
|Deleted<br />
|Inorganic, energetics<br />
|Archive available on [https://archive.org/details/chemistry858/ archive.org]<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCU78QLs_ESvfjIqnSlHpiVA Chemistry]<br />
|21.39<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCPrWRK4O8qHDJcp0gfZ8jsg ChemistryFritti_]<br />
|9.41<br />
|Inorganic, organic<br />
|German<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCcvsFE_P5G6pS6pJ4zaE_jA ChemistryViews]<br />
|85.82<br />
|Theoretical chemistry<br />
|Focus on explanations<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC642i_MSmoIwfYBo665WUwA ChemLab]<br />
|23.95<br />
|Inorganic, energetics<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCJOHR5M8TEEsSjo2_JLTKMw chemlabchemistry]<br />
|0.00<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCiR96UZ18btWxcJLM61g4_w Chemo Specific]<br />
|31.53<br />
|General chemistry<br />
|Focus on mechanisms and theory<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC13WFoZ18jFQrwIpSvFk-Tw chemophilic]<br />
|4.73<br />
|Organic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCR40MsOgAPp_6hnIEXvXnsA ChemPics]<br />
|0.00<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCV7LRhEY9jfgFs896yZl4eQ ChemPracs]<br />
|0.13<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCunr-10Cibvv4CKUBeI_Hkw ChemSurvival]<br />
|75.65<br />
|General chemistry<br />
|Lots of theory<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCNxWW9-9QG7IPC8wuRK13IQ ChemTalk]<br />
|59.28<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCz0cXNe-i3d-ScaN7xMx1-g ChemToddler]<br />
|0.00<br />
|Inorganic, organic, general chemistry<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC9-_Vg7O5EffhN1R7wDxhnQ ChemVlog.pl]<br />
|26.83<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|Polish<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmUvmIHG6vL4LI94tNebyOw chemx01]<br />
|0.01<br />
|Organic, inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQWne9DleuGu0q9TmA70jWQ Chris Cramer]<br />
|0.26<br />
|Theoretical chemistry<br />
|Lectures<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCZ8l6SdZuRuoSdze1dIpzAQ Chromatogiraffery]<br />
|23.60<br />
|Analytical<br />
|Focus on DIY analytical equipment<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCgr2b1gPh3IshhKiJELIcqA CinzLab]<br />
|3.07<br />
|General chemistry<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC2ZRkBjqUw5-CW7vB-g0Xcw CLEAPSS]<br />
|61.40<br />
|Inorganic, general science<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCl6w8Bcf3EoKe_Ijom220HQ Cobalt Chemistry]<br />
|11.34<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC9vGkkfFrLZq9lzieklcKFA Cobalt]<br />
|0.21<br />
|Inorganic, organic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC2MJylovjrLtsGP0_4UrqrQ Cody'sBLab]<br />
|29.26<br />
|General science<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCu6mSoMNzHQiBIOCkHUa2Aw Cody'sLab]<br />
|66.50<br />
|Inorganic, organic, general science<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCPAOgLEIfE7xqBhiwkr85bA College Chemistry]<br />
|0.41<br />
|Inorganic, organic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC3aIpsMPiCs1x5P-AsKEf6w Colorful Chemistry]<br />
|2.13<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|Focus on specific reactions, esp. those which involve color changes<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCGlL1wuw_NwXyBJXqMEARXg Copper Chopper]<br />
|1.67<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCdvlpwJZqvUtoZyO-K9h2kQ Corrosive Chemistry]<br />
|15.09<br />
|Inorganic, organic, organometallic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/user/CrEaTiVePyroScience CrEaTiVePyroScience]<br />
|Deleted<br />
|Energetics<br />
|Archive available on [https://archive.org/details/CrEaTiVePyroScience archive.org]<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC8MsizzPmvyGDNxxu8Nu9Yg Creators of Chaos]<br />
|0.83<br />
|Energetics<br />
|Collaboration channel<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC9qQUJ4zm6kzKgAebIJxj6w Cu SO4]<br />
|0.45<br />
|General chemistry<br />
|Chinese, few videos<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCzO-q9BS29HHK-1ndkngQgQ Cyclobutane]<br />
|10.68<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCuqjT1It-XKQdcSOTywhc5g Dan's Lab]<br />
|1.42<br />
|General chemistry<br />
|Few videos<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCemh31eFHkGx_-BS5egbd0Q Daniel Sejer Pedersen]<br />
|0.03<br />
|General chemistry<br />
|Only a single video at the time of writing<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCus2mJvIQ62lVt5HVbkQ-UQ Darian Ballard]<br />
|26.83<br />
|Energetics<br />
|Videos moved away from YouTube onto different platforms like [https://www.bitchute.com/channel/darianballard/ bitchute]<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCOVu2hRRhVW2NccIQAhrULQ Dark Hydrogen]<br />
|4.40<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|Few videos<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQGfKyMAcwgV3MznUoyxk9w David Robertson]<br />
|7.84<br />
|General chemistry<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC1fWkSGe5iluVOvlWvXmJ3A DBX Labs]<br />
|33.01<br />
|Energetics<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC75nlFIMrOsGzV5yZscirHA Dean Olson]<br />
|1.75<br />
|General chemistry<br />
|Few videos<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC8KwYFZ3zTrFT8MuSLgkEVQ DEM Science]<br />
|Deleted<br />
|General chemistry<br />
|Used to have few videos, unaware of backups<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCCx12Os5DJI9VMu8P--SHyQ dersitis33]<br />
|1.03<br />
|Pyro<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCu4DjkLNybysl4k-5JJE_DQ Die Laborratten]<br />
|47.91<br />
|General chemistry, inorganic<br />
|German<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmCx97fwQ5HUa1JE4JP_m2g Disaster Experiments]<br />
|19.71<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|Also biology<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCOEpBpoQNK45-6hXQGqZFCg DIY bama]<br />
|16.75<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|Focused on simple DIY projects<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCsdiXgh1a3qKP2eO8kIiYbQ Dmitry Shintyakov]<br />
|3.92<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|Only few chemistry related videos<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCXk20kJsFzBE1XS5qaf_RXg DoktorKlawonn]<br />
|23.61<br />
|General chemistry<br />
|German<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC6SItJwaTE3jawp-wGNKPBQ Dornier335A]<br />
|Deleted<br />
|Energetics<br />
|Showcasing of novel flash powders and energetics, [https://archive.org/details/Dornier335A archive.org backup], might be incomplete.<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCR3CEAL-y3CoMf4oJOJgtEw Doug's Lab]<br />
|0.79<br />
|Organic, inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCrIybF81e2-lbBtVbRKE3Zw Douglas Franz]<br />
|Deleted<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|Unaware of backups<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC3un2haMC93JnLHM4AuIMdw doyale]<br />
|8.66<br />
|Inorganic, organic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCxIhc4BEArnkK9SsqrBPfdg DubaiAmateurRocketry]<br />
|0.00<br />
|Energetics<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC0-LuFwp0HxlcLmpS4LdqiA Edson]<br />
|8.35<br />
|Energetics<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC7d_-rlG1KM6RGHjwA4VU7A Edward Tries To Science]<br />
|94.12<br />
|Organic, inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCSIOK0IwdiKt-1o7v7fNssQ eku_chem_lab]<br />
|19.70<br />
|Organic, inorganic<br />
|Lots of theory, videos from university<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCbyj4lSUJiCviS4CF7Z3TIg Elch Science]<br />
|Deleted<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|Unaware of backups<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAYa877cjNLF2PvioR15gxQ ElementalMaker]<br />
|38.70<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|Also electronics and engineering<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCff1LrDxkQi7OK6hnjzJj0Q Elementensammler42]<br />
|59.58<br />
|Inorganic, organic, energetics<br />
|German<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCvzQQS4k4UZ_cS1udzyTiow elementguy27]<br />
|0.01<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCfzGFXGbIC70JIXPDiRY1lQ Elements of Universe]<br />
|1.30<br />
|General chemistry<br />
|German, moved to [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCkl3ntGQlYBufRvqtSbrgBw The chemical Preperator]<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCVo7cVGOXTqzb4-eLAv7Qtg Elias Experiments]<br />
|32.75<br />
|Inorganic, energetics<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC2zDLKw-2yi1NkqoGyKDUSA Elijah Dunn]<br />
|2.42<br />
|Inorganic, energetics<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCnlujnckaXTD4fOtAusmd-A EM Labs]<br />
|3.28<br />
|Energetics<br />
|Few videos<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCVnnvSZJ334gFoEEMtLnk0w endimion17]<br />
|0.00<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmdg81RGC1W_djN1tTRRlhA EnergeticHeretic]<br />
|27.09<br />
|Energetics<br />
|Novel and exotic energetics, [http://tetrazolelover.at.ua/ website]<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCpE48HI_-uCoe6DYos3ls5A Engdroid Yu]<br />
|19.26<br />
|Energetics<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC3gqx2zhUyLdeGIAFyiwPYg EnTroPy]<br />
|8.22<br />
|General chemistry<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC6wrGV-8evsewfCpVnYv2sw ESRFsynchrotron]<br />
|83.97<br />
|Theoretical chemistry, general science<br />
|Not only chemistry related videos<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCq8D30gXUJvMsPqf6gnZlLg Euro News]<br />
|0.13<br />
|Theory<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC1aGPR2sW3NV1FQG09JR8eA Exo Alchemy]<br />
|11.32<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCBfmTud2CXzpEj9f9czj2wg Experimental Chemistry]<br />
|90.62<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCxj7Pt1aMf6_JCc9TvBni6w Experimental Madness]<br />
|16.18<br />
|General chemistry<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCBRSnYnZIWxHtY7FjuGQiSA Explo Sci]<br />
|0.00<br />
|Energetics<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRnS5wUA_MuBsENvqhIQRFw Explosions&amp;Fire]<br />
|Deleted<br />
|Energetics, inorganic, organic<br />
|Now on Explosions&amp;Fire2<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCVovvq34gd0ps5cVYNZrc7A Explosions&Fire]<br />
|14.36<br />
|Energetics, inorganic, organic<br />
|New channel since old one got deleted. Backups exist, see the [https://www.bitchute.com/channel/explosionsandfire/ official backup on bitchute]. Also [https://www.reddit.com/r/ExplosionsAndFire/ r/ExplosionsAndFire] and [https://vimeo.com/explosionsandfire Explosions&amp;Fire on vimeo]. [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLymmAUIuAfDU9-vqCIDn9W365eSBvADMQ Official playlist] of some old videos.<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://vimeo.com/explosiopedia Explosiopedia]<br />
|Deleted<br />
|Energetics<br />
|Used to exist on [https://vimeo.com/explosiopedia vimeo] but also deleted there. Backup on [https://archive.org/details/Explosiopedia archive.org].<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCvFApMFo_AafXbHRyEJefjA Extractions&Ire]<br />
|45.63<br />
|Energetics, inorganic, organic<br />
|Second channel to Explosions&amp;Fire, longer videos<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCLnP69GCu79xr_nV1tiychA Extreme Red Cabbage]<br />
|0.08<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCFJTSvRILmeDnbGsfV8zUsA Feed Me]<br />
|2.74<br />
|Energetics<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCoR_F84eZUHztmYyy24r6Vw Feli N]<br />
|0.03<br />
|General chemistry<br />
|German<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCwS1MGEuH-xRuC7UuGunwBQ Fenderson5555]<br />
|22.19<br />
|Theoretical chemistry<br />
|Focus on mechanisms<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC5p53jCH3FbF7jiFLClHIjA Ferris Chemistry]<br />
|36.26<br />
|Energetics<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCq9b_b9SPOq25lcndW9ca0Q File Chem]<br />
|8.03<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAYP0yryk7x6V4x5QcTCmsQ Firehoax]<br />
|0.59<br />
|Energetics<br />
|Also shitposts<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCyGYwaz6D8NzrfDRDIVmMnQ FlinnScientific]<br />
|42.02<br />
|General science<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCiz45dhko4N9ns7Xhj4IwdA Fluorineisgreat]<br />
|13.57<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|Focus on fluorine chemistry<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCu1H07z0R4ypq280kbe0gzw FluoroPunch]<br />
|0.54<br />
|General chemistry<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCH3y_kPzeTtaOPCUfuvBqwA Francesca Bryden]<br />
|0.02<br />
|Organic<br />
|Focus on porphyrin chemistry<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCts9FTFNInqTMvcFpdyap7w Frank Hoffmann]<br />
|0.50<br />
|Theoretical chemistry<br />
|Focus on crystal structures<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC6IXIHBccMy27sgeUXWsDtA Frankium]<br />
|0.84<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC9tgMmYeP2rdFWsq3neXX7w FTLOScience!]<br />
|0.00<br />
|General chemistry<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCr0n1jy3nqkpHza4JDcGEug Full Modern Alchemist]<br />
|59.00<br />
|Organic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCrfxYiTnOf14JcHEXcUcWIA george fraser]<br />
|Deleted<br />
|Energetics<br />
|Few videos, unaware of backups<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC_iKtWGk9qWEdVMh5hh1VdQ Glenn Murray]<br />
|0.74<br />
|Organic<br />
|Few videos with chemistry focus<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC-8iLdllNgFiF2x5i4YUHsA GMC Labs]<br />
|65.88<br />
|Inorganic, pyro<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCemYb0EAfZfiN51LeuUP_qA gogo311]<br />
|1.60<br />
|Energetics, general chemistry<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCOTthApaALWBOiYSYdjYBpw Gyzmodium]<br />
|0.00<br />
|Inorganic, organic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCyFFoRNFCkKSgIftBYQIOXg H.E Master]<br />
|Deleted<br />
|Inorganic, pyro<br />
|Unaware of backups<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCEZcOJcWqoVaKG_wXciHs8w h68]<br />
|3.29<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|Few videos<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCGlVsq-AUeSQ1CgOx2XvIRQ Hamilton Morris]<br />
|50.18<br />
|Pharmacology<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC2i2oLLOy2DSYU9Hd65uV7g Hazel Chem]<br />
|14.38<br />
|Organic, general chemistry<br />
|Also on [https://www.bitchute.com/profile/3RaSosv3Gpk2/ bitchute]<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCfr5mr8PwBNqvtT7trJR81A Hegelrast]<br />
|0.01<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCV_99DkIsdIhEPWvG3bnUFg HerrPingui]<br />
|0.00<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCzpBafgZtXMTfQ6OXbICGTw Heuteufel]<br />
|0.06<br />
|Energetics, inorganic<br />
|German<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCaksI5q08xtm7L-1yalidbg Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane]<br />
|0.70<br />
|Energetics<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC5toJEQCxH_rzqTbUnUREsw Hexazine]<br />
|70.29<br />
|Organic<br />
|High production quality<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCNr-0yO7sCr2umUHym_5C0g HexoMethyl]<br />
|0.00<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|Few videos<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCy7zGjOzrN637IkzKIA_BSg Himikus500 химический канал]<br />
|37.03<br />
|Organic, inorganic, general chemistry<br />
|Russian<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC2dU9pR-ujg-bqbheMLw8Kg hkparker]<br />
|0.00<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCu-GJK98XXRMnYLc3FYyNgA Hobby Chemistry]<br />
|0.10<br />
|Energetics<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCy8nxQ7ph_4bPVzA-wwopiQ HobbyChemistry]<br />
|0.00<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmcu6PuPeqJskJBtaOynkfQ Homemade Chemistry]<br />
|11.73<br />
|Inorganic, organic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC-3gEhgMai64kZLPwl3Mpgg Hussam Alhamza]<br />
|4.82<br />
|Organic<br />
|Videos from university<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCUaZzQIV4-MC1nRGhJCeQ7w Hydrogen, Time]<br />
|23.61<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQB0CtAE2vplhuCRCAlZDYw ignorant gn]<br />
|0.00<br />
|General chemistry<br />
|Polish, few chemistry related videos<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCm9npO6zRD7gbxuVFWyK_9w Ilusys Systems]<br />
|53.35<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|Also glassblowing and technical chemistry<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCsfAW7b-AmfZAoCt-y9yEUg IMPROVISED CHAOS]<br />
|26.72<br />
|Energetics<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC8wVQOmfv5iX5FiAYrl_rmg Industrial adhesive]<br />
|17.90<br />
|Organic, inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCd9eiy-EV-zCDh4ci9YTjqA Industrial Safety]<br />
|1.60<br />
|General chemistry<br />
|Just one video<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCu7R9tUDyLHpx7p7k8MQNLQ infinifluxatron]<br />
|0.00<br />
|Energetics<br />
|Few videos<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/@integza/featured Integza]<br />
|25.00<br />
|General rocketry experiments, energetics, chemistry<br />
|Has an [https://integza.com/ official website]<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC1W6LM-W8o1AwZ-G7KJQoyg j1 j2]<br />
|0.00<br />
|General chemistry<br />
|Few videos<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC41tKXBn3CKQJ-9zBviDVqw Jacob Tierney]<br />
|0.37<br />
|Theoretical chemistry<br />
|Seemingly reuploads of old/deleted videos from Fenderson5555<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCPP-rklAeYqEHCX4NIhXzTg James Cambell]<br />
|41.91<br />
|Energetics<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCl04z1IBqlgPUIl6kIjF1tA Jan Ulrich-Josef-Liefers]<br />
|0.58<br />
|General chemistry<br />
|Focus on showcasing<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCz5gXf5Bn9lPhnc05lhehLA Jay's Lab]<br />
|1.15<br />
|Inorganic, general chemistry<br />
|English and chinese<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCu6JpDaLoyLvkPnETLpO_YQ JBSC]<br />
|25.25<br />
|Organic, inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCASY0WgCntjVrQHDVqllnIA jdet123]<br />
|0.00<br />
|Energetics<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCBZemdHNOR7XHqZwILbhE3w Jeremy Wolf]<br />
|6.75<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC55YOn3KLHxeuPLWD2Qf20g JewThePyro]<br />
|29.77<br />
|Energetics, pyro<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCjIY7oKxqJ5zJhkUZ6bWDmg Jill Robinson]<br />
|0.46<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCzK1llEFKBqB26L1GIVasKg Joe Black]<br />
|3.47<br />
|General chemistry<br />
|Focus on showcasing<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCdr19D_5lLsGWN-2EQx_uAg John Geologist]<br />
|24.69<br />
|Inorganic, organic, general chemistry<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ1wn3rCHepLIjP9N8Cd2Ww Julas xZiom]<br />
|66.30<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|Polish<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC0qzaRyHxLUOExwagKStYHw Jupiter Chemistry]<br />
|Deleted<br />
|Organic<br />
|Used to have few chemistry related videos, unaware of backups<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCtQlHbJuXmXnZQ51dMlqK8A katalofuromai]<br />
|0.00<br />
|Inorganic, organic, energetics<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRDPiBGxSB86B_XfsOKFNnA Kaushik Adhikari]<br />
|13.72<br />
|Inorganic, organic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCoWOqRqFcUiosh59Q59Yp3A Keith Ji]<br />
|12.63<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|English and chinese<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCZ_1XzGCQc3hmWg5wUqFZJw Kie_gb]<br />
|0.03<br />
|Organic<br />
|Few videos<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCnoovYAW925EkFCtS0ZessA Kimiajawi]<br />
|0.00<br />
|Energetics<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHTpNVrTqvVqzyXxaM5GtAg koen2all]<br />
|0.33<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCgg4WkMOtf2hB7t7sTMn8GQ Kristof Hegedüs]<br />
|0.37<br />
|General chemistry, organic<br />
|Focus on the visuals of reactions<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC5oo4Pxw_-Xs0N9ndyWH5XQ Lab Lulz]<br />
|18.00<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCcT_WBynr2K8nANsVrR8BYw LabCoatz]<br />
|69.14<br />
|Inorganic, organic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCU5Pwrkfoj9UeO1IGXZUjgQ Laboratory of Liptakov]<br />
|26.75<br />
|Energetics<br />
|Novel energetic materials, see also [https://www.bitchute.com/channel/mendelejev/ Liptakov on bitchute]<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC_bUd-nlSdwq949MGaEcSDg LaFFle]<br />
|0.34<br />
|Organic, inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCjLFCx9WGQ2yzhuF7P1WyOw Laurie - Blogues à part chimie]<br />
|0.00<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|French, few videos<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC3JQMdysKaxcYQnUHjmbjOQ Let's Chemistry]<br />
|6.64<br />
|Organic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCYg9FfEYEJ-Im_5FPVkCq5A LifeOfSi]<br />
|Deleted<br />
|General chemistry<br />
|Used to have few videos, unaware of backups<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCe1qVZa_h2GzSCUgJWdN8CQ LiFeUP 331]<br />
|2.06<br />
|Organic, inorganic<br />
|Russian<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRAtZXXiK9KmrC2WOqKdhpQ lostneutrino]<br />
|0.00<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|One video<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC6lBToPuvv9ZkA7DGQcOjhg Louise Bell]<br />
|0.00<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|Only few videos<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCICR9UAmWpf70I9JQ6QJ8zA LuminolSynthesis]<br />
|1.77<br />
|Organic, general chemistry<br />
|Videos seemingly from or for university<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCGM5gVh30vHcciu8k6bjyVg MADscienceMAX]<br />
|43.70<br />
|Inorganic, organic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCBc_EpYSVmtbGxbCvajJYXA mailinmypocket]<br />
|6.03<br />
|Organic<br />
|Few videos<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCLnyVbRk1PCwKlXt6OHscgg Manganese Heptoxide]<br />
|23.03<br />
|Organic, inorganic, energetics<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAy3je-SanzetY01opwWivg Maqce]<br />
|36.15<br />
|Inorganic, general chemistry<br />
|Also astronomy<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCgg5pKa8h-gtKVz7Q0hYlog Marius H.]<br />
|0.00<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|German<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCtr8-q5HBdlsi3jxMbMre4Q Matt Nicoll]<br />
|30.59<br />
|Theoretical<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCl6XC7fGTq46tiKxYAMYkwA Mayzel Vanadate]<br />
|4.78<br />
|Inorganic, organic<br />
|Bad lab practices and possibly fake<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCyNTh3N9dJHIiKlAxIffBeA Mehmet'in Laboratuvarı]<br />
|7.39<br />
|Energetics<br />
|Turkish<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCv7ze_0J9boUQY3IlftKHCQ MEL Chemistry]<br />
|37.11<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCaDPgvurJ6X9rJy4pXl-0-w Mercedes Macias]<br />
|0.38<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|Spanish, crystals under microscope<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCJArDPDoXa4a1vzvNqvbu1A mermaidkiller]<br />
|0.05<br />
|Energetics, inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/user/mewrox99 mewrox99]<br />
|Deleted<br />
|Inorganic, organic, pyro<br />
|Not only chemistry, also lasers, math and programming - unaware of backups<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCLojf0a5_tKy2j_dfb1w5Dw Midwest Chem]<br />
|62.42<br />
|Organic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCZlr_e7ZAmEdOOEobaNnavQ MooreAnalytical]<br />
|20.42<br />
|Organic, inorganic, analytical<br />
|Made special by the numerous analytical techniques available<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCv07LT05ND6pHzkQWZrrGWw Mowskii]<br />
|0.00<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCL1BFhFGiZ3EvzhoN5KQmAw mpnorganic]<br />
|0.33<br />
|Organic<br />
|Explanations in a professional lab<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCGU3ADhAzDkQO3G6N1TIRug Mr Belland's Science Stuff]<br />
|65.24<br />
|Inorganic, general chemistry<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAYzHemOJlDGLWnfXcSRY9Q Mr Mürk]<br />
|21.91<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCFakyq3PB2fJN9ECb7Nf0gA Mr.Microcuries]<br />
|0.28<br />
|Radiochemistry<br />
|Focus rather on physics<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCZOxhZoG0cRffRp5iGSpFew mrhomescientist]<br />
|2.81<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC38UMPBZQwJSwW_pIGfe1Bg MrItsthething]<br />
|3.82<br />
|Organic, inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC-hQvC-9Ecw-EGFhVJvtiLg MrXiMiK]<br />
|78.06<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|Russian<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKUHD5BR342Vm2WYnIG1Ayg multipyrodude]<br />
|0.02<br />
|Energetics<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCGZc07XK9Hw-1H03WMVFbKQ Myfanwy94]<br />
|0.00<br />
|Energetics, general chemistry<br />
|Dead, suspected due to phosgene, see [[Myfanwy]], [[Kewls]] and [[Phosgene]]<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCcxh_k5VxnGcsidR3VOs3Ug MyLittleChemistryLab]<br />
|0.00<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCUeAg0dV9Xhauf0VF-CqbVg myst32YT]<br />
|0.00<br />
|General chemistry<br />
|Very useful tips for home chemistry, inactivity due to legal reasons (although no clear information is present)<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC6JTgBvO_fPKUhZ8dqdSVIw MysteriusBhoice]<br />
|91.08<br />
|Electrochemistry, inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCm0wa3-8_84UT2qMlROJtvA N2H4 Labs]<br />
|6.04<br />
|Inorganic, organic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClug0_Hjuy3hEDERzg9iCqA Named Reactions in Organic Chemistry]<br />
|87.38<br />
|Organic<br />
|Focus on mechanisms<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCqS5u8fn-CGFIVws5xh8qXQ Narogen]<br />
|20.68<br />
|Theoretical<br />
|Focus on simulations<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCSkN5iEBV83sXkMTDnzUaIg Nation Of Our Hobbies]<br />
|18.00<br />
|General chemistry, organic, inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC6PfVOCtjZRngTOtqfpikhw Natur Gucker]<br />
|4.42<br />
|Inorganic, organic<br />
|German<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCYahuqgUvaIY4POT4GeDcJA Natural Science]<br />
|0.10<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCzF7O-eYLypV-93vGwiUlDA Neptunium]<br />
|51.82<br />
|Radiochemistry<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCewk7FuvbdbHSvfvEGZW6nw nerdalert226]<br />
|0.00<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCPrZmc6zTtL32-AAP2zNUfg NI2]<br />
|0.66<br />
|Organic<br />
|Focus on visuals, very high quality videos<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCFtc3XdXgLFwhlDajMGK69w NightHawkInLight]<br />
|36.33<br />
|General science<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC1D3yD4wlPMico0dss264XA NileBlue]<br />
|13.91<br />
|General chemistry<br />
|Second channel of NileRed<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCFhXFikryT4aFcLkLw2LBLA NileRed]<br />
|23.04<br />
|General chemistry<br />
|Very big channel, high quality videos. [https://archive.org/details/youtube_UCFhXFikryT4aFcLkLw2LBLA Archive.org backup] of some old deleted videos.<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCZwo0H2U776XiNqokq98cwg NinjaChemist]<br />
|0.00<br />
|Energetics<br />
|Focus on special effects, quit Youtube due to problems with guideline violations. [https://vimeo.com/user43619805 Vimeo channel], seemingly abandoned<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCbYHPhmGU7QVT9yVn8iXELQ njstaticuser]<br />
|0.00<br />
|Energetics<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCft60LncglEphthRDDJ3Y_Q nuclearrabbit]<br />
|0.01<br />
|Energetics<br />
|Links also to [https://s6.photobucket.com/user/nuclearrabbit/library?page=1 this photobucket]<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCh5IywMaxzbjLCZSg_2JZEQ NULL NULL]<br />
|0.00<br />
|Energetics<br />
|Few videos<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCIgKGGJkt1MrNmhq3vRibYA NurdRage]<br />
|18.16<br />
|Organic, inorganic, general chemistry<br />
|Novel research and high quality videos<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCYZCXP9Jip9gmCXVYwe7kWQ Nux,s Channel]<br />
|1.95<br />
|Organic, inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC8ki3pMuci6prm_jPgT7MKA NVMA POMPILIVS]<br />
|7.44<br />
|Energetics, inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAIwdz8jNGs-T6mJSBXenZA OKULT26]<br />
|1.43<br />
|Organic<br />
|Few videos<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC8TSmBuxsczIiTHoU0DYToA Oleg Grigoryev]<br />
|2.62<br />
|Inorganic, organic<br />
|Russian, very high quality footage<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCnwbLDKXxA4JiARTfZntuDg Oleksii Antypenko]<br />
|33.27<br />
|Organic<br />
|English, Russian<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCs8IwvMe3_a_hqfcQGzU9mA Oliver's Complexes]<br />
|2.41<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|Large focus on complexes<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCZUhEQ_40x-hxkt1OE_cHyA olympicfan2]<br />
|6.79<br />
|Inorganic, general chemistry<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQ7RvfO-SGhjSjtqfHlp-lQ org active]<br />
|0.26<br />
|Organic<br />
|Few videos<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCl16mJECbV9SOFpT-q71fcw ORGANIC CHEMISTRY LABORATORY .NCCHEM.]<br />
|75.21<br />
|Organic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCkCBVWF3QE1sMqqDA4_irwA OrganoLeptic]<br />
|0.22<br />
|Organic<br />
|Few videos<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCGV98QEQM4McMNDTHykSiCg Ormarion]<br />
|19.32<br />
|Energetics<br />
|French<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC5LFQ4tgvf4bWRc2DY8EhXQ OwnChemics]<br />
|0.26<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|German<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCJnvrbV-VXlPXQVv1tz2JTw ParadoxChem126]<br />
|0.01<br />
|Organic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCH8SHSl9DZuKX5qmrUT0wnw Partial Science]<br />
|0.65<br />
|General science<br />
|Few videos<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCkT27kZDEjJYvZVwapvbE5w Pat Wastie]<br />
|33.15<br />
|Organic<br />
|Short videos with undescriptive titles <br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmDuvycVtODcn0JTC2DlUaw PbN3 2]<br />
|74.71<br />
|Inorganic, energetics, organic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCtESv1e7ntJaLJYKIO1FoYw Periodic Videos]<br />
|59.49<br />
|General chemistry <br />
|High quality informational videos with actual experts<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCSqHdlJRoCPhajXwpH1qxRQ Pete's miscellaneous discoveries]<br />
|5.40<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|Few videos<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCSvhV9_u2R02zci7MjEGmAQ Petros]<br />
|27.60<br />
|Energetics<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCG6ujgbsufP1ODhqeolsaJQ PhD at Living]<br />
|40.23<br />
|Theoretical chemistry<br />
|No practical chemistry<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCoWnVcH50lh_NZIA8LyFGbQ Philip Bender]<br />
|1.11<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|Precious metals<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCYSYq0FIzCfs06wQx7MTlsw Physikalisches Praktikum Halle]<br />
|39.25<br />
|General chemistry, general science<br />
|German<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClyIuERG3wkfbU_63unAxMQ PieceOfScience]<br />
|0.40<br />
|Inorganic, organic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCY4U1pI7kqnxdO6bq6AvW_g Piotr Kopczacki]<br />
|0.19<br />
|Organic<br />
|Just one video<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCH8ZTfvZcsKCGzZB1xhjMgg Piperliam]<br />
|75.05<br />
|Inorganic, general chemistry<br />
|Does also math related to chemistry<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCwHTVw_UfXFLI30EgFFSQXw piranha031091]<br />
|1.04<br />
|General chemistry<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCVoyDpO7apqnsj2eQBTkNGQ pkalpha3]<br />
|0.00<br />
|Pyro<br />
|Only few videos<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCDXbixiPFfKQfwNaXKfMDYA pluto mani]<br />
|0.00<br />
|Pyro, energetics<br />
|German<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKXc6fU1phJRhgV3Zuj0chg PoorMansChemist]<br />
|80.25<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|[http://www.poormanschemist.com/ Website], [https://www.minds.com/poormanschemist/ PoorMans Chemist on minds] and [https://www.bitchute.com/channel/poormanschemist/ PoorMans Chemist on bitchute]<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCx6VGUQgduVajCN9OMkAGKA PR840]<br />
|0.04<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|German<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCq9ACNa46lJ8lanmdOGyK2w Praktikum Anorganische Chemie]<br />
|23.46<br />
|General chemistry<br />
|German<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCK71Fersd-tABWR0i-YEzgQ Primordial Soup]<br />
|62.82<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC5E-DDOyl_CLi5BCbFHv2vQ Prof. Kieslichs Chem Lab]<br />
|65.25<br />
|Inorganic, general chemistry<br />
|German<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC0dP5PFGouNC035S2kR4tJg ProfessorDaveatYork]<br />
|21.09<br />
|General chemistry<br />
|Lectures<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCZDIOU2CzZqmO7hVn9cwPnQ Project Hazardous]<br />
|8.91<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|Few videos<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCToaJf5GiEfbA88-JK3inyg ProPyroPower]<br />
|9.07<br />
|Pyro<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCO5uF0Skldto6-pVHn0dZuw Puddin]<br />
|3.92<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|Minerals and ores<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UChJ8o_ez9WL1_OAp8nvJJRQ Pvt_Crunch]<br />
|2.37<br />
|Energetics<br />
|Seemingly old channel of EM Labs<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCJnHqqIwtKaW3b6jwURu1sg PxtLabTutorials]<br />
|3.82<br />
|Organic<br />
|Few videos<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UChSU_hyKBteqbBmRDSnGDqQ pyrochemieNET]<br />
|0.03<br />
|Pyro<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCWtgQ6qy4rUdjH3cg7IG0fQ Pyrodere]<br />
|4.14<br />
|Energetics<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCdb_XvgnHHhAq2kB13Xf1ag pyroeater]<br />
|0.00<br />
|Organic<br />
|Only a single video at the time of writing<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCUMhH9pBhORUu6O5lAcpZeQ PyroMaker]<br />
|12.42<br />
|Energetics<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCSaA-ztM9mNI7yiQ07-nW2A PyroReloaded]<br />
|0.00<br />
|Energetics<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC1_kuFbEBdHtf7_c2wIdNVg Pyrotechnical]<br />
|20.74<br />
|Energetics<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC3rDCnlBUjErgHs7WdmJxaA qwerty qwerty]<br />
|0.00<br />
|Organic, inorganic<br />
|Chemplayer reupload channel<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCFeGSJ4mbsqdCGlH2szXgJA Qwerty's Chem Lab]<br />
|3.27<br />
|General chemistry<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCr1FJFOaavTUz0oqp2oY8WQ Rador Labs: Raw Footage]<br />
|0.01<br />
|Inorganic, organic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCU_DtVifa_9V-a0_Ri9yZog Rador Labs]<br />
|0.02<br />
|Inorganic, organic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCa8oI2Y7dCbjwsh_zE2fRkA Random Experiments - Experimente und Synthesen]<br />
|23.34<br />
|General chemistry<br />
|German channel of Random Experiments Int. - Experiments and syntheses<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCCk-tkYf3ctaDcb4EzWVWvw Random Experiments Int. - Experiments and syntheses]<br />
|23.34<br />
|General chemistry<br />
|English channel of Random Experiments - Experimente und Synthesen<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC3TicXdOWqy_Am3Tty_zMHg Random Science]<br />
|20.48<br />
|General chemistry<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCjyFznt7jwgr2d5xstnZBUg reactionchamber]<br />
|1.16<br />
|General chemistry<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC8rrF2JLkeUuiUUD0UkCtuA ReactionFactory]<br />
|0.00<br />
|Inorganic, organic, energetics<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCmz7qt1zYa9rCL_lw81SPbg Reactionphile]<br />
|0.03<br />
|Organic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC1jNpv58rQBjnn2Hx5L9ZeA ReactiveChem2]<br />
|2.66<br />
|Energetics<br />
|Second channel of ReactiveChem with some reuploads that got deleted<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC76v7IV2VacsYmQ2DcNMEUg ReactiveChem]<br />
|28.59<br />
|Energetics<br />
|Exotic high nitrogen energetics, see also [https://www.bitchute.com/channel/UNmp1lkLREH8/ bitchute channel] and [https://reactivechem.tk/ Discord]<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCcrovEhRJJyAMGrHD13bYhQ Reform Labs]<br />
|4.03<br />
|Organic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKJOzWUR8zM7E7JKaJ_bqWw Rhodanide]<br />
|15.24<br />
|Inorganic, energetics<br />
|High quality videos, often exotic or unusual reactions<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC-DXXBy5odkXlG48TmM-ULw rhomegapi]<br />
|0.00<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|Very few chemistry related videos<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCyf0s5zjfD0rLg6mAbNMtMQ rocket tests]<br />
|16.49<br />
|Pyro<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC2SHpHGhGo-0yFsmJKZJeWw Rockk Sergal]<br />
|3.76<br />
|Organic<br />
|Furry<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UChyGHWDo4efhnBolSCK0fwg Rogers Nuclear]<br />
|0.00<br />
|Radiochemistry<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCqM2r6tKBhcGqf2cxMXZYHw RUSCHIMIK Канал о химии]<br />
|16.17<br />
|Organic<br />
|Russian<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCkIPS_MIxGuzjz4cnchRxsg sad_benzene]<br />
|4.22<br />
|General chemistry<br />
|Few videos<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKATfhjLbavc3P5BdN2_bRQ samonie67]<br />
|16.32<br />
|Energetics<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCqk9a8Q-be3GMYmtGPBH6Yg Savas Emanuel]<br />
|1.00<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCWifRwIuW9yzEZbkBU42NXg Sci Factorial]<br />
|21.47<br />
|Energetics<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCDFxr_sWV8mAnxV-ShVfHog Sci- Inspi]<br />
|25.06<br />
|Inorganic, microbiology<br />
|Focus on microscopic examinations<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCJPZCp-OxhkpYeG6YMHghMQ Science Marshall]<br />
|13.33<br />
|Inorganic, general science<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC--zKwiIvWCcfS8GxxTHc4w Science Skool]<br />
|23.35<br />
|Inorganic, organic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKT7Eb4qWqUOcPc-Ut808IA science thing]<br />
|36.13<br />
|Inorganic, organic, energetics<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.bitchute.com/channel/YomJr2Pd2ds1/ Science.Pyrotechnix]<br />
|N/A<br />
|Energetics<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCq2_X3sYwhYjwONpwq5dHjw ScienceWithJames]<br />
|19.13<br />
|Inorganic, organic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCuLNteVHHLlaG69Tpn93r9w Scott Milam]<br />
|40.13<br />
|General chemistry/physics experiments and demonstrations<br />
|Chemistry HL teacher at Plymouth, channel also has links to some of his online papers and courses<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCYLvqqVn7Un9lafEXwSW4mA Scrap Science]<br />
|53.77<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCP5KSO8JNiXSLY9bW24Ko2A Sec. Aryl]<br />
|4.58<br />
|Energetics<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCu0MxPeB1hr9tsfy5HfZiOQ Sehen & Verstehen - Experimente und meeehr]<br />
|82.09<br />
|Inorganic, general chemistry<br />
|German, focus on showcasing<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCb9VHZ62cd5DdL50r0zhkEg Sergei Lodyagin]<br />
|0.49<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|Few videos<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCfY1gtbQvKi77Yqicn1eIpg ShadowOfChemistry]<br />
|Deleted<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|Used to have few videos, unaware of backups<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKw8yPCktJvvl50dvLX6u7g Shiva Chemist]<br />
|78.61<br />
|Inorganic, organic<br />
|Focus on properties of chemicals, very informative<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC6f4IqrD1bJQ_bCKzRfsf-Q Shroom Lab]<br />
|15.70<br />
|Inorganic, organic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCueOwimhlJi_dAjK-ctyn0A Si da sci guy inc]<br />
|7.12<br />
|Pyro<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCzT8oB4s45w3X1IG_TJtDBw Simplifying Synthesis]<br />
|77.91<br />
|General chemistry<br />
|Focus on total synthesis and mechanisms<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHlhdniQ9_h6l4H9Uu8kI9g SimplyChem]<br />
|0.22<br />
|Inorganic, pyro<br />
|Also electronics<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCZJNPLmWFdQvBQEv6z_V6_A Sjoerd Nijnatten]<br />
|2.10<br />
|Inorganic, organic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCh9F1Lhfncp_CKYIUP36T7A soft det]<br />
|0.72<br />
|Energetics<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCB8izcI1wgMOIRuBbUbFDfQ SomeAustrianGuy]<br />
|11.05<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|Uploads both in English and in German<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCD0WXioydcpvDNC2I37kp_g Spacelink]<br />
|1.04<br />
|Energetics<br />
|Hybrid rockets<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC1A_GS9LcUKDOVcRPmuddAg spotlightman1234]<br />
|0.00<br />
|Energetics<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC9TO5PNhUm8m7r0NzCRsmaA stephenstephenlow]<br />
|17.74<br />
|Inorganic, general chemistry<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAihVIitkOf_uULG04VtmrA Sterling vs Science]<br />
|39.52<br />
|Organic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCWBQkspmbxt6Akc8M6UWn4w strontiumperoxide]<br />
|0.00<br />
|Pyro, energetics<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCJYJgj7rzsn0vdR7fkgjuIA styropyro]<br />
|14.59<br />
|General science<br />
|Laser and electronic focused<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAy6kLeaggNAORHFX9Qlr4g sum_lab]<br />
|1.23<br />
|General chemistry<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCjuVfJ69TVAhZhqcZSOzbzg Superfluous Science]<br />
|13.69<br />
|Energetics<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCbbJqSd4cIWyAv3XDNn1Zcw SussexDrugDiscovery]<br />
|0.00<br />
|General chemistry<br />
|Focus on equipment<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClckOOMdZhH3FaL21W0Kwww Syn the Sizer]<br />
|25.33<br />
|Inorganic, organic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCMNL2PtsDo4lySV_P-acarw Synthesis Workshop Videos]<br />
|87.34<br />
|Organic, theoretical chemistry<br />
|Focus on explaining recent retrosynthesic advancements<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCLqd0AsBlBAg8-PAkEDtbcA Tanner O'Hara]<br />
|3.67<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCi33blVvKPnzL8seIH48-vg TDC]<br />
|1.61<br />
|Organic<br />
|Legality questionable<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCT9FZtlbmNvLGlIACVjSDFA Team Savittski]<br />
|0.00<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|Few videos<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCzq-mXlYSagXRrNfbKh6FLQ Texium]<br />
|5.97<br />
|Inorganic, organic<br />
|Few videos<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCDNDTdiehAvQbFr7KPjVwqA tGhIeNrGmEiRte]<br />
|0.09<br />
|Energetics<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC0nEDA3uRd5YuvBfMwQNteg That Chemist]<br />
|99.48<br />
|Organic, general chemistry<br />
|With a focus on reaction mechanisms, new channel of [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRkx3gqTZpL6hpoWpOU_pmA That Chemist (old)]<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRkx3gqTZpL6hpoWpOU_pmA That Chemist (old)]<br />
|97.95<br />
|Organic, general chemistry<br />
|With a focus on reaction mechanisms, moved to [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC0nEDA3uRd5YuvBfMwQNteg That Chemist]<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCGc5FIoDZ8UgWPXmXacF0sw The Alchemical Arts]<br />
|52.17<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|Focus on pigments<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCO9GMFAPis4oCML11JHQSJg The Canadian Chemist]<br />
|9.28<br />
|Inorganic, organic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCkl3ntGQlYBufRvqtSbrgBw The chemical Preperator]<br />
|0.59<br />
|General chemistry<br />
|German<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCdXFiJEdiuWDfffbMf0pWRA The Chemical Workshop]<br />
|9.54<br />
|General chemistry<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCD8tPZEmAPFpXTNlFV8A_ng The Crude Lab]<br />
|34.33<br />
|Energetics<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCALN52giKKHJWZ_tCyBQ1Pw The Gayest Person on YouTube]<br />
|1.90<br />
|Energetics, inorganic, organic<br />
|Known for exotic thermite series<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKA03pwhIrC9l7xP2rEb-VA The Plutonium Bunny]<br />
|1.61<br />
|Energetics, general chemistry<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCN6iJb-BQAZla4cJmFJtj9Q The Science Pirate]<br />
|39.43<br />
|Inorganic, energetics<br />
|Not only chemistry related content<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC6_asgSqLOoS2N1Z23Ps5CA The Scrapsmith]<br />
|17.33<br />
|Inorganic, energetics<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCV5vCi3jPJdURZwAOO_FNfQ The Thought Emporium]<br />
|35.78<br />
|General science<br />
|High quality of production<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UClVaxgJkXBei7bahoXkK0XQ The Undergraduate Kemist]<br />
|50.21<br />
|General chemistry<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC06E4Y_-ybJgBUMtXx8uNNw TheBackyardScientist]<br />
|39.30<br />
|General science<br />
|Not primarly chemistry focused<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCEREDdqsyuT8LkCbExUuohA theChaotiChemist]<br />
|0.01<br />
|Energetics, inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCG94bcFD0d6IUQa0l8RBrIw TheChemiKid]<br />
|0.03<br />
|Inorganic, energetics, organic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKnK40Cv8GtbC2sb8RNCNUw Thechemist121]<br />
|0.01<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCOXmyB6hxo7CNMSh5oJ5nBA TheChemistryShack]<br />
|4.49<br />
|General chemistry<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCiAe0_VstJATyudz_F0bHng thegodofchemistry]<br />
|0.00<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/user/NickDechant thehexlibrary23]<br />
|Deleted<br />
|Organic<br />
|Dyes and historic chemistry, unaware of backups<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCHdzE4-oN3671525xEuLWCg TheHomeScientist]<br />
|0.00<br />
|Inorganic, general chemistry<br />
|Useful tips<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCklzwDrNsnb2qezZ_DmnKIQ TheMrbunGee]<br />
|1.01<br />
|Energetics, inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAEtajcuhQ6an9WEzY9LEMQ ThirstForScience]<br />
|0.00<br />
|General chemistry<br />
|Focus on showcasing<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC3j3w-oUtIAm_KI857ydvUA Thoisoi2 - Chemical Experiments!]<br />
|57.75<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|Focused on elements and their properties<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC8HpsB-dkafGeX1IJOZPrLQ Thor's Lab]<br />
|1.21<br />
|Organic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCv0Bj3DM-ioSaVjO22g2ARA THYZOID LABORATORIES]<br />
|95.92<br />
|Inorganic, organic<br />
|High production quality<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCjdaxXuDq7dwPRlb7T6SLNA Tiltrode]<br />
|0.36<br />
|Energetics<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCjiGJyHBv9vf-dXmQeaL_KQ Tine WILLIS]<br />
|0.10<br />
|Inorganic, organic<br />
|Short videos<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCnyhcAKKjIlydJzMfCe8DTw Tom's Lab]<br />
|4.12<br />
|Organic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCb85-fQ6_WEcTn9vwF91q0Q toothpick993]<br />
|0.23<br />
|Inorganic, pyro<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCvgJCVda6kqA-Z-SFmdpNeA Torch Chem]<br />
|9.50<br />
|Organic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCbT-5vQ6alxQVgy8My059OQ Total Synthesis]<br />
|24.57<br />
|Theoretical chemistry, organic<br />
|Focus on total synthesis<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCUFxmg2sddzsboefg6MbvSA TPTExplosion]<br />
|0.42<br />
|Energetics<br />
|Few videos<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC7VzhQg6tv-pATB1_11Od5w TrollFaceTheMan]<br />
|55.47<br />
|Pyro<br />
|Known for chlorate tests, not primarely chemistry focused<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCFiQZoh3DAWBt81eGtdp62Q Tyler Lopez]<br />
|1.18<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|Visually focused<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCp3x2otkxlJK8FSI5CMwKZg Ubaid's Lab]<br />
|36.13<br />
|General chemistry, organic, inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCpMLFzcROOo_sDDp5VR28xw UC235]<br />
|0.00<br />
|Organic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCdcKj7b5LMQFpxzPZzxi0IA UChem]<br />
|7.99<br />
|Organic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCpqZIEnlnS6hD4cYLIhHXfw Unpaired Electron]<br />
|6.12<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC1FcbeY8foipvuzTiz2ikrg user21XXL]<br />
|0.35<br />
|Energetics<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC_ImmdU8VewNEnvvZLc4VOQ UTFRIchemistrySBRS]<br />
|0.51<br />
|General chemistry<br />
|Focus on lab techniques<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCd8BMxJgN9Sq03NMGuq1V-Q v1los]<br />
|0.00<br />
|Pyro<br />
|Few videos<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCgHpj4Nokea3DDBQEkn2kiQ Valentin Kleinpeter]<br />
|9.02<br />
|General chemistry<br />
|Focus on lab and analytical equipment<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCSiprOUt6NuKIQSVzmNWS-Q vibzz lab]<br />
|57.94<br />
|Inorganic, organic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCiYm2ZZ9IhmQ7QPVFB3760Q videodemolitions]<br />
|0.00<br />
|Energetics<br />
|Focus on the detonation or combustion of (exotic) energetic materials, very short videos<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQrWFGW6TqG-KWSv6E2LvPQ VladUlab]<br />
|0.01<br />
|Organic, organometallic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCUrdmVprSahXaPKqr04VfgQ VoiceOfThunder]<br />
|90.04<br />
|Inorganic, general chemistry<br />
|Not only chemistry<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCXc4xM13qFOTTAJbYRwP7gQ vvideoupl]<br />
|0.00<br />
|Energetics<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCf4y8lbV8MFiPV28TYaW4mg Walter Perry]<br />
|2.63<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCWwK4aSS9FjTlGjjay2d_Ug weiming1998]<br />
|0.01<br />
|Inorganic, energetics, organic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCl9WNvfkMAi4GzQrUvLIg0A Welch Lab Chemistry]<br />
|0.27<br />
|Organic<br />
|Few videos<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC0jqKvgvMOjezZuH3iKhxKw Wesson Smith Jr.]<br />
|4.99<br />
|Energetics<br />
|[https://www.bitchute.com/channel/wessonsmithjr/ Wesson Smith Jr. on bitchute]<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCyq6D1GOMLgXUl_actM1Ppg whatsupquark]<br />
|0.00<br />
|Inorganic, organic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCoZmh0I32wSXPvZmYuZoxUQ William Pectol]<br />
|0.82<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|Few videos<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCBEiY6a9y-Kupc2tcSdVFMw Wisconsin Mrsec]<br />
|28.27<br />
|General chemistry<br />
|Focus on theory and nano particles<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCH_oasqYW7ZOs4X8d0YPR5g WissensFreak]<br />
|5.08<br />
|Inorganic, general chemistry<br />
|German<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCuBFcUuKwlKsws-21CIBELg wwwperiodictableru]<br />
|0.36<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCjo3pH0hr4jtjZk1CbsJvXg xerolad]<br />
|1.94<br />
|Organic, inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCCpfw6k2d6u48LetYapNbMw xiaohang yu]<br />
|1.52<br />
|Energetics<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCdq6dDeK1BGBc1-OToezdyA XxEdrickxX]<br />
|0.00<br />
|Organic<br />
|Few videos, seemingly just a rip from NileRed<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCoBDPrK2HIw-j56lk4D9gKw Yeo Yong Kiat]<br />
|0.26<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCawzL-44PiYLp5QewfX-Ecg ytmachx]<br />
|0.07<br />
|Organic, inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCgEiAh91yLsKiesL5zCYW4A Ze Laboratorium]<br />
|0.68<br />
|General chemistry, energetics<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCNdLsgaxnHxidTzz5xQbtfg Zenzicubic]<br />
|80.79<br />
|Organic, inorganic<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCYJaO-pCALdjJZGBXBFgSkg zhmapper]<br />
|0.00<br />
|General chemistry<br />
|Likely old channel of Dougs Lab<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC9_RMfYbnP9irRj2KkKMgVQ À fond les ballons]<br />
|17.41<br />
|Organic, inorganic, general chemistry<br />
|French<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCZCjHS8Wgcy227Pe0hWD0MA кирилл денисенко]<br />
|0.01<br />
|Energetics<br />
|<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UChvmdt0X338C9bjpKcQ0i4w Химия и Химики Сhemistry-Сhemists]<br />
|12.78<br />
|General chemistry, energetics<br />
|Interesting and concise videos<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCjtE1HaV93W7Gu4aOJtc-rA 卡米貓]<br />
|3.42<br />
|Inorganic<br />
|Chinese, other channel [[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCCxj_eSosnhSD5RKML5UujA chemicaloid]<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|[https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCDC0WqWmwa77KkORQwa3ylQ Ꭼxpl๏sives Ꮮab๏rat๏rƴ]<br />
|26.70<br />
|Energetics<br />
|<br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Lists]]</div>
Mabus
https://www.sciencemadness.org/smwiki/index.php?title=Acyl_chloride&diff=15611
Acyl chloride
2024-02-12T21:20:02Z
<p>Mabus: /* With acetonitrile and hydrogen chloride */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Stub}}<br />
'''Acyl chlorides''' are organic compounds containing the functional group '''-C(=O)Cl''', with the general formula ''R-COCl'', where R is a side chain.<br />
<br />
==General properties==<br />
Acyl chlorides are volatile fuming liquids that react with water to form hydrogen chloride and the carboxylic acid of the respective acyl chloride. Due to the Cl substituent, acyl chlorides do not form hydrogen bonds, which causes them to have have lower boiling and melting points than their corresponding carboxylic acid.<br />
<br />
Acyl chlorides readily hydrolyze in water to give the corresponding [[carboxylic acid]] and [[hydrochloric acid]].<br />
<br />
: RCOCl + H<sub>2</sub>O → RCO<sub>2</sub>H + HCl<br />
<br />
Acyl chlorides can react with the salt of the corresponding carboxylic acid to give the anhydride of the said acid.<br />
<br />
For example, [[acetyl chloride]] will react with [[sodium acetate]] to give [[acetic anhydride]]:<br />
: CH<sub>3</sub>COCl + CH<sub>3</sub>COONa → (CH<sub>3</sub>CO)<sub>2</sub>O + NaCl<br />
<br />
==Availability==<br />
Due to their hazards, acyl chlorides are difficult if not impossible to get by the amateur chemist.<br />
<br />
Some acyl chlorides, as [[acetyl chloride]], may be monitored in many countries due to their use in the production of [[acetic anhydride]], a DEA List II substance.<br />
<br />
==Preparation==<br />
<br />
====With deoxychlorinating reagents====<br />
Acyl chlorides can be prepared by reacting a carboxylic acid or its salt with a chlorodehydrating agent, such as [[Phosphorus trichloride|PCl<sub>3</sub>]], [[Phosphorus pentachloride|PCl<sub>5</sub>]] or [[Thionyl chloride|SOCl<sub>2</sub>]]. [[Phosgene]] can also be used, but its great toxicity makes this route dangerous.<br />
<br />
Another method using a different chlorodehydrating agent, involves the use of [[oxalyl chloride]] and [[Dimethylformamide|DMF]].<ref>R. Salmon, ''Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis, (Ed.)'' '''2001'''. [https://doi.org/10.1002/047084289X.ro017 doi.org/10.1002/047084289X.ro017]</ref><br />
<br />
====By oxidative chlorination of non-enolizable aldehydes====<br />
A more accessible route, albeit less known, is the direct chlorination of [[benzaldehyde]], yielding [[benzoyl chloride]]<ref>https://www.prepchem.com/synthesis-of-benzoyl-chloride/</ref>, which can then be easily converted into more volatile acyl chlorides, such as [[acetyl chloride]].<ref>https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01273a014</ref><br />
<br />
====With acetonitrile and hydrogen chloride====<br />
<br />
[[Acetyl chloride]] is produced by the reaction of acetic acid and acetonitrile with anhydrous [[hydrogen chloride]]. This method depends on the formation of the [[iminoyl chloride]] in situ, and is driven by the formation of highly stable [[acetamide]] and the volatility of acetyl chloride.<br />
<br />
: AcOH + MeCN + HCl → AcNH<sub>2</sub> + AcCl (g)<br />
<br />
Caution must be taken to avoid exposure to highly toxic acetyl chloride vapor.<br />
<br />
==Safety==<br />
Acyl chlorides are corrosive and very toxic. Wear proper protection when working with them.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Thionyl chloride]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
===Relevant Sciencemadness threads===<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=11134 Preparation of Acyl Chlorides: TCT Redux]<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=63182 Can Acyl Chlorides be prepared with Alkalai Hypochlorites (bleach)?]<br />
*[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=7374 Acyl chloride on TLC]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Organic compounds]]<br />
[[Category:Acyl chlorides]]<br />
[[Category:Materials that react with water]]</div>
Mabus
https://www.sciencemadness.org/smwiki/index.php?title=Acetic_anhydride&diff=15610
Acetic anhydride
2024-02-12T19:21:01Z
<p>Mabus: /* Preparation */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Chembox<br />
| Name = Acetic anhydride<br />
| Reference =<br />
| IUPACName = Acetic anhydride<br />
| PIN = Acetic anhydride<br />
| SystematicName = Ethanoic anhydride<br />
| OtherNames = Ethanoyl ethanoate<br>Acetic acid anhydride<br>Acetyl acetate<br>Acetyl oxide<br>Acetic oxide<br />
<!-- Images --><br />
| ImageFile = Acetic anhydride.png<br />
| ImageSize = 250<br />
| ImageAlt = <br />
| ImageName = <br />
| ImageCaption = Acetic anhydride structure<br />
| ImageFile1 = <br />
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<!-- Sections --><br />
| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers<br />
| 3DMet = <br />
| Abbreviations = <br />
| SMILES = <br />
}}<br />
| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties<br />
| AtmosphericOHRateConstant = <br />
| Appearance = Colorless liquid<br />
| BoilingPt = <br />
| BoilingPtC = 139.8<br />
| BoilingPt_ref = <br />
| BoilingPt_notes = <br />
| Density = 1.082 g/cm<sup>3</sup><br />
| Formula = C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>6</sub>O<sub>3</sub><br />
| HenryConstant = <br />
| LogP = <br />
| MolarMass = 102.09 g/mol<br />
| MeltingPt = <br />
| MeltingPtC = −73.1<br />
| MeltingPt_ref = <br />
| MeltingPt_notes = <br />
| Odor = Acetic<br />
| pKa = <br />
| pKb = <br />
| Solubility = Slowly hydrolyzes<br />
| SolubleOther = Miscible with [[acetic acid]], [[diethyl ether]], [[ethanol]], [[ethyl acetate]]<br />
| Solvent = <br />
| VaporPressure = 4 mmHg (20 °C)<br />
}}<br />
| Section3 = {{Chembox Structure<br />
| Coordination = <br />
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| Section4 = {{Chembox Thermochemistry<br />
| DeltaGf = <br />
| DeltaHc = <br />
| DeltaHf = <br />
| Entropy = <br />
| HeatCapacity = <br />
}}<br />
| Section5 = {{Chembox Explosive<br />
| ShockSens = <br />
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| DetonationV = <br />
| REFactor = <br />
}}<br />
| Section6 = {{Chembox Hazards<br />
| AutoignitionPt = 316 °C (601 °F; 589 K)<br />
| ExploLimits = 2.7–10.3%<br />
| ExternalMSDS = [https://www.docdroid.net/AOc4ly6/acetic-anhydride-sa.pdf.html Sigma-Aldrich]<br />
| FlashPt = 49 °C (120 °F; 322 K)<br />
| LD50 = <br />
| LC50 = 1,000 ppm (rat, 4 hr)<br />
| MainHazards = <br />
| NFPA-F = <br />
| NFPA-H = <br />
| NFPA-R = <br />
| NFPA-S = <br />
}}<br />
| Section7 = {{Chembox Related<br />
| OtherAnions = <br />
| OtherCations = <br />
| OtherFunction = <br />
| OtherFunction_label = <br />
| OtherCompounds = [[Acetic acid]]<br>[[Propionic anhydride]]<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
'''Acetic anhydride''' is a colorless organic liquid with the formula ('''CH<sub>3</sub>CO)<sub>2</sub>O''' and the simplest example of a carboxylic acid anhydride (the simpler formic anhydride is too unstable to exist as pure substance). It is a very useful reagent in organic synthesis.<br />
<br />
==Properties==<br />
===Chemical===<br />
Acetic anhydride is most widely used as an agent for [[acetylations|acetylation]], the addition of an acetyl group to a compound, such as its reaction with [[ethanol]] to form [[ethyl acetate]]. Being a carboxylic acid anhydride, acetic anhydride will slowly decay in contact with [[water]] into [[acetic acid]]. This process, however, is slow enough for aqueous solutions to be made and used immediately.<br />
<br />
===Physical===<br />
Acetic anhydride is a colorless liquid with a density slightly greater than that of water. It is moderately flammable and, due to its volatility, smells strongly of acetic acid from reaction with water in the air.<br />
<br />
==Availability==<br />
[http://www.elementalscientific.net/store/scripts/prodView.asp?idproduct=1321 Elemental Scientific] sells acetic anhydride in 125ml and 500ml sizes. They, however, are one of the only reliable sellers who are selling this chemical in the US due to its status as DEA List II.<br />
<br />
===Restrictions===<br />
Acetic anhydride is used illicitly in the drug trade to acetylate morphine to heroin. Because it is used for this purpose, it is classified in the US as a [[DEA list of chemicals#List II chemicals|DEA List II]] chemical and as such is significantly harder to obtain. In Russia, it's a FSKN List I chemical and is impossible to obtain legally. This is also true for most countries.<br />
<br />
==Preparation==<br />
Many amateurs have attempted to make acetic anhydride at home due to its tremendous usefulness in organic chemistry. Only a few have succeeded, though a write-up of the preparation of acetic anhydride from [[sulfur]], [[bromine]], and anhydrous [[sodium acetate]] was reported by [http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=15021 Magpie].<br />
<br />
Another more accessible method involves the reaction of [[acetyl chloride]] and anhydrous [[sodium acetate]], though this is limited by the availability of acetyl chloride.<ref>https://www.erowid.org/archive/rhodium/chemistry/anhydrides.html</ref><br />
<br />
:CH<sub>3</sub>C(O)Cl + CH<sub>3</sub>COONa → (CH<sub>3</sub>CO)<sub>2</sub>O + NaCl<br />
<br />
[[Sulfur dichloride]] or [[disulfur dichloride|monochloride]] can also be used instead of acetyl chloride. However, the reaction tends to produce various organosulfur side products, which have a strong unpleasant smell.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OrZ5Oa9K1R0</ref><br />
<br />
A readily accessible route, but very dangerous, involves the reaction of [[ethenone]] with glacial acetic acid.<br />
<br />
: CH<sub>3</sub>COOH + H<sub>2</sub>C=C=O → (CH<sub>3</sub>CO)<sub>2</sub>O<br />
<br />
Ethenone can be easily produced by pyrolyzing acetone at high temperatures in an oxygen-free atmosphere, which is not very difficult to do, all you need is a reflux setup and an electric heating element. However, ethenone is an extremely toxic gas, with an LD50 close to that of [[hydrogen cyanide]] and [[phosgene]], and working with it carries the risk of severe injury or even death.<br />
<br />
Other methods are discussed in the article about [[organic acid anhydrides]].<br />
<br />
==Projects==<br />
*Efficient acetate ester production<br />
*Making [[acetylsalicylic acid|aspirin]] from [[salicylic acid]].<br />
*Make cellulose acetate<br />
*[[Acetophenone]] synthesis<br />
*Make HMX (octogen)<br />
<br />
==Handling==<br />
===Safety===<br />
Acetic anhydride, similar to glacial [[acetic acid]], is highly acidic and corrosive, so proper protection must be worn when handling the compound. When mixed with [[hydrogen peroxide]] with the acetic anhydride in excess, a shock sensitive explosive, [[diacetyl peroxide]], is formed.<br />
<br />
===Storage===<br />
Acetic anhydride should be stored in sealed bottles as it is sensitive to water. In addition, it should be stored away from any heat or flame source due to it's flammability .<br />
<br />
===Disposal===<br />
Acetic anhydride can be neutralized with [[sodium bicarbonate]] or any other base which is then safe to pour down the drain.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
===Relevant Sciencemadness threads===<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=15021 Preparation of Acetic Anhydride]<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=9 Acetic anhydride preparation]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Chemical compounds]]<br />
[[Category:Organic compounds]]<br />
[[Category:Carboxylic acid anhydrides]]<br />
[[Category:Foul smelling compounds]]<br />
[[Category:Materials that react with water]]<br />
[[Category:Materials unstable in basic solution]]<br />
[[Category:DEA List II chemicals]]<br />
[[Category:Liquids]]<br />
[[Category:Irritants]]</div>
Mabus
https://www.sciencemadness.org/smwiki/index.php?title=Organic_acid_anhydride&diff=15609
Organic acid anhydride
2024-02-12T19:09:33Z
<p>Mabus: /* Distillation of silver salts */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
An '''organic acid anhydride''' is an organic compound that has two acyl groups bonded to the same [[oxygen]] atom. A common type of organic acid anhydride is a '''carboxylic anhydride''', where the parent acid is a [[carboxylic acid]], the formula of the anhydride being (RC(O))<sub>2</sub>O. Symmetrical acid anhydrides of this type are named by replacing the word ''acid'' in the name of the parent carboxylic acid by the word ''anhydride''. One or both acyl groups of an acid anhydride may also be derived from another type of organic acid, such as sulfonic acid or a phosphonic acid.<br />
<br />
==Properties==<br />
Acid anhydrides react with halogen acids, reaction which yields equal amounts of the acylated product and the carboxylic acid:<br />
<br />
: RC(O)OC(O)R + HY → RC(O)Y + RCO<sub>2</sub>H<br />
<br />
Acid anhydrides will react with water to form their respective carboxylic acid, though the reaction is slow.<br />
<br />
==Preparation==<br />
<br />
===Industrial===<br />
[[Acetic anhydride]] is industrially produced by the carbonylation of [[methyl acetate]], catalyzed by [[hydrogen iodide]] and dicarbonyldiiodorhodiate (I).<br />
<br />
: CH<sub>3</sub>CO<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>3</sub> + CO → (CH<sub>3</sub>CO)<sub>2</sub>O<br />
<br />
[[Maleic anhydride]] is produced by the oxidation of [[benzene]] or [[butane]].<br />
<br />
===Laboratory===<br />
<br />
Laboratory routes rely on the dehydration of the corresponding acids or their salts. A variety of methods have been developed, because anhydrides are of interest in many reactions and are often expensive or unavailable for purchase.<br />
<br />
====With phosphorus pentoxide====<br />
<br />
[[Phosphorus pentoxide]] is a common [[dehydration reaction|dehydrating agent]]:<br />
<br />
:2 CH<sub>3</sub>COOH + P<sub>4</sub>O<sub>10</sub> → CH<sub>3</sub>C(O)OC(O)CH<sub>3</sub> + P<sub>4</sub>O<sub>9</sub>(OH)<sub>2</sub><br />
<br />
However, tar is a common byproduct.<br />
<br />
====With acetic anhydride====<br />
<br />
Acetic anhydride will react with many carboxylic acids to convert them to their anhydrides. This is an equilibrium reaction which is driven to completion by the relatively high volatility of AcOH:<br />
<br />
:2 RCOOH + Ac<sub>2</sub>O + ''heat'' → (RCO)<sub>2</sub>O + 2 AcOH (g)<br />
<br />
Alternatively, acetic anhydride can be produced by the reaction of other anhydrides with the salts of acetic acid:<br />
<br />
:2 AcONa + (RCO)<sub>2</sub>O → 2 RCOONa + Ac<sub>2</sub>O<br />
<br />
====From acyl chlorides====<br />
<br />
[[Acyl chloride]]s will react with the salts of carboxylic acids to yield acid anhydrides:<br />
<br />
:CH<sub>3</sub>C(O)Cl + CH<sub>3</sub>COONa → (CH<sub>3</sub>CO)<sub>2</sub>O + NaCl<br />
<br />
For this reason, preparations of acyl chlorides are also of interest in the preparation of acid anhydrides. When acyl chlorides are prepared from the salts of carboxylic acids, using an excess of the salt often produces the anhydride.<br />
<br />
====From ethenone====<br />
<br />
Simple and mixed anhydrides containing the acetyl group can be prepared from [[ethenone]], also known as ketene:<br />
<br />
: CH<sub>3</sub>COOH + H<sub>2</sub>C=C=O → (CH<sub>3</sub>CO)<sub>2</sub>O<br />
<br />
: RCOOH + H<sub>2</sub>C=C=O → RCO<sub>2</sub>C(O)CH<sub>3</sub><br />
<br />
However, the application of this process is limited by the high toxicity of ethenone.<br />
<br />
====Dehydration with in situ sulfur bromide====<br />
<br />
Acetic anhydride is produced when sodium acetate is treated with [[sulfur]] dissolved in a large quantity of [[bromine]]:<br />
<br />
: 4 AcONa + 1/8 S<sub>8</sub> + 2 Br<sub>2</sub> → 2 Ac<sub>2</sub>O + 4 NaBr + SO<sub>2</sub><br />
<br />
This method is popular due to its use of cheap reagents and avoidance of complex procedures.<br />
<br />
====Distillation of silver salts====<br />
<br />
Anhydrous [[silver]] salts of carboxylic acids decompose to [[silver oxide]] and release the anhydrides when heated to around 380-400 C in an atmosphere of [[argon]].<br />
<br />
: 2 AgOAc + ''heat'' → Ag<sub>2</sub>O + Ac<sub>2</sub>O (g)<br />
<br />
However, the presence of even small traces of water or oxygen, including water vapor, catalyzes the rapid decomposition of the formed anhydride, due to the strong oxidizing power of the silver ion. It has been suggested that similar reactions are possible with salts of [[copper]] and [[zinc]], but subsequent testing found no success. Despite the apparent simplicity of the process, this reaction is rarely used in practice.<br />
<br />
====Thermal dehydration of pre-cyclic diacids====<br />
<br />
Molecules containing two carboxyl groups separated by two or three carbon atoms can be thermally dehydrated to their anhydrides with the elimination of H2O, where the anhydride forms part of a five- or six-membered ring. Diacids having longer or shorter chains, such as malonic acid and adipic acid, give poor yields of anhydrides by this method.<br />
<br />
: COOHCH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>COOH + heat → C<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub> + H2O<br />
<br />
====Diacid-catalyzed thermal dehydration====<br />
<br />
High-boiling acids such as [[benzoic acid]] are dehydrated by heating at 230-260 C for a long time with catalytic amounts of a pre-cyclic diacid such as [[phthalic acid]]. This method relies on driving the thermal equilibrium between the acid and its anhydride to the right with the loss of water according to [[Le Chatelier's principle]].<br />
<br />
: 2 BzOH + catalytic Ph(COOH)<sub>2</sub> + heat → Bz2O + H2O (g)<br />
<br />
This method is described in [https://patents.google.com/patent/US3513180 US patent 3513180].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
===Relevant Sciencemadness threads===<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=9 Acetic anhydride preparation]<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=6300 acid anhydrides from sulfuric acid]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Organic compounds]]<br />
[[Category:Carboxylic acid anhydrides]]</div>
Mabus
https://www.sciencemadness.org/smwiki/index.php?title=Organic_acid_anhydride&diff=15608
Organic acid anhydride
2024-02-12T19:08:27Z
<p>Mabus: /* With acetic anhydride */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
An '''organic acid anhydride''' is an organic compound that has two acyl groups bonded to the same [[oxygen]] atom. A common type of organic acid anhydride is a '''carboxylic anhydride''', where the parent acid is a [[carboxylic acid]], the formula of the anhydride being (RC(O))<sub>2</sub>O. Symmetrical acid anhydrides of this type are named by replacing the word ''acid'' in the name of the parent carboxylic acid by the word ''anhydride''. One or both acyl groups of an acid anhydride may also be derived from another type of organic acid, such as sulfonic acid or a phosphonic acid.<br />
<br />
==Properties==<br />
Acid anhydrides react with halogen acids, reaction which yields equal amounts of the acylated product and the carboxylic acid:<br />
<br />
: RC(O)OC(O)R + HY → RC(O)Y + RCO<sub>2</sub>H<br />
<br />
Acid anhydrides will react with water to form their respective carboxylic acid, though the reaction is slow.<br />
<br />
==Preparation==<br />
<br />
===Industrial===<br />
[[Acetic anhydride]] is industrially produced by the carbonylation of [[methyl acetate]], catalyzed by [[hydrogen iodide]] and dicarbonyldiiodorhodiate (I).<br />
<br />
: CH<sub>3</sub>CO<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>3</sub> + CO → (CH<sub>3</sub>CO)<sub>2</sub>O<br />
<br />
[[Maleic anhydride]] is produced by the oxidation of [[benzene]] or [[butane]].<br />
<br />
===Laboratory===<br />
<br />
Laboratory routes rely on the dehydration of the corresponding acids or their salts. A variety of methods have been developed, because anhydrides are of interest in many reactions and are often expensive or unavailable for purchase.<br />
<br />
====With phosphorus pentoxide====<br />
<br />
[[Phosphorus pentoxide]] is a common [[dehydration reaction|dehydrating agent]]:<br />
<br />
:2 CH<sub>3</sub>COOH + P<sub>4</sub>O<sub>10</sub> → CH<sub>3</sub>C(O)OC(O)CH<sub>3</sub> + P<sub>4</sub>O<sub>9</sub>(OH)<sub>2</sub><br />
<br />
However, tar is a common byproduct.<br />
<br />
====With acetic anhydride====<br />
<br />
Acetic anhydride will react with many carboxylic acids to convert them to their anhydrides. This is an equilibrium reaction which is driven to completion by the relatively high volatility of AcOH:<br />
<br />
:2 RCOOH + Ac<sub>2</sub>O + ''heat'' → (RCO)<sub>2</sub>O + 2 AcOH (g)<br />
<br />
Alternatively, acetic anhydride can be produced by the reaction of other anhydrides with the salts of acetic acid:<br />
<br />
:2 AcONa + (RCO)<sub>2</sub>O → 2 RCOONa + Ac<sub>2</sub>O<br />
<br />
====From acyl chlorides====<br />
<br />
[[Acyl chloride]]s will react with the salts of carboxylic acids to yield acid anhydrides:<br />
<br />
:CH<sub>3</sub>C(O)Cl + CH<sub>3</sub>COONa → (CH<sub>3</sub>CO)<sub>2</sub>O + NaCl<br />
<br />
For this reason, preparations of acyl chlorides are also of interest in the preparation of acid anhydrides. When acyl chlorides are prepared from the salts of carboxylic acids, using an excess of the salt often produces the anhydride.<br />
<br />
====From ethenone====<br />
<br />
Simple and mixed anhydrides containing the acetyl group can be prepared from [[ethenone]], also known as ketene:<br />
<br />
: CH<sub>3</sub>COOH + H<sub>2</sub>C=C=O → (CH<sub>3</sub>CO)<sub>2</sub>O<br />
<br />
: RCOOH + H<sub>2</sub>C=C=O → RCO<sub>2</sub>C(O)CH<sub>3</sub><br />
<br />
However, the application of this process is limited by the high toxicity of ethenone.<br />
<br />
====Dehydration with in situ sulfur bromide====<br />
<br />
Acetic anhydride is produced when sodium acetate is treated with [[sulfur]] dissolved in a large quantity of [[bromine]]:<br />
<br />
: 4 AcONa + 1/8 S<sub>8</sub> + 2 Br<sub>2</sub> → 2 Ac<sub>2</sub>O + 4 NaBr + SO<sub>2</sub><br />
<br />
This method is popular due to its use of cheap reagents and avoidance of complex procedures.<br />
<br />
====Distillation of silver salts====<br />
<br />
Anhydrous [[silver]] salts of carboxylic acids decompose to [[silver oxide]] and release the anhydrides when heated to around 380-400 C in an atmosphere of [[argon]].<br />
<br />
: 2 AgOAc + ''heat'' >> Ag<sub>2</sub>O + Ac<sub>2</sub>O (g)<br />
<br />
However, the presence of even small traces of water or oxygen, including water vapor, catalyzes the rapid decomposition of the formed anhydride, due to the strong oxidizing power of the silver ion. It has been suggested that similar reactions are possible with salts of [[copper]] and [[zinc]], but subsequent testing found no success. Despite the apparent simplicity of the process, this reaction is rarely used in practice.<br />
<br />
====Thermal dehydration of pre-cyclic diacids====<br />
<br />
Molecules containing two carboxyl groups separated by two or three carbon atoms can be thermally dehydrated to their anhydrides with the elimination of H2O, where the anhydride forms part of a five- or six-membered ring. Diacids having longer or shorter chains, such as malonic acid and adipic acid, give poor yields of anhydrides by this method.<br />
<br />
: COOHCH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>COOH + heat → C<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub> + H2O<br />
<br />
====Diacid-catalyzed thermal dehydration====<br />
<br />
High-boiling acids such as [[benzoic acid]] are dehydrated by heating at 230-260 C for a long time with catalytic amounts of a pre-cyclic diacid such as [[phthalic acid]]. This method relies on driving the thermal equilibrium between the acid and its anhydride to the right with the loss of water according to [[Le Chatelier's principle]].<br />
<br />
: 2 BzOH + catalytic Ph(COOH)<sub>2</sub> + heat → Bz2O + H2O (g)<br />
<br />
This method is described in [https://patents.google.com/patent/US3513180 US patent 3513180].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
===Relevant Sciencemadness threads===<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=9 Acetic anhydride preparation]<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=6300 acid anhydrides from sulfuric acid]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Organic compounds]]<br />
[[Category:Carboxylic acid anhydrides]]</div>
Mabus
https://www.sciencemadness.org/smwiki/index.php?title=Aluminium_chloride&diff=15598
Aluminium chloride
2024-02-07T18:37:44Z
<p>Mabus: /* Handling */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Chembox<br />
| Name = Aluminium chloride<br />
| Reference = <br />
| IUPACName = Aluminium chloride<br />
| PIN = <br />
| SystematicName = <br />
| OtherNames = Aluminium(III) chloride<br>Aluminum trichloride<br />
<!-- Images --><br />
| ImageFile = Aluminium chloride anhydrous in Schlenk tube.jpg<br />
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<!-- Sections --><br />
| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers<br />
| 3DMet = <br />
| Abbreviations = <br />
| SMILES = <br />
}}<br />
| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties<br />
| AtmosphericOHRateConstant = <br />
| Appearance = White hygroscopic solid<br />
| BoilingPt = <br />
| BoilingPtC = 180<br />
| BoilingPt_ref = <br />
| BoilingPt_notes = <br />
| Density = 2.48 g/cm<sup>3</sup> (anhydrous)<br> 2.398 g/cm<sup>3</sup> (hexahydrate)<br />
| Formula = AlCl<sub>3</sub><br />
| HenryConstant = <br />
| LogP = <br />
| MolarMass = 133.341 g/mol (anhydrous)<br>241.432 g/mol (hexahydrate)<br />
| MeltingPt = <br />
| MeltingPtC = 192.6<br />
| MeltingPt_ref = <br />
| MeltingPt_notes = (anhydrous)<br />
| pKa = <br />
| pKb = <br />
| Solubility = 43.9 g/100 ml (0 °C)<br>44.9 g/100 ml (10 °C)<br>45.8 g/100 ml (20 °C)<br>46.6 g/100 ml (30 °C)<br>47.3 g/100 ml (40 °C)<br>48.1 g/100 ml (60 °C)<br>48.6 g/100 ml (80 °C)<br>49.0 g/100 ml (100 °C)<br />
| SolubleOther = Soluble in [[carbon tetrachloride]], [[chloroform]], [[diethyl ether]], [[1,4-Dioxane|dioxane]], [[ethanol]], [[hydrogen chloride]], [[methanol]], [[Tetrahydrofuran|THF]]<br>Slightly soluble in [[benzene]], [[toluene]], [[xylene]]<br />
| Solvent = <br />
| VaporPressure = 133.3 Pa (99 °C)<br> 13.3 kPa (151 °C)<br />
}}<br />
| Section3 = {{Chembox Structure<br />
| Coordination = Octahedral (solid)<br>Tetrahedral (liquid)<br />
| CrystalStruct = Monoclinic, mS16<br />
| MolShape = Trigonal planar<br>(monomeric vapor)<br />
}}<br />
| Section4 = {{Chembox Thermochemistry<br />
| DeltaGf = -628.8 kJ/mol<br />
| DeltaHc = <br />
| DeltaHf = −704.2 kJ/mol<br />
| Entropy = 109.3 J·mol<sup>-1</sup>·K<sup>-1</sup><br />
| HeatCapacity = 91.1 J·mol<sup>-1</sup>·K<sup>-1</sup><br />
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| Section5 = {{Chembox Explosive<br />
| ShockSens = <br />
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| REFactor = <br />
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| Section6 = {{Chembox Hazards<br />
| AutoignitionPt = <br />
| ExploLimits = <br />
| ExternalMSDS = [https://www.docdroid.net/DAPm5qr/aluminium-chloride-anhydrous-sa.pdf.html Sigma-Aldrich] (anhydrous)<br>[https://www.docdroid.net/TbxPHI3/aluminium-chloride-hexahydrate-sa.pdf.html Sigma-Aldrich] (hexahydrate)<br />
| FlashPt = <br />
| LD50 = ''anhydrous''<br>380 mg/kg (rat, oral)<br>''hexahydrate''<br>3,311 mg/kg (rat, oral)<br />
| LC50 = <br />
| MainHazards = Corrosive<br />
| NFPA-F = <br />
| NFPA-H = <br />
| NFPA-R = <br />
| NFPA-S = <br />
}}<br />
| Section7 = {{Chembox Related<br />
| OtherAnions = <br />
| OtherCations = <br />
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| OtherFunction_label = <br />
| OtherCompounds = [[Aluminium bromide]]<br>[[Aluminium iodide]]<br>[[Boron trichloride]]<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
'''Aluminium chloride''',''' '''or '''aluminium trichloride''', is a chemical compound of aluminium and chlorine, with the formula '''AlCl<sub>3</sub>'''.<br />
<br />
==Properties==<br />
===Chemical===<br />
Aluminium chloride has a high affinity for water. Hydrated aluminium chloride cannot be turned back anhydrous via heating heating as HCl is lost leaving [[aluminium hydroxide]] or alumina ([[aluminium oxide]]):<br />
:Al(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>Cl<sub>3</sub> → Al(OH)<sub>3</sub> + 3 HCl + 3 H<sub>2</sub>O<br />
<br />
===Physical===<br />
Aluminium chloride is a white hygroscopic salt. It melts at 192.4 °C (anhydrous form). The hydrated form, which is much less useful as a reagent, appears as grainy, oily beads which are often yellow due to even the smallest of iron impurities.<br />
<br />
==Availability==<br />
Aluminium chloride, both anhydrous and hydrated can be purchased from chemical suppliers.<br />
<br />
Hydrated aluminium chloride is available as aqueous solution in may pool stores.<br />
<br />
==Preparation==<br />
Anhydrous aluminium chloride can be prepared by reacting [[aluminium]] metal with [[chlorine]] or [[hydrogen chloride]] gas in a water-free medium, at temperatures between 650 to 750 °C:<br />
<br />
:2 Al + 3 Cl<sub>2</sub> → 2 AlCl<sub>3</sub><br />
:2 Al + 6 HCl → 2 AlCl<sub>3</sub> + 3 H<sub>2</sub><br />
<br />
The resulting AlCl<sub>3</sub> vapors are condensed outside the reactor and then collected and stored in anhydrous conditions.<br />
<br />
Aqueous AlCl<sub>3</sub> can be prepared by reacting hydrochloric acid with aluminium metal. This reaction is very exothermic and the resulting hydrogen may ignite or explode if the reaction is done improperly.<br />
<br />
==Projects==<br />
*Friedel–Crafts reactions<br />
*Organoaluminium compounds<br />
*Make [[aluminium nitrate]]<br />
<br />
==Handling==<br />
===Safety===<br />
Aluminium chloride is irritant to skin, eyes and respiratory system. It is a known neurotoxin.<br />
<br />
===Storage===<br />
Anhydrous AlCl<sub>3</sub> must be stored in airtight sealed containers, to prevent it from hydrolyzing. [[Schlenk flask]]s are often used or long term storage, and ampouling may also be used for small amounts.<br />
<br />
Hydrated aluminium chloride doesn't require special storage.<br />
<br />
===Disposal===<br />
Aluminium chloride will hydrolyze into aluminium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid. The acid is easy to neutralize and dispose of, but aluminium hydroxide is harmful to environment. Since is insoluble in water, it can easily be separated, purified and recovered.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
===Relevant Sciencemadness threads===<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=14224 Anhydrous Aluminum Chloride prepration]<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=19772 Anhydrous AlCl3 handling and storage]<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=152523 Anhydrous AlCl3]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Chemical compounds]]<br />
[[Category:Inorganic compounds]]<br />
[[Category:Aluminium compounds]]<br />
[[Category:Chlorides]]<br />
[[Category:Lewis acids]]<br />
[[Category:Common catalysts]]<br />
[[Category:Materials that react with water]]</div>
Mabus
https://www.sciencemadness.org/smwiki/index.php?title=Ammonium_oxalate&diff=15593
Ammonium oxalate
2024-01-13T23:52:48Z
<p>Mabus: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Chembox<br />
| Name = Ammonium oxalate<br />
| Reference =<br />
| IUPACName = Diammonium ethanedioate<br />
| PIN =<br />
| SystematicName =<br />
| OtherNames = <br />
<!-- Images --><br />
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| 3DMet = <br />
| Abbreviations = <br />
| SMILES = <br />
}}<br />
| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties<br />
| AtmosphericOHRateConstant = <br />
| Appearance = White crystalline solid<br />
| BoilingPt = <br />
| BoilingPtC = <br />
| BoilingPt_ref = <br />
| BoilingPt_notes = Decomposes<br />
| Density = 1.5 g/cm<sup>3</sup> (at 20 °C)<br />
| Formula = C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>8</sub>N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub><br />
| HenryConstant = <br />
| LogP = <br />
| MolarMass = 124.10 g/mol<br />
| MeltingPt = <br />
| MeltingPtC = 120-133<br />
| MeltingPt_ref = <br />
| MeltingPt_notes = (decomposition observed at 70 °C)<br />
| Odor = Odorless<br />
| pKa = <br />
| pKb = <br />
| Solubility = 2.36 g/100 ml (0 °C)<br>3.21 g/100 ml (10 °C)<br>4.45 g/100 ml (20 °C)<br>5.21 g/100 ml (25 °C)<br>6.08 g/100 ml (30 °C)<br>8.18 g/100 ml (40 °C)<br>10.8 g/100 ml (50 °C)<br>14.0 g/100 ml (60 °C)<br>22.4 g/100 ml (80 °C)<br>34.6 g/100 ml (100 °C)<ref>[http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja01314a049 Hill; Distler; Journal of the American Chemical Society; vol. 57; (1935); p. 2203]</ref><ref>Rabinovich V.A., Khavin Z.Ya. Brief chemical reference book. - L.: Chemistry, 1977 (Рабинович В.А., Хавин З.Я. Краткий химический справочник. - Л.: Химия, 1977)</ref><br />
| SolubleOther = Slightly soluble in [[ethanol]]<br>Insoluble in [[benzene]], [[carbon tetrachloride]]<br />
| Solvent = <br />
| VaporPressure = ~0 mmHg<br />
}}<br />
| Section3 = {{Chembox Structure<br />
| Coordination = <br />
| CrystalStruct = <br />
| MolShape = <br />
}}<br />
| Section4 = {{Chembox Thermochemistry<br />
| DeltaGf = <br />
| DeltaHc = <br />
| DeltaHf = -1,424 kJ/mol<br />
| Entropy = <br />
| HeatCapacity = 227.36 J·mol<sup>-1</sup>·K<sup>-1</sup> (at 10 °C)<ref>Crenshaw, J. L.; Ritter, I.; Zeitschrift fuer Physikalische Chemie, Abteilung B: Chemie der Elementarprozesse, Aufbau der Materie; vol. 16;<br />
(1932); p. 147</ref><br />
}}<br />
| Section5 = {{Chembox Explosive<br />
| ShockSens = <br />
| FrictionSens = <br />
| DetonationV = <br />
| REFactor = <br />
}}<br />
| Section6 = {{Chembox Hazards<br />
| AutoignitionPt = Non-flammable<br />
| ExploLimits = Non-flammable<br />
| ExternalMSDS = [https://jmp.sh/yJ2vNIOv Sigma-Aldrich]<br />
| FlashPt = Non-flammable<br />
| LD50 = 375 mg/kg (rat, oral)<br />
| LC50 = <br />
| MainHazards = Harmful<br />
| NFPA-F = <br />
| NFPA-H = <br />
| NFPA-R = <br />
| NFPA-S = <br />
}}<br />
| Section7 = {{Chembox Related<br />
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}}<br />
'''Ammonium oxalate''', also known as '''diammonium ethanedioate''' is a chemical compound, with the chemical formula '''(NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>C<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>'''. It can sometimes be encountered in nature, in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guano guano].<br />
<br />
==Properties==<br />
===Chemical===<br />
Ammonium oxalate will decompose when heated, to yield [[oxamide]]:<br />
:(NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>C<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> → (CONH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub> + 2 H<sub>2</sub>O<br />
<br />
Further heating will give off [[carbon monoxide]], [[carbon dioxide|dioxide]], [[water]] and cyanide.<br />
<br />
===Physical===<br />
Ammonium oxalate is a white crystalline solid, soluble in water. It is generally encountered as a monohydrate. Ammonium oxalate has a density of 1.5 g/cm<sup>3</sup> at 20 °C.<ref>Alyaev; Belousov; Bukin; Efimova; Kuz'micheva; Rapoport; Roudenko; Chaban; Russian Journal of Inorganic Chemistry; vol. 47; nb. 3; (2002); p. 398 - 406</ref><br />
<br />
==Availability==<br />
Ammonium oxalate is sold by many chemical suppliers. Can also be bought online.<br />
<br />
==Preparation==<br />
Ammonium oxalate can be obtained by reacting [[ammonium carbonate]], [[ammonium bicarbonate|bicarbonate]] or aqueous [[ammonia]] with [[oxalic acid]].<br />
<br />
Another route involves the hydrolysis of cyanogen, in a neutral or slightly acidic aqueous environment.<br />
<br />
Heating a mixture of anhydrous oxalic acid and [[urea]] between 150 - 160°C will yield ammonium oxalate, as well as oxamide and carbon dioxide.<ref>[http://www.southasiaarchive.com/Content/sarf.120026/205525/004 Das-Gupta, J. M.; Journal of the Indian Chemical Society; vol. 10; (1933); p. 117 - 123]</ref><br />
<br />
==Projects==<br />
*Make oxamide<br />
<br />
==Handling==<br />
===Safety===<br />
Ammonium oxalate is harmful if ingested.<br />
<br />
===Storage===<br />
In closed bottles, away from acidic vapors.<br />
<br />
===Disposal===<br />
Ammonium oxalate can be destroyed by reacting it with a base, followed by pyrolysis.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
===Relevant Sciencemadness threads===<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=19890 What if Ammonium Oxalate and Silver Chlorate were heated?]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Chemical compounds]]<br />
[[Category:Organic compounds]]<br />
[[Category:Ammonium compounds]]<br />
[[Category:Oxalates]]<br />
[[Category:Easily prepared chemicals]]</div>
Mabus
https://www.sciencemadness.org/smwiki/index.php?title=Ammonium_oxalate&diff=15592
Ammonium oxalate
2024-01-13T23:36:33Z
<p>Mabus: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Chembox<br />
| Name = Ammonium oxalate<br />
| Reference =<br />
| IUPACName = Diammonium ethanedioate<br />
| PIN =<br />
| SystematicName =<br />
| OtherNames = <br />
<!-- Images --><br />
| ImageFile = Ammonium oxalate crystals sample.jpg<br />
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<!-- Sections --><br />
| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers<br />
| 3DMet = <br />
| Abbreviations = <br />
| SMILES = <br />
}}<br />
| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties<br />
| AtmosphericOHRateConstant = <br />
| Appearance = White crystalline solid<br />
| BoilingPt = <br />
| BoilingPtC = <br />
| BoilingPt_ref = <br />
| BoilingPt_notes = Decomposes<br />
| Density = 1.5 g/cm<sup>3</sup> (at 20 °C)<br />
| Formula = C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>8</sub>N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub><br />
| HenryConstant = <br />
| LogP = <br />
| MolarMass = 124.10 g/mol<br />
| MeltingPt = <br />
| MeltingPtC = 133<br />
| MeltingPt_ref = <br />
| MeltingPt_notes = (decomposition observed at 70 °C)<br />
| Odor = Odorless<br />
| pKa = <br />
| pKb = <br />
| Solubility = 4.5 g/100 ml (at 20 ºC)<ref>[http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ja01314a049 Hill; Distler; Journal of the American Chemical Society; vol. 57; (1935); p. 2203]</ref><br />
| SolubleOther = Insoluble in [[benzene]], [[carbon tetrachloride]]<br />
| Solvent = <br />
| VaporPressure = <br />
}}<br />
| Section3 = {{Chembox Structure<br />
| Coordination = <br />
| CrystalStruct = <br />
| MolShape = <br />
}}<br />
| Section4 = {{Chembox Thermochemistry<br />
| DeltaGf = <br />
| DeltaHc = <br />
| DeltaHf = <br />
| Entropy = <br />
| HeatCapacity = 227.36 J·mol<sup>-1</sup>·K<sup>-1</sup> (at 10 °C)<ref>Crenshaw, J. L.; Ritter, I.; Zeitschrift fuer Physikalische Chemie, Abteilung B: Chemie der Elementarprozesse, Aufbau der Materie; vol. 16;<br />
(1932); p. 147</ref><br />
}}<br />
| Section5 = {{Chembox Explosive<br />
| ShockSens = <br />
| FrictionSens = <br />
| DetonationV = <br />
| REFactor = <br />
}}<br />
| Section6 = {{Chembox Hazards<br />
| AutoignitionPt = <br />
| ExploLimits = <br />
| ExternalMSDS = [http://www.dogee.org/lab/chemicals/2171.pdf DoGee]<br />
| FlashPt = <br />
| LD50 = <br />
| LC50 = <br />
| MainHazards = Harmful<br />
| NFPA-F = <br />
| NFPA-H = <br />
| NFPA-R = <br />
| NFPA-S = <br />
}}<br />
| Section7 = {{Chembox Related<br />
| OtherAnions = <br />
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| OtherCompounds = [[Oxalic acid]]<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
'''Ammonium oxalate''', also known as '''diammonium ethanedioate''' is a chemical compound, with the chemical formula '''(NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>C<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>'''. It can sometimes be encountered in nature, in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guano guano].<br />
<br />
==Properties==<br />
===Chemical===<br />
Ammonium oxalate will decompose when heated, to yield [[oxamide]]:<br />
:(NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>C<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> → (CONH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub> + 2 H<sub>2</sub>O<br />
<br />
Further heating will give off [[carbon monoxide]], [[carbon dioxide|dioxide]], [[water]] and cyanide.<br />
<br />
===Physical===<br />
Ammonium oxalate is a white crystalline solid, soluble in water. It is generally encountered as a monohydrate. Ammonium oxalate has a density of 1.5 g/cm<sup>3</sup> at 20 °C.<ref>Alyaev; Belousov; Bukin; Efimova; Kuz'micheva; Rapoport; Roudenko; Chaban; Russian Journal of Inorganic Chemistry; vol. 47; nb. 3; (2002); p. 398 - 406</ref><br />
<br />
==Availability==<br />
Ammonium oxalate is sold by many chemical suppliers. Can also be bought online.<br />
<br />
==Preparation==<br />
Ammonium oxalate can be obtained by reacting [[ammonium carbonate]], [[ammonium bicarbonate|bicarbonate]] or aqueous [[ammonia]] with [[oxalic acid]].<br />
<br />
Another route involves the hydrolysis of cyanogen, in a neutral or slightly acidic aqueous environment.<br />
<br />
Heating a mixture of anhydrous oxalic acid and [[urea]] between 150 - 160°C will yield ammonium oxalate, as well as oxamide and carbon dioxide.<ref>[http://www.southasiaarchive.com/Content/sarf.120026/205525/004 Das-Gupta, J. M.; Journal of the Indian Chemical Society; vol. 10; (1933); p. 117 - 123]</ref><br />
<br />
==Projects==<br />
*Make oxamide<br />
<br />
==Handling==<br />
===Safety===<br />
Ammonium oxalate is harmful if ingested.<br />
<br />
===Storage===<br />
In closed bottles, away from acidic vapors.<br />
<br />
===Disposal===<br />
Ammonium oxalate can be destroyed by reacting it with a base, followed by pyrolysis.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
===Relevant Sciencemadness threads===<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=19890 What if Ammonium Oxalate and Silver Chlorate were heated?]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Chemical compounds]]<br />
[[Category:Organic compounds]]<br />
[[Category:Ammonium compounds]]<br />
[[Category:Oxalates]]<br />
[[Category:Easily prepared chemicals]]</div>
Mabus
https://www.sciencemadness.org/smwiki/index.php?title=File:Ammonium_oxalate_crystals_sample.jpg&diff=15591
File:Ammonium oxalate crystals sample.jpg
2024-01-13T23:34:56Z
<p>Mabus: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>
Mabus
https://www.sciencemadness.org/smwiki/index.php?title=Potassium_iodide&diff=15590
Potassium iodide
2024-01-13T22:05:35Z
<p>Mabus: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Chembox<br />
| Name = Potassium iodide<br />
| Reference =<br />
| IUPACName = Potassium iodide<br />
| PIN =<br />
| SystematicName = Potassium iodide<br />
| OtherNames = Kali iodide<br>Pima<br>Thyro-Block<br />
<!-- Images --><br />
| ImageFile = Potassium iodide bottle sample.jpg<br />
| ImageSize = 280<br />
| ImageAlt = <br />
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| ImageCaption = Sample of lab-grade KI<br />
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<!-- Sections --><br />
| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers<br />
| 3DMet = <br />
| Abbreviations = <br />
| SMILES = <br />
}}<br />
| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties<br />
| AtmosphericOHRateConstant = <br />
| Appearance = White solid<br />
| BoilingPt = <br />
| BoilingPtC = 1,330<br />
| BoilingPt_ref = <br />
| BoilingPt_notes = <br />
| Density = 3.12 g/cm<sup>3</sup><br />
| Formula = KI<br />
| HenryConstant = <br />
| LogP = <br />
| MolarMass = 166.0028 g/mol<br />
| MeltingPt = <br />
| MeltingPtC = 681<br />
| MeltingPt_ref = <br />
| MeltingPt_notes = <br />
| Odor = Odorless<br />
| pKa = <br />
| pKb = <br />
| Solubility = 128 g/100 ml (0 °C)<br>140 g/100 ml (20 °C)<br>148 g/100 ml (25 °C)<br>176 g/100 ml (60 °C)<br>206 g/100 ml (100 °C) <br />
| SolubleOther = Slightly soluble in [[ammonia]], [[diethyl ether]], [[ethanol]]<br />
| Solubility1 = 1.31 g/100 ml (25 °C)<br />
| Solvent1 = acetone<br />
| Solubility2 = 1.88 g/100 ml (25 °C)<br />
| Solvent2 = ethanol<br />
| Solubility3 = 40 g/100 ml<br />
| Solvent3 = glycerol<br />
| Solubility4 = 12.5 g/100 ml<br />
| Solvent4 = methanol<br />
| VaporPressure = <br />
}}<br />
| Section3 = {{Chembox Structure<br />
| Coordination = <br />
| CrystalStruct = <br />
| MolShape = <br />
}}<br />
| Section4 = {{Chembox Thermochemistry<br />
| DeltaGf = <br />
| DeltaHc = <br />
| DeltaHf = <br />
| Entropy = <br />
| HeatCapacity = <br />
}}<br />
| Section5 = {{Chembox Explosive<br />
| ShockSens = <br />
| FrictionSens = <br />
| DetonationV = <br />
| REFactor = <br />
}}<br />
| Section6 = {{Chembox Hazards<br />
| AutoignitionPt = Non-flammable<br />
| ExploLimits = <br />
| ExternalMSDS = [https://www.docdroid.net/aNEKRoO/potassium-iodide-sa.pdf.html Sigma-Aldrich]<br />
| FlashPt = Non-flammable<br />
| LD50 = <br />
| LC50 = <br />
| MainHazards = Irritant<br />
| NFPA-F = <br />
| NFPA-H = <br />
| NFPA-R = <br />
| NFPA-S = <br />
}}<br />
| Section7 = {{Chembox Related<br />
| OtherAnions = <br />
| OtherCations = <br />
| OtherFunction = <br />
| OtherFunction_label = <br />
| OtherCompounds = [[Sodium iodide]]<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
'''Potassium iodide''' is the inorganic ionic compound with the chemical formula '''[[potassium|K]][[iodine|I]]'''. It is a clear crystalline salt that serves as a convenient source of [[iodine]].<br />
<br />
==Properties==<br />
===Chemical===<br />
<br />
When treated with a strong acid such as [[hydrochloric acid]], [[hydroiodic acid]] is formed, along with the potassium salt of the acid. A useful reagent in itself, hydroiodic acid can also be oxidized directly to elemental iodine with the addition of [[hydrogen peroxide]]. Potassium iodide, being water-soluble, is a useful source of the iodide ion in solution as well.<br />
<br />
Potassium iodide is a very strong reducing agent. It reacts readily with any oxidizer, including oxidizing acids such as sulfuric and nitric. It may be desirable if you want to use it to reduce these acids, but undesirable if you want hydrogen iodide. To avoid unwanted redox reactions, use [[phosphoric acid]], which is both non-volatile and exceptionally gentle to reducing agents.<br />
<br />
Like most iodides, it will form dark brown triiodides on contact with elemental iodine.<br />
<br />
===Physical===<br />
At room temperature, potassium iodide follows the general pattern of alkali metal halides in that it appears as a colorless, odorless crystalline salt that is highly soluble in water.<br />
<br />
==Availability==<br />
Potassium iodide can be found as an iodine supplement or as an emergency medicine for radiation poisoning, which means it may be stocked by some survivalist/prepper outlets. It is easily purchased online.<br />
<br />
In recent years, the price of potassium iodide has more than doubled. Likewise, in some EU countries, many sellers no longer sell KI to private individuals, for some reason.<br />
<br />
Iodine tinctures are a solution of iodine with potassium iodide. Separating the latter however, is usually messy. Lugol's Iodine is a good source of potassium iodide. In USA, USP Strong Iodine Tincture contains potassium iodide, while USP Tincture of Iodine contains sodium iodide.<br />
<br />
==Preparation==<br />
Potassium iodide can easily be synthesized by the action of elemental [[iodine]] or [[hydroiodic acid]] on [[potassium hydroxide]].<br />
<br />
: I<sub>2</sub> + 2 KOH + H<sub>2</sub>O → 2 KI + 2 H<sub>2</sub>O + ½ O<sub>2</sub><br />
: HI + KOH → KI + H<sub>2</sub>O<br />
<br />
==Projects==<br />
* Make [[hydroiodic acid]] or [[iodine]]<br />
* Make Elephant toothpaste<br />
<br />
==Handling==<br />
===Safety===<br />
Potassium iodide is a mild irritant, and due to the high mass percentage of iodine it contains, large amounts of exposure can effect the thyroid gland. It may also factor in causing birth defects.<br />
<br />
===Storage===<br />
Potassium iodide should be stored in closed containers. It will slowly give off iodine vapors, which will stain the inside of the container. Because of this, NEVER USE METAL CONTAINERS OF ANY KIND.<br />
<br />
===Disposal===<br />
Potassium iodide can be poured down the drain.<br />
<br />
==Gallery==<br />
<gallery widths="200" position="center" columns="4" orientation="none"><br />
Potassium iodide.jpg|Commercial potassium iodide.<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
===Relevant Sciencemadness threads===<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=65899 Potassium Iodide]<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=15797 Elemental iodine to potassium iodide help.]<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=61849 Potassium Iodide from Potassium Iodate]<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=65927 Testing Potassium Iodide]<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=23445 Potassium Iodide From Iodized Table Salt]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Chemical compounds]]<br />
[[Category:Inorganic compounds]]<br />
[[Category:Potassium compounds]]<br />
[[Category:Iodides]]<br />
[[Category:Readily available chemicals]]<br />
[[Category:Easily prepared chemicals]]<br />
[[Category:Solids]]</div>
Mabus
https://www.sciencemadness.org/smwiki/index.php?title=File:Potassium_iodide_bottle_sample.jpg&diff=15589
File:Potassium iodide bottle sample.jpg
2024-01-13T21:54:50Z
<p>Mabus: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>
Mabus
https://www.sciencemadness.org/smwiki/index.php?title=Dropping_bottle&diff=15588
Dropping bottle
2024-01-13T21:25:46Z
<p>Mabus: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Stub}}<br />
[[File:Various dropping bottles.jpg|thumb|320px|Several types of dropping bottles]]<br />
A '''dropping bottle''' is a type of lab glass item used to add a liquid or solution dropwise.<br />
<br />
==General==<br />
The dropping bottle consists of a small bottle with a [[ground glass joint]], where a ground glass joint [[stopper]] with a slit is present. By rotating the stopper in the opposite direction, the stopper becomes open, though this feature is not universally present. It is often made of borosilicate or soda-lime glass.<br />
<br />
Another type of glassware often called dropping bottle consists of a [[Pasteur pipette|glass dropper]] with a rubber bulb inserted through a ground joint stopper resting on a small bottle with a ground glass joint. Other models have a screw cap. However, since the screw cap is often compatible with many other common glass bottles, and it's fairly easy to ram a glass bulb dropper through any stopper, this item can be simply considered a glass dropper with a bulb resting on any glass bottle, stretching the definition of a dropping bottle.<br />
<br />
==Availability==<br />
Dropping bottles are sold by lab suppliers and can also be bought online cheaply.<br />
<br />
==DIY dropping bottle==<br />
If you have a small bottle with a ground glass joint, and a damaged stopper, like a Winkler flask for example, simply carve a small slit along the ground glass joint, which should allow the liquid to flow dropwise.<br />
<br />
==Uses==<br />
Dropping bottles are mainly used to add either dyes, adjust pH of solutions or to add an indicator in another solution.<br />
<br />
==Gallery==<br />
<br />
<gallery widths="200" position="center" columns="4" orientation="none"><br />
Dropping bottle glass.jpg|A glass dropping bottle with a solution.<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Pasteur pipette]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
===Relevant Sciencemadness threads===<br />
<br />
[[Category:Lab equipment]]<br />
[[Category:Glassware]]</div>
Mabus
https://www.sciencemadness.org/smwiki/index.php?title=File:Various_dropping_bottles.jpg&diff=15587
File:Various dropping bottles.jpg
2024-01-13T21:22:39Z
<p>Mabus: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>
Mabus
https://www.sciencemadness.org/smwiki/index.php?title=Desiccator&diff=15586
Desiccator
2024-01-13T21:09:03Z
<p>Mabus: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Stub}}<br />
[[File:Glass desiccator lab.jpg|thumb|350px|A glass desiccator with a glazed porcelain perforated disc.]]<br />
<br />
'''Desiccators''' are sealable enclosures containing desiccants used for drying wet materials and preserving moisture-sensitive materials for long-term use.<br />
<br />
==Description==<br />
A desiccator consists of a container, usually made out of glass, or rarer plastic or metal. The container consists or a main body and a (heavy) lid. The lid presents a ground-glass rim which is greased with a thin layer of vacuum grease or other lubricant to ensure an airtight seal. The interior is separated in two my a mesh or sieve, with the desiccating agent being placed below and the wet material being placed above, on the mesh. <br />
<br />
There are actually several types of desiccators:<br />
*''Classic desiccator'': The glass dome-like model is the most common type of desiccator. It is widely used due to its good performance and simple construction.<br />
*''Vacuum desiccator'': Similar in construction to the classic model, the main difference is the addition of a valve on the top of the lid. This desiccator can be used for stronger and faster drying. An vacuum pump is used to pump out the air from inside the chamber.<br />
*''Bag desiccator'': Made from a resealable bag, where the wet material and the desiccant are placed in separate containers. The advantage of this desiccator is that it doesn't occupy lots of space, unlike the other desiccators. However, their biggest disadvantage is that it's quite easy to damage and thus it's easy to ruin the dry atmosphere.<br />
<br />
Whenever the desiccators are opened, their contents are exposed to atmospheric moisture. It also requires some time to achieve a low humidity, making them unsuitable for fast drying. Desiccators are only suitable for drying materials which are not aggressively hygroscopic and are not sensitive to low humidity. They are unsuitable for drying and storing materials that are very sensitive to atmospheric moisture or that irreversible hydrolyze.<br />
<br />
==Availability==<br />
Glass desiccators can be purchased from lab suppliers and online, from eBay and Amazon.<br />
<br />
==DIY desiccator==<br />
A simple desiccator can be made by using an air-tight tupperware container, where the drying agent is placed in an open container, while the wet material is placed near it, in a separate open container, like a plate. Other air-tight containers, like those used to store food will also work.<br />
<br />
Bag desiccators can be made by using readily available resealable bags, which can be bought from any hardware and bookstore. If perforation of the bag is a real possibility, you can strengthen the bag by adding duct tape over it and check for holes.<br />
<br />
Placing a smaller desiccator in a bigger one may not always be required, though gloveboxes are exceptions.<br />
<br />
==Projects==<br />
*Dry chemicals<br />
*Store hygroscopic or mild water-sensitive materials<br />
*Transporting sensitive materials from and inside gloveboxes<br />
<br />
==Handling==<br />
Desiccators are easy to maintain, but being made of glass means they can break if dropped to a hard surface. Since they are much thicker than other lab glassware, it can be quite heavy, which increases the risk of damaging the desiccator. Desiccator's ground-glass outer rim is known to chip if hit.<br />
<br />
Plastic bag desiccators are fragile and should be kept either on a plate or in a safe place.<br />
<br />
==See other==<br />
*[[Glovebox]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
===Relevant Sciencemadness threads===<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=66328 Vacuum Desiccator vs Rotary Evaporator]<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=10391 Vacuum desiccator grease]<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=15957 Vacuum dessicator]<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=10208 Frozen vacuum dessicator lid...]<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=28325 Desiccator Bag for Drying Liquid Chemicals]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Glassware]]<br />
[[Category:Lab equipment]]</div>
Mabus
https://www.sciencemadness.org/smwiki/index.php?title=File:Glass_desiccator_lab.jpg&diff=15585
File:Glass desiccator lab.jpg
2024-01-13T21:07:00Z
<p>Mabus: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>
Mabus
https://www.sciencemadness.org/smwiki/index.php?title=Osmium_tetroxide&diff=15584
Osmium tetroxide
2024-01-13T18:05:06Z
<p>Mabus: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Chembox<br />
| Name = Osmium tetroxide<br />
| Reference =<br />
| IUPACName = Osmium tetroxide<br />
| PIN = Osmium tetraoxide<br />
| SystematicName = Tetraoxoosmium<br />
| OtherNames = Osmium(VIII) oxide<br />
<!-- Images --><br />
| ImageFile = Osmium tetroxide OsO4 sample ampoule by Ormarion.jpg<br />
| ImageSize = 270<br />
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<!-- Sections --><br />
| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers<br />
| 3DMet = <br />
| Abbreviations = <br />
| SMILES = <br />
}}<br />
| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties<br />
| AtmosphericOHRateConstant = <br />
| Appearance = White volatile solid<br />
| BoilingPt = <br />
| BoilingPtC = 129.7<br />
| BoilingPt_ref = <br />
| BoilingPt_notes = <br />
| Density = 4.9 g/cm<sup>3</sup><br />
| Formula = OsO<sub>4</sub><br />
| HenryConstant = <br />
| LogP = <br />
| MolarMass = 254.23 g/mol<br />
| MeltingPt = <br />
| MeltingPtC = 40.25<br />
| MeltingPt_ref = <br />
| MeltingPt_notes = <br />
| Odor = Acrid, chlorine-like<br />
| pKa = <br />
| pKb = <br />
| Solubility = 5.70 g/100 ml (10 °C)<br>6.23 g/100 ml (25 °C)<br />
| SolubleOther = Very soluble in aq. [[ammonia]], [[benzene]], [[tert-Butanol|t-butanol]], [[diethyl ether]], [[ethanol]], [[phosphoryl chloride]], [[sulfuric acid]]<br />
| Solubility1 = 375 g/100 ml<br />
| Solvent1 = carbon tetrachloride<br />
| VaporPressure = 7 mmHg (20 °C)<br />
}}<br />
| Section3 = {{Chembox Structure<br />
| Coordination = <br />
| CrystalStruct = Monoclinic, mS20<br />
| MolShape = <br />
}}<br />
| Section4 = {{Chembox Thermochemistry<br />
| DeltaGf = -301.4 kJ/mol<ref>Nikol'skii, A. B.; Ryabov, A. N.; Zhurnal Neorganicheskoi Khimii; vol. 10; (1965); p. 1 - 5; Zhurnal Neorganicheskoi Khimii; vol. 10; (1965); p. 3 - 9</ref><br />
| DeltaHc = <br />
| DeltaHf = -364.976 kJ/mol<br />
| Entropy = <br />
| HeatCapacity = <br />
}}<br />
| Section5 = {{Chembox Explosive<br />
| ShockSens = <br />
| FrictionSens = <br />
| DetonationV = <br />
| REFactor = <br />
}}<br />
| Section6 = {{Chembox Hazards<br />
| AutoignitionPt = Non-flammable<br />
| ExploLimits = <br />
| ExternalMSDS = [https://www.docdroid.net/vCVe52d/osmium-tetroxide-sa.pdf Sigma-Aldrich]<br />
| FlashPt = Non-flammable<br />
| LD50 = <br />
| LC50 = <br />
| MainHazards = Extremely toxic<br />
| NFPA-F = <br />
| NFPA-H = <br />
| NFPA-R = <br />
| NFPA-S = <br />
}}<br />
| Section7 = {{Chembox Related<br />
| OtherAnions = <br />
| OtherCations = <br />
| OtherFunction = <br />
| OtherFunction_label = <br />
| OtherCompounds = <br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
'''Osmium tetroxide''' (or '''osmium(VIII) oxide''') is the chemical compound with the formula '''OsO<sub>4</sub>''', the most important oxide of [[osmium]] metal, due to is variety of uses in organic chemistry.<br />
<br />
==Properties==<br />
===Chemical===<br />
OsO<sub>4</sub> is a [[Lewis acid]] and a mild oxidant. It reacts with alkaline aqueous solution to give the perosmate anion {{chem|OsO|4|(OH)|2|2−}}.<br />
<br />
Osmium tetraoxide is moderately soluble in water, with which it reacts reversibly to form osmic acid.<br />
<br />
Osmium tetroxide, it is readily reduced by hydrogen in solution to osmium metal. Most organic materials will also reduce it.<br />
<br />
===Physical===<br />
Osmium tetroxide is a white to slight yellowish solid, volatile, with an acrid chlorine-like odor.<br />
<br />
==Availability==<br />
Osmium tetroxide is sold by chemical suppliers, but due to its toxicity it's not easy to acquire, and most companies might not sell to the public, especially due to its high toxicity.<br />
<br />
==Preparation==<br />
OsO4 is formed slowly when [[osmium]] powder reacts with oxygen at ambient temperature.<br />
<br />
Reaction of bulk solid requires heating to above 400 °C, and is also very slow.<br />
<br />
==Projects==<br />
*Oxidize alkenes to the vicinal diols<br />
*Lemieux–Johnson oxidation<br />
*Compound collecting<br />
<br />
==Handling==<br />
===Safety===<br />
OsO4 is highly poisonous, even at low exposure levels, and must be handled with appropriate precautions. In particular, inhalation at concentrations well below those at which a smell can be perceived can lead to pulmonary edema and subsequent death. Noticeable symptoms can take hours to appear after exposure.<br />
<br />
OsO4 also stains the human cornea, which can lead to blindness if proper safety precautions are not observed. The permissible exposure limit for osmium(VIII) oxide (8 hour time-weighted average) is 200 µg/m<sup>3</sup>. Osmium(VIII) oxide can penetrate plastics and therefore is stored in glass under refrigeration.<br />
<br />
===Storage===<br />
Osmium tetroxide must be kept in ampoules, and kept in a fridge or freezer. This compound must only be handled in a well ventilated area, or in a glovebox.<br />
<br />
===Disposal===<br />
Any reducing agent will convert it to the less harmful osmium metal. Since the metal is very expensive, it's best to recycle it.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
===Relevant Sciencemadness threads===<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=72711 Why is osmium tetroxide volatile?]<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=12002 Osmium tetroxide]<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=76803 Osmium tetroxide decomposition]<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=158875 Osmium chemistry]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Chemical compounds]]<br />
[[Category:Inorganic compounds]]<br />
[[Category:Osmium compounds]]<br />
[[Category:Oxides]]<br />
[[Category:Materials that react with water]]<br />
[[Category:Materials unstable in basic solution]]<br />
[[Category:Things that can kill you very quickly]]<br />
[[Category:Things that should NOT be messed with except by professionals]]</div>
Mabus
https://www.sciencemadness.org/smwiki/index.php?title=File:Osmium_tetroxide_OsO4_sample_ampoule_by_Ormarion.jpg&diff=15582
File:Osmium tetroxide OsO4 sample ampoule by Ormarion.jpg
2024-01-13T18:03:59Z
<p>Mabus: Mabus moved page File:Omium tetroxide OsO4 sample ampoule by Ormarion.jpg to File:Osmium tetroxide OsO4 sample ampoule by Ormarion.jpg: Typo</p>
<hr />
<div>Credit to Ormarion</div>
Mabus
https://www.sciencemadness.org/smwiki/index.php?title=File:Omium_tetroxide_OsO4_sample_ampoule_by_Ormarion.jpg&diff=15583
File:Omium tetroxide OsO4 sample ampoule by Ormarion.jpg
2024-01-13T18:03:59Z
<p>Mabus: Mabus moved page File:Omium tetroxide OsO4 sample ampoule by Ormarion.jpg to File:Osmium tetroxide OsO4 sample ampoule by Ormarion.jpg: Typo</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[File:Osmium tetroxide OsO4 sample ampoule by Ormarion.jpg]]</div>
Mabus
https://www.sciencemadness.org/smwiki/index.php?title=File:Osmium_tetroxide_OsO4_sample_ampoule_by_Ormarion.jpg&diff=15580
File:Osmium tetroxide OsO4 sample ampoule by Ormarion.jpg
2024-01-13T18:03:16Z
<p>Mabus: Mabus moved page File:Omium tetroxie OsO4 sample ampoule by Ormarion.jpg to File:Omium tetroxide OsO4 sample ampoule by Ormarion.jpg: Typo</p>
<hr />
<div>Credit to Ormarion</div>
Mabus
https://www.sciencemadness.org/smwiki/index.php?title=File:Omium_tetroxie_OsO4_sample_ampoule_by_Ormarion.jpg&diff=15581
File:Omium tetroxie OsO4 sample ampoule by Ormarion.jpg
2024-01-13T18:03:16Z
<p>Mabus: Mabus moved page File:Omium tetroxie OsO4 sample ampoule by Ormarion.jpg to File:Omium tetroxide OsO4 sample ampoule by Ormarion.jpg: Typo</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[File:Omium tetroxide OsO4 sample ampoule by Ormarion.jpg]]</div>
Mabus
https://www.sciencemadness.org/smwiki/index.php?title=File:Osmium_tetroxide_OsO4_sample_ampoule_by_Ormarion.jpg&diff=15579
File:Osmium tetroxide OsO4 sample ampoule by Ormarion.jpg
2024-01-13T18:02:39Z
<p>Mabus: Credit to Ormarion</p>
<hr />
<div>Credit to Ormarion</div>
Mabus
https://www.sciencemadness.org/smwiki/index.php?title=Calcium_hydride&diff=15578
Calcium hydride
2024-01-13T17:58:38Z
<p>Mabus: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Chembox<br />
| Name = Calcium hydride<br />
| Reference =<br />
| IUPACName = Calcium hydride<br />
| PIN =<br />
| SystematicName =<br />
| OtherNames = Calcium(II) hydride<br>Calcium dihydride<br />
<!-- Images --><br />
| ImageFile = Calcium hydride CaH2 sample by Ormarion.jpg<br />
| ImageSize = 270<br />
| ImageAlt = <br />
| ImageName = <br />
| ImageCaption = CaH<sub>2</sub> granules<br />
| ImageFile1 = <br />
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<!-- Sections --><br />
| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers<br />
| 3DMet = <br />
| Abbreviations = <br />
| SMILES = [H-].[H-].[Ca+2]<br />
}}<br />
| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties<br />
| AtmosphericOHRateConstant = <br />
| Appearance = White (pure) or gray (impure) powder<br />
| BoilingPt = <br />
| BoilingPtC = <br />
| BoilingPt_ref = <br />
| BoilingPt_notes = Decomposes<br />
| Density = 1.70 g/cm<sup>3</sup><br />
| Formula = CaH<sub>2</sub><br />
| HenryConstant = <br />
| LogP = <br />
| MolarMass = 42.094 g/mol<br />
| MeltingPt = <br />
| MeltingPtC = 816<br />
| MeltingPt_ref = <br />
| MeltingPt_notes = <br />
| pKa = <br />
| pKb = <br />
| Solubility = Reacts<br />
| SolubleOther = Reacts with alcohols, carboxylic acids<br>Insoluble in common solvents<br />
| Solvent = <br />
| VaporPressure = ~0 mmHg<br />
}}<br />
| Section3 = {{Chembox Structure<br />
| Coordination = <br />
| CrystalStruct = Orthorhombic<br />
| MolShape = <br />
}}<br />
| Section4 = {{Chembox Thermochemistry<br />
| DeltaGf = -142.5 kJ/mol<br />
| DeltaHc = <br />
| DeltaHf = −181.5 kJ·mol<sup>−1</sup><br />
| Entropy = 41.4 J·mol<sup>−1</sup>·K<sup>−1</sup><br />
| HeatCapacity = <br />
}}<br />
| Section5 = {{Chembox Explosive<br />
| ShockSens = <br />
| FrictionSens = <br />
| DetonationV = <br />
| REFactor = <br />
}}<br />
| Section6 = {{Chembox Hazards<br />
| AutoignitionPt = <br />
| ExploLimits = <br />
| ExternalMSDS = [http://www.apolloscientific.co.uk/downloads/msds/IN1388_msds.pdf ApolloScientific]<br />
| FlashPt = <br />
| LD50 = <br />
| LC50 = <br />
| MainHazards = Flammable<br />
| NFPA-F = <br />
| NFPA-H = <br />
| NFPA-R = <br />
| NFPA-S = <br />
}}<br />
| Section7 = {{Chembox Related<br />
| OtherAnions = <br />
| OtherCations = <br />
| OtherFunction = <br />
| OtherFunction_label = <br />
| OtherCompounds = [[Lithium hydride]]<br>[[Sodium hydride]]<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
'''Calcium hydride''' is the chemical compound with the formula '''CaH<sub>2</sub>''', widely used as a drying agent, especially in drying solvents.<br />
<br />
==Properties==<br />
===Chemical===<br />
Calcium hydride reacts with water to release hydrogen gas:<br />
:CaH<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O → Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub> ↑<br />
<br />
===Physical===<br />
Calcium hydride is a grey or white solid powder, insoluble in all solvents. It reacts vigorously with water and alcohols. CaH<sub>2</sub> has a density of 1.70 g/cm<sup>3</sup>.<br />
<br />
==Availability==<br />
CaH<sub>2</sub> is sold by various chemical suppliers.<br />
<br />
==Preparation==<br />
Calcium hydride can be made by reacting dry [[hydrogen]] gas with calcium metal at temperatures between 300 to 400 °C.<br />
<br />
==Projects==<br />
*Dry solvents<br />
*Readily hydrogen source<br />
<br />
==Handling==<br />
===Safety===<br />
Calcium hydride reacts with water, releasing flammable hydrogen gas.<br />
<br />
===Storage===<br />
Calcium hydride is best stored in closed and airtight containers.<br />
<br />
===Disposal===<br />
A simple way of neutralizing calcium hydride is to add it slowly in a large volume of water, in a well ventilated area. A slower, but safer way is to expose calcium hydride to water vapors. Instead of water, long chain alcohols can also be used to neutralize this compound.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
===Relevant Sciencemadness threads===<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=13929 Calcium Hydride]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Chemical compounds]]<br />
[[Category:Inorganic compounds]]<br />
[[Category:Calcium compounds]]<br />
[[Category:Hydrogen compounds]]<br />
[[Category:Metal hydrides]]<br />
[[Category:Bases]]<br />
[[Category:Insoluble compounds]]<br />
[[Category:Reducing agents]]<br />
[[Category:Desiccants]]<br />
[[Category:Materials unstable in acidic solution]]<br />
[[Category:Materials that react with water]]<br />
[[Category:Irritants]]<br />
[[Category:Air-sensitive materials]]<br />
[[Category:Solids]]</div>
Mabus
https://www.sciencemadness.org/smwiki/index.php?title=File:Calcium_hydride_CaH2_sample_by_Ormarion.jpg&diff=15577
File:Calcium hydride CaH2 sample by Ormarion.jpg
2024-01-13T17:56:41Z
<p>Mabus: Credit to Ormarion</p>
<hr />
<div>Credit to Ormarion</div>
Mabus
https://www.sciencemadness.org/smwiki/index.php?title=Acetophenone&diff=15576
Acetophenone
2024-01-13T17:54:46Z
<p>Mabus: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Chembox<br />
| Name = Acetophenone<br />
| Reference = <br />
| IUPACName = Acetophenone<br />
| PIN = 1-Phenylethan-1-one<br />
| SystematicName = <br />
| OtherNames = Acetylbenzene<br>Methyl phenyl ketone<br>Phenylethanone<br />
<!-- Images --><br />
| ImageFile = Acetophenone beaker sample by Ormarion.jpg<br />
| ImageSize = 250<br />
| ImageAlt = <br />
| ImageName = <br />
| ImageCaption = Acetophenone sample, as liquid<br />
| ImageFile1 = <br />
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<!-- Sections --><br />
| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers<br />
| 3DMet = <br />
| Abbreviations = <br />
| SMILES = <br />
}}<br />
| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties<br />
| AtmosphericOHRateConstant = <br />
| Appearance = Colorless solid (<20 °C) or liquid (>20 °C)<br />
| BoilingPt = <br />
| BoilingPtC = 202<br />
| BoilingPt_ref = <br />
| BoilingPt_notes = <br />
| Density = 1.028 g/cm<sup>3</sup><br />
| Formula = C<sub>8</sub>H<sub>8</sub>O<br />
| HenryConstant = <br />
| LogP = <br />
| MolarMass = 120.15 g/mol<br />
| MeltingPt = <br />
| MeltingPtC = 19-20<br />
| MeltingPt_ref = <br />
| MeltingPt_notes = <br />
| Odor = Floral-like<br />
| pKa = <br />
| pKb = <br />
| Solubility = 0.55 g/100 ml (25 °C)<br>1.22 g/100 ml (80 °C)<br />
| SolubleOther = Soluble in [[acetone]], [[benzene]], [[chloroform]], [[diethyl ether]], [[ethanol]], [[glycerol]], lipids<br>Slightly soluble in conc. [[sulfuric acid]]<br />
| Solvent = <br />
| VaporPressure = 0.397 mmHg at 25 °C<br />
}}<br />
| Section3 = {{Chembox Structure<br />
| Coordination = <br />
| CrystalStruct = <br />
| MolShape = <br />
}}<br />
| Section4 = {{Chembox Thermochemistry<br />
| DeltaGf = <br />
| DeltaHc = <br />
| DeltaHf = <br />
| Entropy = <br />
| HeatCapacity = <br />
}}<br />
| Section5 = {{Chembox Explosive<br />
| ShockSens = <br />
| FrictionSens = <br />
| DetonationV = <br />
| REFactor = <br />
}}<br />
| Section6 = {{Chembox Hazards<br />
| AutoignitionPt = 571 °C<br />
| ExploLimits = <br />
| ExternalMSDS = [https://www.docdroid.net/IMsYkSV/acetophenone-sa.pdf.html Sigma-Aldrich]<br />
| FlashPt = 77 °C<br />
| LD50 = <br />
| LC50 = <br />
| MainHazards = Irritant<br />
| NFPA-F = <br />
| NFPA-H = <br />
| NFPA-R = <br />
| NFPA-S = <br />
}}<br />
| Section7 = {{Chembox Related<br />
| OtherAnions = <br />
| OtherCations = <br />
| OtherFunction = <br />
| OtherFunction_label = <br />
| OtherCompounds = [[Benzaldehyde]]<br>[[Phenylacetone]]<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
'''Acetophenone''' is an organic compound, the simplest aromatic [[ketone]]. It has the formula '''C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>C(O)CH<sub>3</sub>'''.<br />
<br />
==Properties==<br />
===Chemical===<br />
Acetophenone is the precursor used in the manufacturing of styrene.<br />
<br />
===Physical===<br />
Acetophenone is a colorless liquid at temperatures higher than room temperature and a solid at lower temperatures, making it an interesting chemical compound.<br />
<br />
==Availability==<br />
Can be bought from chemical suppliers.<br />
<br />
In Canada it's classified as schedule VI, class A precursor. Purchasing requires an EUD.<br />
<br />
==Preparation==<br />
An accessible route involves the pyrolysis of a mixture of calcium acetate and calcium benzoate. Another method is Friedel-Crafts acylation with anhydrous aluminium trichloride, acetyl chloride and benzene.<br />
<br />
==Projects==<br />
*Nice smelling aromas<br />
*Make Biperiden<br />
<br />
==Handling==<br />
===Safety===<br />
Acetophenone has low toxicity and its carcinogenicity hasn't been confirmed.<br />
<br />
===Storage===<br />
Should be kept in closed glass or plastic bottles.<br />
<br />
===Disposal===<br />
Acetophenone should be mixed with a more flammable solvent and incinerated.<br />
<br />
==Gallery==<br />
<gallery widths="200" position="center" columns="4" orientation="none"><br />
Acetophenone_frozen.jpg|Crystals of frozen acetophenone<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
===Relevant Sciencemadness threads===<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=16161 Acetophenone]<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=22040 Synthesis of Acetophenone]<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=12658 Synthesis of Acetophenone by pyrolisys]<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=68879 synthesis of acetophenone]<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=66322 Styrene to Acetophenone]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Chemical compounds]]<br />
[[Category:Organic compounds]]<br />
[[Category:Ketones]]<br />
[[Category:Aprotic solvents]]<br />
[[Category:Fragrant compounds]]<br />
[[Category:Liquids]]</div>
Mabus
https://www.sciencemadness.org/smwiki/index.php?title=File:Acetophenone_beaker_sample_by_Ormarion.jpg&diff=15575
File:Acetophenone beaker sample by Ormarion.jpg
2024-01-13T17:53:37Z
<p>Mabus: Credit to Ormarion</p>
<hr />
<div>Credit to Ormarion</div>
Mabus
https://www.sciencemadness.org/smwiki/index.php?title=Acetyl_chloride&diff=15574
Acetyl chloride
2024-01-08T22:24:54Z
<p>Mabus: /* Preparation */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Chembox<br />
| Name = Acetyl chloride<br />
| Reference =<br />
| IUPACName = Acetyl chloride<br />
| PIN = Acetyl chloride<br />
| SystematicName = Ethanoyl chloride<br />
| OtherNames = Acetic acid chloride<br>Acetic chloride<br />
<!-- Images --><br />
| ImageFile = Acetyl_chloride.jpg<br />
| ImageSize = <br />
| ImageAlt = <br />
| ImageName = Acetyl chloride<br />
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<!-- Sections --><br />
| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers<br />
| 3DMet = <br />
| Abbreviations = <br />
| SMILES = <br />
}}<br />
| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties<br />
| AtmosphericOHRateConstant = <br />
| Appearance = Colorless fuming liquid<br />
| BoilingPt = <br />
| BoilingPtC = 52<br />
| BoilingPt_ref = <br />
| BoilingPt_notes = <br />
| Density = 1.104 g/cm<sup>3</sup><br />
| Formula = CH<sub>3</sub>COCl<br />
| HenryConstant = <br />
| LogP = <br />
| MolarMass = 78.49 g/mol<br />
| MeltingPt = <br />
| MeltingPtC = -112<br />
| MeltingPt_ref = <br />
| MeltingPt_notes = <br />
| Odor = Pungent sharp<br />
| pKa = <br />
| pKb = <br />
| Solubility = Reacts<br />
| SolubleOther = Reacts with alcohols, aldehydes, amines<br>Miscible with glacial [[acetic acid]], [[acetone]], [[benzene]], [[chloroform]], [[diethyl ether]], [[petroleum ether]]<br />
| Solvent = <br />
| VaporPressure = 287 mm Hg (25 °C)<br />
}}<br />
| Section3 = {{Chembox Structure<br />
| Coordination = <br />
| CrystalStruct = <br />
| MolShape = <br />
}}<br />
| Section4 = {{Chembox Thermochemistry<br />
| DeltaGf = <br />
| DeltaHc = 1,013.206 kJ/mol<ref>I.G. Farbenind.; Landolt-Boernstein E II 1651</ref><br />
| DeltaHf = <br />
| Entropy = <br />
| HeatCapacity = <br />
}}<br />
| Section5 = {{Chembox Explosive<br />
| ShockSens = <br />
| FrictionSens = <br />
| DetonationV = <br />
| REFactor = <br />
}}<br />
| Section6 = {{Chembox Hazards<br />
| AutoignitionPt = 390 °C<br />
| ExploLimits = 7.3–19%<br />
| ExternalMSDS = [https://www.docdroid.net/wnkXS2W/acetyl-chloride.pdf.html Sigma-Aldrich]<br />
| FlashPt = 4 °C<br />
| LD50 = <br />
| LC50 = <br />
| MainHazards = Corrosive<br />
| NFPA-F = <br />
| NFPA-H = <br />
| NFPA-R = <br />
| NFPA-S = <br />
}}<br />
| Section7 = {{Chembox Related<br />
| OtherAnions = <br />
| OtherCations = <br />
| OtherFunction = <br />
| OtherFunction_label = <br />
| OtherCompounds = [[Acetic acid]]<br>[[Benzoyl chloride]]<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
'''Acetyl chloride''' is an organic compound, an acyl chloride derived from [[acetic acid]]. It has the formula '''CH<sub>3</sub>COCl'''.<br />
<br />
==Properties==<br />
===Chemical===<br />
Acetyl chloride will react with alcohols to yield esters and [[hydrogen chloride]]:<br />
<br />
: CH<sub>3</sub>COCl + CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>3</sub>OH → CH<sub>3</sub>-COO-CH<sub>2</sub>-CH<sub>3</sub> + HCl<br />
<br />
===Physical===<br />
Acetyl chloride is a colorless fuming liquid, with a strong pungent sharp odor. It reacts with water and alcohols, but is soluble in many other organic solvents.<br />
<br />
==Availability==<br />
Acetyl chloride is sold by chemical suppliers. However, due to its hazards, it is difficult to acquire.<br />
<br />
In some countries its sale is regulated as it can be used to make [[acetic anhydride]], which is used for the manufacture of heroin.<br />
<br />
==Preparation==<br />
Acetyl chloride can be prepared through several ways.<br />
<br />
The most OTC route to obtain acetyl chloride involves the reaction of [[acetonitrile]] and glacial [[acetic acid]] with [[Hydrogen chloride|HCl]], at low temperatures, in a dry atmosphere. Chemplayer made a video, showing that acetyl chloride is produced, though for some reason the yield of this route is not great.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aVYMV3aHuUU</ref><br />
<br />
: CH<sub>3</sub>COOH + CH<sub>3</sub>CN + 2 HCl → CH<sub>3</sub>COCl + CH<sub>3</sub>CONH<sub>2</sub>·HCl<br />
<br />
It's possible lower temperatures and an excess of HCl might be needed to increase the yield.<br />
<br />
An accessible route involves the reaction of [[acetic anhydride]] and [[Hydrogen chloride|HCl]]. Dried HCl gas is bubbled through acetic anhydride. The resulting product is fractionally distilled and the fraction with a close boiling point is collected and further purified. SM member Magpie was able to obtain crude acetyl chloride with a yield of 70% using this method.<br />
<br />
Although if you need acetyl chloride for making the acetic anhydride, this route is not useful.<br />
<br />
Reacting acetic acid with chlorinating agents, such as [[phosgene]], [[phosphorus trichloride]], [[phosphorus pentachloride]], [[thionyl chloride]], will also yield acetyl chloride. This is the most convenient route used in the lab, but these compounds are difficult to obtain and are sensitive to water, making this route expensive.<br />
<br />
Heating a mixture of [[benzoyl chloride]] with [[sodium acetate]] will give acetyl chloride.<br />
<br />
Reaction of chlorine with solid [[acetaldehyde]] at -196.1 °C in the presence of UV light produces acetyl chloride, as well as oligomeric acetaldehyde as major reaction products.<br />
<ref>[http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/j100182a087 Mansueto, Edward S.; Wight, Charles A.; Journal of Physical Chemistry; vol. 96; nb. 3; (1992); p. 1502 - 1504]</ref><br />
<br />
Reacting [[chloromethane]] with [[carbon monoxide]] at 860 °C, in the presence of a catalyst, such as dry (NaPO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>6</sub> or borax will give acetyl chloride.<ref>[http://www.google.com/patents/US2062344 US2062344]</ref><br />
<br />
Another possible route involves reacting [[carbon tetrachloride]] with glacial [[acetic acid]] at 200 °C in the presence of several catalysts, such as MoO<sub>3</sub>-WO<sub>3</sub>, CuO-WO<sub>3</sub>, NiO-MoO<sub>3</sub> or Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-SiO<sub>2</sub>.<ref>[https://www.google.com/patents/US2700679 US2700679]</ref><br />
<br />
One patent claims that one of the products from the hydrolysis of [[chloroform]] in the presence of [[iron(III) chloride]], at temperatures between 150 - 160 °C is acetyl chloride. The process takes place at low pressure.<ref>[https://www.google.com/patents/US1870601 US1870601]</ref><br />
<br />
Reaction of [[sulfuryl chloride]] with [[calcium acetate]] produces acetyl chloride.<ref>[https://worldwide.espacenet.com/searchResults?search=DE%20151864&DB=EPODOC&submitted=true&locale=en_EP&ST=singleline&compact=false&DB=EPODOC&query=DE%20151864 DE151864]</ref><br />
<br />
==Projects==<br />
*Make [[acetic anhydride]]<br />
*Make esters<br />
<br />
==Handling==<br />
===Safety===<br />
Acetyl chloride reacts with moisture to release fumes of hydrogen chloride and acetic acid. These fumes are very corrosive. Proper protection should be worn when handling the compound.<br />
<br />
===Storage===<br />
Acetyl chloride should be stored in air-tight containers in cool and well ventilated places. Schlenk flasks can also be used to store the compound.<br />
<br />
===Disposal===<br />
Acetyl chloride can be neutralized by slowly and carefully dissolving it in a basic solution, then poured down the drain once fully neutralized.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
===Relevant Sciencemadness threads===<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=32991 Preparation of Acetyl Chloride]<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=1433 Acetyl Chloride]<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=3512 Acetyl chloride syntheses]<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=12804 Acetyl Chloride Megathread]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Chemical compounds]]<br />
[[Category:Organic compounds]]<br />
[[Category:Chlorine compounds]]<br />
[[Category:Organochlorine compounds]]<br />
[[Category:Acyl chlorides]]<br />
[[Category:Materials that react with water]]<br />
[[Category:Liquids]]<br />
[[Category:Irritants]]</div>
Mabus
https://www.sciencemadness.org/smwiki/index.php?title=Acetyl_chloride&diff=15573
Acetyl chloride
2024-01-08T22:24:28Z
<p>Mabus: /* Preparation */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Chembox<br />
| Name = Acetyl chloride<br />
| Reference =<br />
| IUPACName = Acetyl chloride<br />
| PIN = Acetyl chloride<br />
| SystematicName = Ethanoyl chloride<br />
| OtherNames = Acetic acid chloride<br>Acetic chloride<br />
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<!-- Sections --><br />
| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers<br />
| 3DMet = <br />
| Abbreviations = <br />
| SMILES = <br />
}}<br />
| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties<br />
| AtmosphericOHRateConstant = <br />
| Appearance = Colorless fuming liquid<br />
| BoilingPt = <br />
| BoilingPtC = 52<br />
| BoilingPt_ref = <br />
| BoilingPt_notes = <br />
| Density = 1.104 g/cm<sup>3</sup><br />
| Formula = CH<sub>3</sub>COCl<br />
| HenryConstant = <br />
| LogP = <br />
| MolarMass = 78.49 g/mol<br />
| MeltingPt = <br />
| MeltingPtC = -112<br />
| MeltingPt_ref = <br />
| MeltingPt_notes = <br />
| Odor = Pungent sharp<br />
| pKa = <br />
| pKb = <br />
| Solubility = Reacts<br />
| SolubleOther = Reacts with alcohols, aldehydes, amines<br>Miscible with glacial [[acetic acid]], [[acetone]], [[benzene]], [[chloroform]], [[diethyl ether]], [[petroleum ether]]<br />
| Solvent = <br />
| VaporPressure = 287 mm Hg (25 °C)<br />
}}<br />
| Section3 = {{Chembox Structure<br />
| Coordination = <br />
| CrystalStruct = <br />
| MolShape = <br />
}}<br />
| Section4 = {{Chembox Thermochemistry<br />
| DeltaGf = <br />
| DeltaHc = 1,013.206 kJ/mol<ref>I.G. Farbenind.; Landolt-Boernstein E II 1651</ref><br />
| DeltaHf = <br />
| Entropy = <br />
| HeatCapacity = <br />
}}<br />
| Section5 = {{Chembox Explosive<br />
| ShockSens = <br />
| FrictionSens = <br />
| DetonationV = <br />
| REFactor = <br />
}}<br />
| Section6 = {{Chembox Hazards<br />
| AutoignitionPt = 390 °C<br />
| ExploLimits = 7.3–19%<br />
| ExternalMSDS = [https://www.docdroid.net/wnkXS2W/acetyl-chloride.pdf.html Sigma-Aldrich]<br />
| FlashPt = 4 °C<br />
| LD50 = <br />
| LC50 = <br />
| MainHazards = Corrosive<br />
| NFPA-F = <br />
| NFPA-H = <br />
| NFPA-R = <br />
| NFPA-S = <br />
}}<br />
| Section7 = {{Chembox Related<br />
| OtherAnions = <br />
| OtherCations = <br />
| OtherFunction = <br />
| OtherFunction_label = <br />
| OtherCompounds = [[Acetic acid]]<br>[[Benzoyl chloride]]<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
'''Acetyl chloride''' is an organic compound, an acyl chloride derived from [[acetic acid]]. It has the formula '''CH<sub>3</sub>COCl'''.<br />
<br />
==Properties==<br />
===Chemical===<br />
Acetyl chloride will react with alcohols to yield esters and [[hydrogen chloride]]:<br />
<br />
: CH<sub>3</sub>COCl + CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>3</sub>OH → CH<sub>3</sub>-COO-CH<sub>2</sub>-CH<sub>3</sub> + HCl<br />
<br />
===Physical===<br />
Acetyl chloride is a colorless fuming liquid, with a strong pungent sharp odor. It reacts with water and alcohols, but is soluble in many other organic solvents.<br />
<br />
==Availability==<br />
Acetyl chloride is sold by chemical suppliers. However, due to its hazards, it is difficult to acquire.<br />
<br />
In some countries its sale is regulated as it can be used to make [[acetic anhydride]], which is used for the manufacture of heroin.<br />
<br />
==Preparation==<br />
Acetyl chloride can be prepared through several ways.<br />
<br />
The most OTC route to obtain acetyl chloride involves the reaction of [[acetonitrile]] and glacial [[acetic acid]] with [[Hydrogen chloride|HCl]], at low temperatures, in a dry atmosphere. Chemplayer made a video, showing that acetyl chloride is produced, though for some reason the yields are crap.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aVYMV3aHuUU</ref><br />
<br />
: CH<sub>3</sub>COOH + CH<sub>3</sub>CN + 2 HCl → CH<sub>3</sub>COCl + CH<sub>3</sub>CONH<sub>2</sub>·HCl<br />
<br />
It's possible lower temperatures and an excess of HCl might be needed to increase the yield.<br />
<br />
An accessible route involves the reaction of [[acetic anhydride]] and [[Hydrogen chloride|HCl]]. Dried HCl gas is bubbled through acetic anhydride. The resulting product is fractionally distilled and the fraction with a close boiling point is collected and further purified. SM member Magpie was able to obtain crude acetyl chloride with a yield of 70% using this method.<br />
<br />
Although if you need acetyl chloride for making the acetic anhydride, this route is not useful.<br />
<br />
Reacting acetic acid with chlorinating agents, such as [[phosgene]], [[phosphorus trichloride]], [[phosphorus pentachloride]], [[thionyl chloride]], will also yield acetyl chloride. This is the most convenient route used in the lab, but these compounds are difficult to obtain and are sensitive to water, making this route expensive.<br />
<br />
Heating a mixture of [[benzoyl chloride]] with [[sodium acetate]] will give acetyl chloride.<br />
<br />
Reaction of chlorine with solid [[acetaldehyde]] at -196.1 °C in the presence of UV light produces acetyl chloride, as well as oligomeric acetaldehyde as major reaction products.<br />
<ref>[http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/j100182a087 Mansueto, Edward S.; Wight, Charles A.; Journal of Physical Chemistry; vol. 96; nb. 3; (1992); p. 1502 - 1504]</ref><br />
<br />
Reacting [[chloromethane]] with [[carbon monoxide]] at 860 °C, in the presence of a catalyst, such as dry (NaPO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>6</sub> or borax will give acetyl chloride.<ref>[http://www.google.com/patents/US2062344 US2062344]</ref><br />
<br />
Another possible route involves reacting [[carbon tetrachloride]] with glacial [[acetic acid]] at 200 °C in the presence of several catalysts, such as MoO<sub>3</sub>-WO<sub>3</sub>, CuO-WO<sub>3</sub>, NiO-MoO<sub>3</sub> or Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-SiO<sub>2</sub>.<ref>[https://www.google.com/patents/US2700679 US2700679]</ref><br />
<br />
One patent claims that one of the products from the hydrolysis of [[chloroform]] in the presence of [[iron(III) chloride]], at temperatures between 150 - 160 °C is acetyl chloride. The process takes place at low pressure.<ref>[https://www.google.com/patents/US1870601 US1870601]</ref><br />
<br />
Reaction of [[sulfuryl chloride]] with [[calcium acetate]] produces acetyl chloride.<ref>[https://worldwide.espacenet.com/searchResults?search=DE%20151864&DB=EPODOC&submitted=true&locale=en_EP&ST=singleline&compact=false&DB=EPODOC&query=DE%20151864 DE151864]</ref><br />
<br />
==Projects==<br />
*Make [[acetic anhydride]]<br />
*Make esters<br />
<br />
==Handling==<br />
===Safety===<br />
Acetyl chloride reacts with moisture to release fumes of hydrogen chloride and acetic acid. These fumes are very corrosive. Proper protection should be worn when handling the compound.<br />
<br />
===Storage===<br />
Acetyl chloride should be stored in air-tight containers in cool and well ventilated places. Schlenk flasks can also be used to store the compound.<br />
<br />
===Disposal===<br />
Acetyl chloride can be neutralized by slowly and carefully dissolving it in a basic solution, then poured down the drain once fully neutralized.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
===Relevant Sciencemadness threads===<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=32991 Preparation of Acetyl Chloride]<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=1433 Acetyl Chloride]<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=3512 Acetyl chloride syntheses]<br />
*[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=12804 Acetyl Chloride Megathread]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Chemical compounds]]<br />
[[Category:Organic compounds]]<br />
[[Category:Chlorine compounds]]<br />
[[Category:Organochlorine compounds]]<br />
[[Category:Acyl chlorides]]<br />
[[Category:Materials that react with water]]<br />
[[Category:Liquids]]<br />
[[Category:Irritants]]</div>
Mabus