Chlorine

Chlorine

LOL!

Good luck to you Reno!

First you need a hellafied gas burner to heat the sodium chloride to 801 Celsius so it will melt. Next you will have a nice engineering feat of trying to keep the very hot reactive chlorine gas and molten sodium from exploding in your face

Chlorine free radical halogenation light source

Quote: Originally posted by not_important

Quote: Originally posted by MagicJigPipe ... I guess my whole point is. Why is Hg vapor so great and why should I spend the extra time and effort to get one? ... Because as I said earlier, Chlorine radical reactions are triggered by light in the 300 to 380 nm range, with some effectiveness on up to 430 nm or so. The phosphors in a fluorescent lamp convert most of the UV to wavelengths longer than 550 nm http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Fluorescent_lighting... mercury spectrum http://www.lamptech.co.uk/Documents/M3%20Spectra.htm

Why not use a blacklight? It gives off the appropriate wavelength of light "320 and 400 nanometres with a peak at 365 nanometres" The party lights are supposed to block all of the sunburn causing UVB and UVC light. It also blocks all irrelevant light between 400-700 nm." Only UVA is given off. It doesn't get hot to the touch either.

I was able to purchase one for 10 USD with a ballast. It's 60.96 cm ( 24 inches ) long. It's light weight and I can easily clamp it vertically to a stand. This will make it easy to expose refluxing liquids mixed with chlorine gas to UVA light. As an added benefit all of the refluxing liquid and chlorine gas should glow like a glow stick


^ Fluorescent Black Light spectrum with peaks labelled

https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/wiki/Black_light

"Black light fluorescent tubes are typically made in the same way as normal fluorescent lights except that only one phosphor is used and the normally clear glass envelope of the bulb may be replaced by a deep-bluish-purple glass called Wood's glass. Wood's glass is a nickel-oxide–doped glass, which blocks out almost all of the visible light, that is, energy in the electromagnetic spectrum with a wavelength of between about 400 and 700 nanometers."


https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/wiki/Wood%27s_glas...

"Wood's glass is special barium-sodium-silicate glass incorporating about 9% nickel oxide. It is a very deep violet-blue glass, opaque to all visible light rays except longest red and shortest violet. It is quite transparent in the violet/ultraviolet in a band between 320 and 400 nanometres with a peak at 365 nanometres, and a fairly broad range of infrared and the longest, least visible red wavelengths."

http://science.howstuffworks.com/innovation/black-light1.htm

"A tube black light is a basically a fluorescent lamp with a different sort of phosphor coating. This coating absorbs harmful shortwave UV-B and UV-C light and emits UV-A light (in the same basic way the phosphor in a fluorescent lamp absorbs UV light and emits visible light). The "black" glass tube itself blocks most visible light, so in the end only benign long-wave UV-A light, along with some blue and violet visible light, passes through. "

http://www.differencebetween.net/technology/different-betwee...



http://www.skincancer.org/understanding-uva-and-uvb.html



[Edited on 11.23.2010 by slinky]

[Edited on 11.23.2010 by slinky]

I attempted free radical chlorination of toluene as per lien1's post here:
https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=10...

Instead of using a mercury vapour lamp I used a blacklight. As you can see from my previous post, I was quite confident that the blacklight would work because although the light is less intense it is indeed within the specified light spectrum. Post chloronation a fractional distillation was commenced with an insulated snyder column at atmospheric pressure. After the toluene finished coming over the thermometer climbed up to about 163 and there it sat until the temperature climbed to about 190. At around 190 some high boilers started condensing which were a blue/violet colour. My experiment failed to produce products which are consistent with free radical chloronation conditions. Per Organic Chemisrty 2nd edition by Morrison and Boyd p. 386 the products synthesised are consistent with chloronation in the dark.







[Edited on 1.13.2011 by slinky]

Quote: Originally posted by Magpie

I can't envision working with Cl2 without a hood. [Edited on by Magpie]

Bubble it through 10% NaOH, this is what's done industrially and it doesn't involve it getting airborne and then recaptured.

You may have more luck with the CCl3 / CCl4 if the reaction is warmed - perhaps in a vapour phase - as it takes more and more effort to add the chlorines as you go up (although I seem to remember, perhaps incorrectly, that the final chlorine is easier than the third).

We did some theory about this precise series in A-Level chemistry, and the teacher mentioned that he used to knock up some chloroform when kids brought injured pigeons in from the playground, to humanely euthanise them if they were in a bad way.

Take care using free radical methods, the results can occur at an eye popping rate when the light goes on.

[Edited on 13-1-2011 by peach]

Quote: Originally posted by slinky

I'm thinking about cutting a hole in an extra large stainless steel mixing bowl so I can mount the bulb to the center of it.(...)

I would suggest that you look into a reflector made of aluminium. I've noticed that most if not all UV reflectors i've seen are made of aluminium. Perhaps stainless steel, although highly reflective, might absorb some of the UV spectrum(?).

An aluminium bowl/cone/reflector would probably be lighter and easier to work, cut and secure to a frame anyway.

Robert

They may be using aluminium due to the significantly lower cost of buying, pressing and folding it. Damn cheap skates!

Aluminium reflectors around hot lights tend to end up dull with oxide I've found.

Whilst fixing the bathroom up over christmas, I managed to break THREE lights trying to work with the light ring off.

Should have got myself one of those 400W Halide Wobblelights, those things look absolutely perfect!

[Edited on 13-1-2011 by peach]

Hg vapour lights

Quote: Originally posted by peach

Quote: Originally posted by Magpie   I can't envision working with Cl2 without a hood. [Edited on by Magpie] Bubble it through 10% NaOH, this is what's done industrially and it doesn't involve it getting airborne and then recaptured. [Edited on 13-1-2011 by peach]

Working with chlorine outside of a hood is fine so long as you respect the chlorine and HCl and capture it correctly.

When I first started chloronating the toluene I had a thin glass tube bubbling the offgassing HCl through a 10% NaOH solution. A lot of the HCl was not reacting with the NaOH and escaping with this method. I remembered that Lambda-Eyde used an inverted glass funnel to capture bromine fumes in the bromine thread.
https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=69...



I promptly switched to the inverted glass funnel and placed a heavy flask weight around the neck to keep the funnel submerged in a deep NaOH solution. This worked great. The sunken weighted funnel causes the HCl to have to push down hard on the surface of the NaOH in an effort to escape. I adjusted the chlorine generator drip rate (about 2 drops per second ) to the rate that the solution could accept the offgassing HCl. There is no bubbling at all in the scrubber once the atmosphere within the glassware becomes saturated with HCl. This works much better than a tube bubbling imo. I just checked the PH from time to time and added more NaOH as needed.





[Edited on 1.14.2011 by slinky]

Quote: Originally posted by Arthur Dent

I would suggest that you look into a reflector made of aluminium. I've noticed that most if not all UV reflectors i've seen are made of aluminium. Perhaps stainless steel, although highly reflective, might absorb some of the UV spectrum(?).