Hydroxylammonium chloride

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Hydroxylammonium chloride
Hydroxylamine hydrochloride2.jpg
Hydroxylamine HCl crystals
Names
IUPAC name
Hydroxylammonium chloride
Other names
Hydroxyazanium chloride
Hydroxylamine chloride
Hydroxylamine HCl
Hydroxylamine hydrochloride
Hydroxylammoniumchloride
Properties
[NH3OH]Cl
NH2OH·HCl
Molar mass 69.49 g/mol
Appearance White solid
Odor Odorless
Density 1.67 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Melting point 154–156 °C (309–313 °F; 427–429 K) (decomposition)
94 g/100 ml (25 °C)
Solubility Insoluble in hydrocarbons
Solubility in ethanol 4.43 g/100 ml (20 °C)[1]
Solubility in methanol 16.1 g/100 ml (20 °C)[2]
Hazards
Safety data sheet Sigma-Aldrich
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
642 mg/kg (rat, oral)
Related compounds
Related compounds
Hydroxylammonium nitrate
Hydroxylammonium sulfate
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
Infobox references

Hydroxylammonium chloride or hydroxylamine hydrochloride ([NH3OH]Cl) is the hydrochloric acid salt of hydroxylamine.

Properties

Chemical

Hydroxylamine hydrochloride reacts with ketones to form oximes.

Heating hydroxylamine hydrochloride with sodium nitrite yields nitrous oxide.[3]

NH2OH·HCl + NaNO2 → N2O + NaCl + 2 H2O

Physical

Hydroxylammonium chloride is a white solid, very soluble in water.

Availability

Hydroxylammonium chloride is sold by lab suppliers.

Preparation

Hydroxylammonium chloride can be prepared by reducing acidified potassium nitrite (aka nitrous acid) with potassium bisulfite, which yields hydroxylammonium sulfate. To obtain the chloride, barium chloride is added.[4]

Hydroxylamine hydrochloride can also be made by heating nitromethane with concentrated hydrochloric acid:

CH3NO2 + HCl → NH2OH·HCl + 2 H2O + CO

This reaction is possible to do with the nitromethane/methanol azeotrope, however the yields are considerably lower.[5]

Projects

  • Preparation of oximes and hydroxamic acids
  • Make nitrous oxide
  • Make glyoxime/diacetyldioxime and its red nickel complex

Handling

Safety

Hydroxylammonium chloride is an irritant to the respiratory tract, skin, eyes, and other mucous membranes. It is harmful if swallowed and may be absorbed through the skin. Hydroxylamine and its compounds are considered possible mutagen.

Storage

Hydroxylammonium chloride should be kept in closed plastic bottles, in a cool and safe place.

Hydroxylamine hydrochloride is stable up to 60 °C, above this temperature there will be significant degradation.[6]

Disposal

Hydroxylamine hydrochloride can be neutralized by using a ketone and then gently heating the resulting oxime, which reforms the ketone and releases nitrogen gas and water. It can also be neutralized by diluting it with water and carefully adding ferric salts or other compounds known to accelerate its decomposition.

Reduction of hydroxylamine with Zn/HCl yields ammonia.

Gallery

References

  1. Lobry de Bruyn, C. A.; Rec. Trav. chim.; vol. 10; (1891); p. 102
  2. Lobry de Bruyn, C. A.; Rec. Trav. chim.; vol. 10; (1891); p. 102
  3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uzSe3BDCkF8
  4. https://www.prepchem.com/synthesis-of-hydroxylamine-hydrochloride/
  5. Henry, personal experience. Yield for hydrolysis was 29%
  6. Cisneros, Lizbeth O.; Rogers, William J.; Mannan, M. Sam; Thermochimica Acta; vol. 414; nb. 2; (2004); p. 177 - 183

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