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semiconductive
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Orange-limonene reaction and sulfuric acid, color chemistry
I've bought orange oil from the store, "Howard Orange Oil, Wood polish" expecting it to be a cheap source of D-limonene. I'm a beginner at
Chemistry, and would like some opinions about my experiment and conclusions.
The Howard bottle says it contains petrolium distillates ... but D-limonene is likely cheaper to get from Oranges, and it does smell like Oranges and
not so much lemon.
When I look at the liquid, it has an orange color (like the rhind of an Orange.)
However, when I look up D-limonene, the terpene (alkene) is stated to be "colorless."
http://www.sciencemadness.org/smwiki/index.php/Limonene
So, I assume there is some kind of impurity in Orange oil that gives it the Orange color.
But I'm curious about the reactivity of D-limonene to strong acids/bases etc.
When I was studying low density bi-layers for an experiment with Iron Pyrite (FeS2), I was told that perhaps limonene being an aromatic alkene was
reacting with my non-aquatic ionic solvents;.
@clearly_not_atara
https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=15...
So I wanted to see how reactive it was compared to kerosine.
All alkanes in in Kerosine, like Nonane-Decane, are also clear. So it would be hard to tell alkanes added to orange oil apart from D-limonene.
The Odor of oranges is there, though, so I'm pretty sure there is D-limonene in Howard's. The same's true with "goo be gone." But that could be a
coloring gimmick ...
So, I decided to try an experiment. Sulfuric acid, when refluxed, eventually becomes strong enough (looses water) to even strip hydrogen off of
alkanes. But, if it's mixed with Iron Pyrite (fools gold), the Pyrite should dissolve into solution before the acid gets that strong. ( Intuitive
idea. ) So, I planned to use pyrite to weaken the ultimate concentration the sulfuric acid can reach.
If I mix pyrite with hot HCL, I smell rotten eggs. However, when I mix it with H2SO4 (aq) bought from Napa for batteries, the acid turns
reddish-orange (even with no D-limonene mixed in). No scent of rotten eggs is smelled. So, I *think* that very little free H2-S is released from
Sulfuric Acid boiling, and most H2-S acid that exists is being kept in solution as an ion. ( Or else, the pyrite is dissolving as FeS or FeS2, and no
H2-S or sulfate ion is being produced in the first place. In any event, I added a little citric acid to make sure it favors the dissolution of
iron-sulfide as much as possible to keep the acid as weak as possible while building up in concentration.
Then I pour Orange oil on top of the acid, and let it reflux at about 104 to 110C. If oxygen is allowed in the bottle, some of the orange oil will
blacken slowly on top. If not, what happens is immediately (even without fools gold) the orange color of the Orange oil fades a little bit, and the
sulfuric acid becomes very orange. Adding fools gold only darkens it more with time and heating .....
So, I think whatever colors Orange oil, Orange, is very soluble in acids.
I know from patents that sulfuric acid will turn a-pinene into an alcohol of some kind (from turpentine) which has an orangish-resin color. So, I
reasoned that the same kind of chemical reaction is likely to occur with D-limonene and acid; I would except it to create an OH radical somehow ...
if it's not done so fast as to "burn" the Orange oil.
But, what I'm seeing in the flask is that the quantity of D-limonene is staying essentially constant but the Orange color is disappearing. The
liquid on top of the bi-layer is becoming more and more clear, and still floats on top of the concentrating sulfuric acid.
The following flask has been run twice with the same orange oil, and the Sulfuric acid replaced. The first time I ran it was for two hours, and a
short reflux column (3 inches).
Absolutely no burning or blackening was seen. The second time I ran it with a longer reflux column for 12 hours. The H2SO4 was not reduced in
volume significantly, but only a very tiny amount of brown material stuck to the glass in a ring at the air-oil interface. When I removed the reflux
column, I could see a white steam leave the bottle with the smell of citrus (not orange, specifically) and I allowed it to boil for another two hours.
The H2SO4 (battery acid from Napa), decreased in volume by about half and became much darker orange. The Orange oil became a pale yellow (hard to
see in the photo) and a lot more blackening showed up above the oil.
So, qualititaviely, I am concluding that the D-limonene is not likely reacting with the strong sulfuric acid and producing an alcohol or resin, like
a-pinene is supposed to do.
But rather, something in the oil is burning in air ...
If I repeat the experiment with alkanes, (clear), about the same happens. Some slight blackening occurs in a ring at the air-kerosine layer after 12
hours of refluxing, but no noticeable volume change happens.
With D-limonene, or A-Pinene, is it not the double bond of at least one carbon atom which makes it an alkene, rather than a saturated alkane?
If the double bond makes it an aromatic hydrocarbon, wouldn't that also suggest the double bonded carbon is the location where lysis, or conversion to
alcohol/resin would be initiated most easily ?
Am I correct in assuming no significant D-limonene reaction happened, since an alcohol or resin would be soluble in an acid (making an ester.) but no
significant volume change means no significant amount of D-limonene reacted with H2SO4?
Also, in water ... ligands usually give the liquid the color. In oil, is that also the same ?
Is the orange color a complex of something, and therefore more likely to be chemically reactive than a hydrophobic oil would be?
[Edited on 27-6-2020 by semiconductive]
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Ubya
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wait what? limonene is not aromatic, at all.
you have done a bit of testing but the results can't tell you much, you started with a liquid that contained limonene, but it wasn't the only thing,
you said it was orange in color, limonene is clear, so before any experiment with sulfuric acid you would need to purify that first.
The discoloration you are seeing could be limonene, or it could be anything else that is in that orange oil, you can't know until you try with pure
limonene.
nice experiment but it could be anything
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semiconductive
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I'm an amateur, without a whole lot of reagent grade chemicals around.
I'm looking for qualitative tests and speculation (likelihood.)
I thought aromatics smelled, and aliaphatics didn't.
Orange is a pretty strong odor, though citrus/lemon is very faint.
Does you mean both isomers of Limonene are aliaphatics?
Cymene has more double carbon bonds than Limonene, so I guess that alternating set of single and double carbon bonds in the carbon ring is what
clearly makes Cymene aromatic.
But when I compare that to saturated alkanes, eg: Kerosine -- doesn't have any double bonds ... and pretty much are odorless.
So, in an impure limonene sample (likely D-Isomer/enantiomer is orange smell ) ---
What likely increases the chemical reactivity enough that I smell Orange? (I mean, it could just be orange peel extract for all I know. )
Isn't odor in the nose because of chemical reactivity?
It seems backward that aromatics would have less chemical reactivity than things that don't smell.
I see the definition of huckel's rule, but I don't understand the subtlety well.
Turpines definitely smell, and both Cymene and Limonene (at least D) are supposed to smell. 
[Edited on 28-6-2020 by semiconductive]
[Edited on 28-6-2020 by semiconductive]
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DraconicAcid
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Non-aromatic compounds aren't odourless- they just lacked the characteristic odour that the first aromatic compounds to be discovered had. The
chemical meaning of "aromatic" is now completely divorced from its original meaning of smelly.
Alkanes such as hexane an cyclohexane aren't odourless; alkenes tend to have stronger smells. Odour is not a function of reactivity, but how it
interacts with nasal receptors (which is a physical interaction- smelling something does not break down or otherwise change the molecule).
Please remember: "Filtrate" is not a verb.
Write up your lab reports the way your instructor wants them, not the way your ex-instructor wants them.
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semiconductive
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Quote: Originally posted by DraconicAcid  | | Non-aromatic compounds aren't odourless- they just lacked the characteristic odour that the first aromatic compounds to be discovered had. The
chemical meaning of "aromatic" is now completely divorced from its original meaning of smelly. |
I see.
Someone knowledgeable should modify the wikipedia article which misses this essential point of modern chemistry. It's a bit mis-leading and I don't
have the expertise.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliphatic_compound
I read ancient Greek, so I know:
Oleo is Greek for oil, as in olives liquified.
Alia-FAT-ic is Greek for fat, as in solidified oil or animal fat.
The nuances have changed, slightly, (triglycerides, fatty acids, and all), but the idea is still connected to modern chemistry.
But aromatikos has changed in meaning. This is something a general encyclopedia should note so as not to confuse amateurs ....
| Quote: |
Alkanes such as hexane an cyclohexane aren't odourless; alkenes tend to have stronger smells. |
Heaxane should be in paraffanic Kerosine, and I don't smell anything.
It doesn't seem to be in a distillate from Kerosine that cooks off below 100C, and recondenses. At least, I can't smell it -- and I have tried
distilling by temperature variation (computer controlled temperature still with Alihn condensor. )
Hmmm.... is pure hexane odorless? Or does it have an isomer that smells?
Doesn't seem *likely* to have an isomer if it's an alkane.... but it's against the experience I've just been trying to gain.
On the other hand....
cyclohexane, that has the ring structure of carbon again.
Carbon ring molecules tend to have an odor, and that seems to be a pattern I've noticed.
| Quote: |
Odour is not a function of reactivity, but how it interacts with nasal receptors (which is a physical interaction- smelling something does not break
down or otherwise change the molecule). |
OK. So, what's the general difference between reactivity and interaction?
It's not like individual molecules are big enough to be "touched" easily, so there must be some very special "fingers" in olfactory nerve cells. Eg:
something like an enzymatic reaction, perhaps or Is it a misnomer to say enzymatic and reaction in the same sentence?
What is the hierarchy of 'less' reactive bonds in terms of aromatics and alkenes?
Is a single instance of double carbon bond ( limonene ) more or less reactive than a series of double bonds next to single bonds ( cymene )? How do
we tell?
Is there a thermodynamic, or potentiometric measure of "reactivity" ?
eg: Is a carbon-hydogen bond stronger or weaker because it's attached to a carbon with resonating "double" bonds?
Is the threshold energy for "reaction" measureable in Joules, seconds, or something analytical?
So, if I understand you correctly -- the ornage color with Orange odor -- (if it is D-Limonene) -- does not necessarily have a reactive radical (OH)
or other chemical to differentiate it from colorless (R-Limonene) ?
What (then) makes the fruit peel of, Oranges, Orange?
Is it not a chelate or ligand, which is the typical reason for colored water?
How might I try a simple experiment to test for this chemical and differentiate it from Limonene ?
I'm getting into a lot of descriptions on chemicals where the reality (when I test it) isn't as clear cut as the descriptions of the chemicals in
articles.
eg: Iron pyrite is supposed to release H2S gas when in contact with strong acids.
HCL is strong ... H2SO4 is stronger .... but I only smell rotten eggs with HCL.
I don't think my nose is bad, and I haven't been poisoned by excessive H2S when using Sulphuric; so I don't think my nose was "overloaded."
I had the DHS called on me because I supposedly had Sulfuric acid years ago around my kids, when all I had was epsom salt and plaster of paris. So,
I'm buying the stuff and testing it to see what is and isn't safe (outside) in a controlled environment while my kids aren't around, so false
accusations can't be made against me for what supposedly happened years ago. I want to know what is and isn't really dangerous with it.
I know my mom's nose is more sensitive than mine (I'm a man, and I seriously can't smell some of the stuff she claims to smell. ) But, I'm not sure
what to make of chemical descriptions that don't seem to match experiments I've tried.
Do you think it's me, or is hexane truly an "odor" that would be legally found in "odorless" Kerosine that the people selling the product just can't
smell ?
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Ubya
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| Quote: | | Someone knowledgeable should modify the wikipedia article which misses this essential point of modern chemistry. It's a bit mis-leading and I don't
have the expertise. |
"Aliphatics can be cyclic; however, hydrocarbons with conjugated pi-systems that obey Hückel's rule are instead considered to be aromatic"
this is the definition, i don't see where you made the connection smelly=aromatic
| Quote: | Hmmm.... is pure hexane odorless? Or does it have an isomer that smells?
Doesn't seem *likely* to have an isomer if it's an alkane.... but it's against the experience I've just been trying to gain. |
wait what, please tell me what an isomer is, i'm pretty sure that not only your definition of aromatic is wrong, but also the definition of isomer.
yeah hexanes have a smell, if you can't smell something it isn't an objective measurement, many people can't smell many things.
| Quote: | | what's the general difference between reactivity and interaction? |
you touching a water bottle, that's an interaction, your hand burning in air, that's a reaction. let's make it easy for you to understand, if you
smell something, your cells are not reacting with it, they are not giving a product like smelly molecule+odor receptors=different molecule, the smelly
molecule interacts with your smell receptors, it touches, it fits the structure of the receptor like 2 puzzle pieces fitting togheter (very basic
explanation).
ok all the rest of your message is pretty hard to answer bit by but, in general you have a lot of confusion, you have some idea of ligands,
thermodynamics and instrumental analytical tests, but you clearly lack A LOT of basic concepts.
| Quote: | It's not like individual molecules are big enough to be "touched" easily, so there must be some very special "fingers" in olfactory nerve cells. Eg:
something like an enzymatic reaction, perhaps or Is it a misnomer to say enzymatic and reaction in the same sentence?
|
why not, molecules hit eachother all the time, when 2 or more molecules feel a force they are interacting, maybe the nuclei are not "touching"
(otherwise you have a nuclear reaction) but ions can feel an electrostatic repulsion or attraction, that's interacting, they could feel van der waals
forces, that's interacting, etc.
do you thing that when you press your finger on your keyboard the nuclei of your skin are "touching" the nuclei of the plastic? nop the atoms of your
finger are feeling a repulsion from the atoms of the plastic, be it electrostatic, or dipolar, or van der waals (100% is a combination of all of
them), so even here, your concept of touching is wrong.
| Quote: | What is the hierarchy of 'less' reactive bonds in terms of aromatics and alkenes?
Is a single instance of double carbon bond ( limonene ) more or less reactive than a series of double bonds next to single bonds ( cymene )? How do we
tell? |
you need to read a bit about bond energies. the easy explanation is that the shorter the bond, the higher the energy to break it, but everything
depends on what atoms you are considering and the other atoms near it. sorry i don't think anyone is going to write here an answer for you, it's not
just one rule, you need to consider many variables.
| Quote: | | Is there a thermodynamic, or potentiometric measure of "reactivity" ? |
in theory everything can react with everything, the difference is the reaction conditions. nitrogen doesn't react with oxigen, but this is valid only
at standart temperature and pressure, if you increase the temperature to a few thousands degrees they react quite easily, or if you increase the
pressure to a few hundreds bars and a few hundreds degrees (like in a combustion engine) some will react.
it's not a yes or no thing if something reacts, it is more a "in what condition this reacts?" and to answer that you need thermodynamics, entalphy
enthorpy, free energy etc etc, thermodynamics is really my achilles tendon
| Quote: | | Is the threshold energy for "reaction" measureable in Joules, seconds, or something analytical? |
joules, it is an energy
| Quote: | | So, if I understand you correctly -- the ornage color with Orange odor -- (if it is D-Limonene) -- does not necessarily have a reactive radical (OH)
or other chemical to differentiate it from colorless (R-Limonene) ? |
if you are asking this you have no idea of what that R and D means, they are the same in this case, D and L are relative configurations, and they are
based on the D and L glyceraldehyde configurations, R and S are absolute configurations and deal with each chirality center.
| Quote: | | What (then) makes the fruit peel of, Oranges, Orange? |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinensetin five minutes of google search. there's a say "10 hours in the library are equivalent of 6 months in the
lab"
| Quote: | | I'm getting into a lot of descriptions on chemicals where the reality (when I test it) isn't as clear cut as the descriptions of the chemicals in
articles. |
because the articles are probably using pure compounds, while you are using mixtures, orange oil is not pure limonene, so you can't hope to get the
same results. if a sythesis uses ammonia but you use pee (that has ammonia) you can bet your house that you won't get the same thing.
| Quote: | eg: Iron pyrite is supposed to release H2S gas when in contact with strong acids.
HCL is strong ... H2SO4 is stronger .... but I only smell rotten eggs with HCL. |
again, you are comparing acids without considering concentration, 37% HCl is stronger than 1% H2SO4. probably the issue is the oxidation state of the
sulphur, in pyrite it is -1, in H2S it is -2, if you react it with strong enough HCl, some Cl- would oxidize to Cl2 and reduce S(-1) to S(-2) and form
H2S, sulphuric acid won't do that in dilute solutions and room temperature.
| Quote: | | Do you think it's me, or is hexane truly an "odor" that would be legally found in "odorless" Kerosine that the people selling the product just can't
smell ? |
you can't smell
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semiconductive
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| Quote: |
"Aliphatics can be cyclic; however, hydrocarbons with conjugated pi-systems that obey Hückel's rule are instead considered to be aromatic"
this is the definition, i don't see where you made the connection smelly=aromatic
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I did a google Search... for 5 minutes ... and my library time was not well spent.
Let me give you a clue as to what I (and other's) have found on wikipedia and other sites when reading up on basic chemistry.
Since the page has just changed where I read one definition ... I note a "talk" page on aromatics that shows the very articles that confused me and
why. So, I'm not the only one who has gotten bad information. A-pinene, a turpene, is one of the chemicals that I was looking at when designing this
experiment. eg: Patents on producing orange resin were origially tried for producing the red color of the resin used on violins. Unfortunately, the
red color usually doesn't stay ... and the red is usually faked by adding iron impurities or even dried animal blood. Pine resins tend to make
violins Orange (or worse, horrors!) pink.
| Quote: |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Aromaticity
Why Aromatic?
(1) Were aromatic compounds really named for their strong aromas? The aromaticity article says both yes and no: a qualified, careful no
(at the top) and then a yes (in the body). On the other hand, the terpene article says yes.
(2) Is it really true that terpenes are often (chemically speaking) aromatic? The aromaticity article says no (at the top), the terpene
article says yes (at the top).
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wait what, please tell me what an isomer is, i'm pretty sure that not only your definition of aromatic is wrong, but also the definition of isomer.
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Iso-mer, Iso=same, meros=parts. So, the word just means having the same constituents. In Chemistry, it's going to mean having the same empirical
formula for the atoms. However, the ordering or connection of the atoms may be done in different ways between isomers.
Optical isomers, for example, tend to have the same atoms, but affect light differently (usually polarity.) I think the classic experiment was with
tartrate crystals.
Heat, used on terpenes, can cause the molecules to re-arange the organization of the bonds; and the article and patent talks about these differences
as "isomers." This is common in many other articles I've read. For example .. 5 seconds of Google search:
https://learn.woahstork.com/terpenes/pinenes-alpha-pinene-vs...
Note, I've been getting ads for cannabis production using pinenes and it annoys me. It seems like every time I do a web search, some drug related
usage comes up for a perfectly normal chemical used in artwork and music. I am not interested in making drugs of any kind....
| Quote: |
Quote:
What (then) makes the fruit peel of, Oranges, Orange?
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinensetin five minutes of google search. there's a say "10 hours in the library are equivalent of 6 months in the
lab"
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Ummm.... no 10 hours in the library are not equivalent.
Look at that page you gave me; as of today, June 2020, it doesn't tell you that the chemical has the color Orange.
You're a person with great experience ... I admire that. But, I wouldn't be able to interpret the page you gave me in the same way you do.
I can believe that .... but, just following up on your library comment:
I see, I did mess up D and L with R and S. Dextro, Levulo, are latin for Right and Left handed.
Thank you for pointing that out. I didn't check the abbreviations.... 
But, how would a straight chain of Carbons with hydrogen on all sides ... hexane ... as an alkane, be able to have an isomer without forming a ring
structure? It seems to me the carbons with two or three hydrogens each would be free to rotate; and therefore, there is no definite chirality to a
straight chain hydocarbon. It looks amorphous to me or unable to form a chirality.
There's no obvious spiraling in it, like in an amino acid.
| Quote: |
t touches, it fits the structure of the receptor like 2 puzzle pieces fitting togheter (very basic explanation).
ok all the rest of your message is pretty hard to answer bit by but, in general you have a lot of confusion, you have some idea of ligands,
thermodynamics and instrumental analytical tests, but you clearly lack A LOT of basic concepts.
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Good. That's what interests me.... when they "touch" in some way, the energy triggers a chemical reaction inside the nerve cell. So, at very least
... an electron has to be "excited" to a higher orbital, to trigger a chemical reaction.
Electricity, is what I'm good at -- I'm an electrical engineer.
It's not that I don't understand that molecules "fit" shape wise, and touch, and that can cause physical motion. There are many physical chemistry
effects like sugar dissolving in water, and sugar-water drying out to release sugar crystals again. No chemical change occurs. But at the same
time, I tend to think that many reversible chemical reactions probably happened to the sugar when it dissolved in water. For example, alcohol, or
-OH radicals, can often release (temporarily) a hydrogen atom or OH; but on average, the ionization doesn't cause a permanent change to the substance
(alcohol.)
Sugars seem to have a similar -OH chemical in many cases, and are probably similar to alcohols chemically. Something I will look into more as I have
time.
I was simply not aware of a chemical reaction being *triggered* in the nose cells without some kind of reaction happening. I will leave it at that,
and study the issue online in the 'library'. Thanks for your time.
| Quote: |
because the articles are probably using pure compounds, while you are using mixtures, orange oil is not pure limonene, so you can't hope to get the
same results. if a sythesis uses ammonia but you use pee (that has ammonia) you can bet your house that you won't get the same thing.
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Obviously, but when I say I get into a lot of articles where I don't get the reactions stated; even when I do buy the expensive purified chemical, I
often don't get the same result. period.
When I mix spent "dry-z-air" with "epsom salt" both are impure. But I do get a white snowy precipitate from the metastasis reaction that produces
"plaster of paris" CaSO4. So, I wouldn't bet my house that using impure dry-z-air, which has table salt and other things in it ... won't prouduce
plaster of paris. That is the way I made plaster for a swamp simulation to get Amano Shrimp to breed (also fools gold was included). It actually
worked ... Amano shrimp react more to the presence of CaSO4 than they do to salinity changes when breeding. This comes from years of listening to
PhD's talk about swamp ecology ... and three hours of experimentation that were successful using iron nails, epsom salt, and dry-z-air.
I understand your concern.
It's possible the "Orange oil" I bought in the store is fake. That's always possible. But in general, I tend to think it's * mostly* orange oil; but
contaminated by a little bit of paraffin used to extract the limonene in an industrial process. eg: steam distillation is a bit more costly than
simpler press extraction methods that merely try to "reject" water by solubility in oil.
People don't like it when companies "lie" about what their product is, totally. So, there pretty much needs to be some Orange oil in a product labeled
"Orange oil." I would make a bet, having relatives from Florida, I visit, that it's more than 50% Orange oil extract. I could be wrong .... but
Orange peels are *cheap*.
I really am interested in creative ways to test chemicals and discover the truth behind the mixtures.
Let me show off some more expeiments; for example,
Fools gold (impure) plating thin fools gold onto a washer; the dissolution of Carbon when Sulfur is introduced to the electrolyte, and a typical
electrolysis experiment. I'll post pictures after I eat dinner ....
When I said "H2SO4" is stronger than "HCL" --- I specifically talked about concentrating it in the opening post.
It's a two proton acid, that reacts quicker as the concentration is raised.
Curious that FeS2 dissolves into it ... and doesn't release a lot of H2S.
Even more curious, the conductivity of the solution drops drastically once pyrite is dissolved in it.
[Edited on 1-7-2020 by semiconductive]
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Deathunter88
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You should probably brush up your knowledge before going around yapping (look up Dunning–Kruger effect. Mixing your limonene with sulfuric acid is
just going to destroy the double bond and not prove very much. A better idea would be to distill the oil and separate out the fraction at 176C. Also
kerosene doesn't contain hexane, it is mostly decane-dodecane derivatives. Hexane (and hexene) is the primary ingredient of gasoline however.
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semiconductive
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Here's some photos, and they're limited.
I'm not sure what's with my camera today ... but when I upload pictures to my computer, many of the pictures don't open correctly and have to be
cropped.
After running the previous experiment, I chilled the contents in a freezer over the weekend. You can see darker matter stuck to the wall of the empty
vial, which I moved the liquid to the other vial. The amount of loss after freezing is about the amount of citric acid I put in at the start of the
experiment. The solution is very clear, with no burnt matter in it.
This is a picture of the electrochemistry cell I use to test conductivity and attempt plating. Normally, the sand in the bottom of the glass cell is
fools gold (Iron Pyrite) color; but my last experiment I bought sulfur (for the first time ever); I wanted to see if it would dissolve under
electrical potential into sulfuric acid. I never had sulfur (straight) in the past, even though the DHS claims I told them I put "sulfur" in my
fishtank... SO4 ... Sulfur ... yeah, they're not wrong ... but not right, either. Anyhow, in this experiment ... the sulfur actually hardened the
fools gold together from a powder into a solid during the electrolysis experiment. It's hard as a rock, now. Oddly enough, the pyrite has lost it's
gold tone after being electrolyzed with elemental sulfur S8.
This is the electrolysis cell, being set up to see if the solution I processed at start of this thread is conductive. There is a steel washer in the
mix, and a graphite electrode (AA battery cell.) The electrode is contaminated with a small amount of Manganese, but after treateing with HCl they
are pretty inert. Unfortunately, in the last experiment with sulfuric acid and elemental sulfur, for the first time almost half the carbon electrode
dissolved into solution and immediately re-precipitated out on the electrode again with Iron Pyrite cementing the carbon dust together. Oddly
enough, Iron Pyrite does not like to electroplate out on the Cathode (- electrode); but actually likes to form on an anode or electro-positive metal
-- like aluminum. Put an aluminum wire in the liquid ... and it will coat with Iron Pyrite.
There are three electrodes in the cell; a positive pulsing carbon electrode; a neutral Iron Pyrite electrode; and a negative pulsing steel washer used
as a cathode.
When I turned the power on, 1mA (practically nothing) flowed at 172V of potential.
Note, the power is pulsed DC to prevent current from going from carbon electrode directly to steel washer. So, the Iron Pyrite alternately receives
+flow electricty from the anode, and then during a different cycle returns +electric charge to the washer/cathode.
so, the liquid does not have many ions in it after being concentrated.
However, when I reversed the polarity making the pyrite positively charged, and the carbon rod neutral; THEN 50mA began flowing. So, iron pyrite
likes to ionize the fluid with positively charged atoms. Probably iron ions... but I'll have to wait and see what plates out.
This is the cathode (plating target) from the last sulfur/Sulfuric acid experiments. The small washer was the initial test target, and was plated
with 10mA 3V for about an hour. It has a golden film on it (hard to see) which is iron pyrite. It's a semiconductor and tests positive for point
contact diode tests. (Schottky).
The larger washer was left in the plating solution for 3 days at 70mA (~3V) and the part that is most brightly silvery was in the electrolyte. The
part that is duller, above, was not in the electrolyte and was that color from the previous experiment. A silvery metal, possibly nickel
contamination in the pyrite or zinc, or else just an unusually bright deposit of iron (This is not what Iron normally looks like after plating) is the
only thing that remained. Pyrite did not plate out after elemental sulfur equilibriated with the solution, unlike what it did when sulfuric acid was
mostly pure at the start of the experiment with citric acid only.
Fishtanks ... ammonia ... and history:
Fish "pee" urea out their gills, as do shrimp. Sulfur bacteria (or possibly archaea) can take CaSO4 and turn it into FeS2, by using using urea in the
water as "fuel." Read up on the sulfur cycle if you want to understand why most swamps smell like sulfuric acid and have dark acidic greenish-soil.
The fishtank experiment I did years ago used iron nails and plaster to form a "fake" swamp bed that was trying to replicate the kind of swamp Amano
shrimp came from in Japan.
My dad worked for U.S. Fish and Wildlife, So I get lots of input about what kind of soil is "proably" in swamps ....  USGS reports confirm the things I was told in the U.S.
The sulfur loving bacteria also happens to be 'a' reason shrimp love swamps. They feed off bacteria and cyanobacteria.
My experiment started with five Amano shrimp in 2013, and they bred and I had 200 hundred of them within three months of introducing pyrite/sulfur
cycle into the tank.
Ten months later I had a second wave of shrimp. But unfortunately, i did something ignorant. I switched from Chlorox Bleach to clean my tank tools
with (because my mom's allergic to Chlorox/Chlorine), and tried OxyBleach a sodium peroxide bleach.
eg: Probably sodium hydroxide and carbonate in an adduct (interaction) with hydrogen peroxide. I don't mean a chemical "reacted" Na Peroxide; but I'm
not totally sure on that.
Amano Shrimp are killed by even the smallest amount of peroxide. So the supposedly "cleaner"/safer environmentally more friendly bleach, actually
killed them from just the tiniest residue. Regular chlorox didn't bother them (or honey bees) at all. Weird how our human ideas of "clean"
chemicals and what "nature" needs can be two very different things. I'm pretty sure even 1 drop of 3% hydrogen peroxide could have euthanized all of
the shrimp. Very depressing end to an excellent start....
Every chemical has it's place on the earth, and places that it should not be.
It takes intelligence to figure out what goes where, safely, not just television commercials about what's safe to use on your laundry and silverware
and what isn't.
[Edited on 1-7-2020 by semiconductive]
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semiconductive
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You should probably brush up your knowledge before going around yapping (look up Dunning–Kruger effect. Mixing your limonene with sulfuric acid is
just going to destroy the double bond and not prove very much. A better idea would be to distill the oil and separate out the fraction at 176C. Also
kerosene doesn't contain hexane, it is mostly decane-dodecane
derivatives. Hexane (and hexene) is the primary ingredient of gasoline however. |
Everything I said is based on what I have read, and experiments done to test things. I'll look up Dunning-Kruger.
I'm not God nor omniscient .... nor proud. But, no amount of reading can substitute for experience.
Lamp lighter kerosine contains at least n-hexane according to government reports, and that includes ASTM brands which are *also* used in the USA.
I assume it's more than trace amounts in order for it to pose any health risk:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3664014/
How would I do a distillation test to see if the stuff I have has any hexane in it or not ... I do have a still. Stuff DOES distill out of the
paraffin kerosine at less than 110C.
In any event...
I was hoping to destroy some bond or another and produce an alcohol like substance.
Ummm .... That was the point of the experiment ?!
Eg: Pinene is ruined by H2SO4 when making resins and generally gets an -OH radical added.
I thought limonene might share the same weakness .... (apparently not?, but i'll have to do more tests. )
I don't recall the exact patent, but for example -- there were a lot of them made by people trying to make resins for "shellack" like processes.
Here's a typical example:
https://patents.google.com/patent/US3313865A/en
Synthetic rubber was another reason people were trying to mess with turpentine to synthesize cheap plastics.
In general, these experiments use strong mineral acids and aluminum as a catalyst.
I got several batches of pine resin directly from trees, and Douglas Fir connifers to test with.
The patents I was checking were expired, anyway.
Some of the data in the early books on rubber chemistry and patents I can reproduce, some I can't.
Mostly, like the above patent, the halogens are more effective at causing certain transformations to happen.
Sulfuric acid, when used, has a tendency to make whatever it comes in contact with act like a base by destroying something. It's too strong in most
cases to produce anything useful.
In my own tests, I get resins (OK), from processing turpentine with mineral acids. They are not very impressive resins, though.
Not what I would call an industrial grade plastic.
I think many of these patents are probably useless in reality, because the lack the detail necessary to actually replicate what the inventor did.
They are more "speculative" than reality; which makes me wonder why the patent was issued in the first place....
[Edited on 1-7-2020 by semiconductive]
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Ubya
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But, how would a straight chain of Carbons with hydrogen on all sides ... hexane ... as an alkane, be able to have an isomer without forming a ring
structure? It seems to me the carbons with two or three hydrogens each would be free to rotate; and therefore, there is no definite chirality to a
straight chain hydocarbon. It looks amorphous to me or unable to form a chirality.
There's no obvious spiraling in it, like in an amino acid |
an isomer is a very broad term, we then use specific terms ro pinpoint what kind of isomer we are talking about. ethane, pretty simple uh? is has
isomers! they are called conformers.
hexane has conformers but also structural isomers, n-hexane is a structural isomer of hexane, same for 2-methylpentane, 3-methylpentane,
2,3-dimethylbutane, 2,2-dimethylbutane, that's why you usually hear hexanes and not hexane, because industrially if you are just going to burn them or
use them for cleaning there's no reason to get pure n-hexane.
as you said hexanes don't have any stereocenter (if they are not substituted at least).
in general don't stick to the meaning of the word, knowing greek or latin to understand where the word comes from cen help you get a hint, but 99% of
the time we then add more meaning to it. fir example bromine comes from the ancient greek for "stench" so yoh can expect it to smell, but expecting it
to have only the quality of being stinky is not right.
| Quote: | | But, no amount of reading can substitute for experience |
you are right but it is not what i was trying to say, i'm all for practical experience, i'm in uni, 4th year chemistry student, i've been in a lab for
less than 150 hours, i did only one distillation, while at home as a home chemist i did at least 40 distillations now.
what i was trying to tell you is that you can spend months working on something, trying to solve it, spend money and time, when probably someone else
in the past already encountered your issue and documented it, so you just needed to do a research on your pc. in the end you are here asking help and
an opinion right? what if you didn't? you are probably going to run more experiments, probably without getting a definite answer.
when you can, research,if you find papers under paywalls go on sci-hub, knowledge should be free, but don't waste time on already answered problems.
patents are really generic most of the times, every time i need help for a process i can only get a rough idea from them, not a detailed sequence of
events
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wg48temp9
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and no amount of experience can substitute for reading.
Even a small amount of theory reading and understanding is very very powerful that is why they teach theory in schools.
I am wg48 but not on my usual pc hence the temp handle.
Thank goodness for Fleming and the fungi.
Old codger' lives matters, wear a mask and help save them.
Be aware of demagoguery, keep your frontal lobes fully engaged.
I don't know who invented mRNA vaccines but they should get a fancy medal and I hope they made a shed load of money from it.
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semiconductive
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Even a small amount of theory reading and understanding is very very powerful that is why they teach theory in schools.
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hmmmm..... yes and no.
Discussion:
In School, you have a mentor; or at least you've paid someone to be a mentor.
They have learned from their mentor... in a chain back to the first person who did an experiment.
Before that first experiment there was no "theory" that was "right."
In the saying, "which came first, the chicken or the egg?" There is a very clear, scientific, answer. It's the egg.
OOcyte, is a 'cell' ... and a chicken egg (for example) is nothing more than a large single cell that added a calcium wall.
A chicken is multiple cells put together.
The same applies to teaching and experiment. Teaching is the summation of many experiments over the centuries.
If your teacher is 'good', then most of what you learn will be 'correct' (but certainly not all of it, for you might misunderstand your teacher; or
they might have misunderstood their own teacher.)
Don't misunderstand me; I'm not against pay-for-knowledge. What I'm against is 'paying for what doesn't help you solve your problem.' or prices
which are too high to be practical.
This is partly in answer to another poster, so don't take the idea personally but in the general sense:
When the U.S. founded the Patent Office, the idea was to exchange *knowledge* of how to do things for the exclusive right of a few to exploit that
knowledge for a few years; a competitive advantage. Eg: Don't waste your time solving what has already been solved is the point of the patent office.
But, if you or I can not replicate the experiments because the person depositing the knowledge with the patent office has purposely left out crucial
details; then the idea of the patent office is being thwarted. If there is knowledge, it is lost or obcured beyond practical use and the country as
a whole does not advance. Only a mentor, or teacher, with personal experience in the area (already) will be able to get anything out of a patent.
With that in mind, why then do people lie/hide information in the patent office? The most obvious reason is that power attracts corruption. Thomas
Edison spent most of his life fighting lawsuits over the light-bulb for people who cheated and stole the knowledge he gave to the patent office
*before* his patent right was used up ... in the end, I think the final analysis is the light bulb vs. lawsuit costs made it not very profitable to
have patented the light bulb.
I have a patent. Over 13 us companies are producing it, and even using the language of my patent WORD FOR WORD. They have not paid the company that
owns my patent one penny. THe states even threatened to sue the company that owns the patent if they tried to sue the companies making parts with my
patent in them. The reason is they claim speculative inventors are really "thugs" attempting to blackmail companies IF they are not producing the
patented item themselves.
Insurance fraud, and all kinds of things are interfering with the company being able to produce my patent directly; but they are about to do in the
next 12 months. I have a bet with the owner of the company that they won't (in the end) profit from the patent directly in making profits. eg:
Something for you to think about ....
The issue with the library is that you almost have to be able to solve your problem to be able to "look up" the resource necessary to "solve your
problem." It's a "chicken and egg" problem, again....
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Ubya
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In School, you have a mentor; or at least you've paid someone to be a mentor.
They have learned from their mentor... in a chain back to the first person who did an experiment.
Before that first experiment there was no "theory" that was "right."
not in science, you learn and thendo the experiment to be sure you understood.
like demonstrations, you learn a formula, and how they got it, so you know now hot to find it, you don't just learn the formula.
in school you learn the theory, and then go to the lab to apply what you learnt, they may be standard experiments, you are not finding anything new,
but it's a process, because if you learn something, run the experiment and it the results are not the same, you can understand what you did wrong in
the experiment. If you start experiemnting on the unknown is much harder getting an anwer, and even harder getting the real answer, so you usually go
by steps, learn the theory, apply the theory you know, and then apply the theory to an unknown problem.
who told you that limonene has an orange smell? if you had to figue out by yourself what molecule in orange peel has an orange smell you would need to
be able to isolate every compound from orange peels, then you have to identify each one, and then you can say oh this one smells of oranges and it is
limonene
[Edited on 2-7-2020 by Ubya]
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semiconductive
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| Quote: | | Quote: |
Not everyone does science that way; the method only requires a theory to test.
I suppose montessori children could be taught the scientific method through guided accidents and explorations. But, in College, your explanation fits
my memories of it. Lecture then lab ... and I nearly failed lab, but always passed lecture and tests. It's the only D I ever got in college, and I
did graduate with honors well above a 3.
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like demonstrations, you learn a formula, and how they got it, so you know now hot to find it, you don't just learn the formula.
in school you learn the theory, and then go to the lab to apply what you learnt, they may be standard experiments, you are not finding anything new,
but it's a process, because if you learn something, run the experiment and it the results are not the same, you can understand what you did wrong in
the experiment. |
YES!!!!!!!! Exactly.
And even importantly, novelty of mistakes makes you remember them far better than if nothing ever goes wrong. The more ways you experience a subject,
hearing, seeing, touching, doing, .... the better you will remember it.
| Quote: |
If you start experiemnting on the unknown is much harder getting an anwer, and even harder getting the real answer, so you usually go by steps, learn
the theory, apply the theory you know, and then apply the theory to an unknown problem.
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Yes. And sometimes you get impatient, and make assumptions that aren't correct.
| Quote: |
who told you that limonene has an orange smell? if you had to figue out by yourself what molecule in orange peel has an orange smell you would need to
be able to isolate every compound from orange peels, then you have to identify each one, and then you can say oh this one smells of oranges and it is
limonene
[Edited on 2-7-2020 by Ubya] |
Let me show you a video, of a person who thinks and does science experiments very much like I do. Cody ; Here is his attempt to create hydrogen
peroxide, and Cody does do shrimp ... too ... although his are the Utah species, and not Japanese. I'll have to ask him if H2O2 kills brine shrimp
.... and then I'll have one more verification of crustacea and weaknesses to oxidants.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mt1itiHT6wU
So, who told Cody the color of anything? Watch carefully the part at 5:50-6:10; and then watch again the part toward the end; 10:29-10:31. That
second part is especially important; who told Cody that that colour change would happen if even the tiniest amount of anthroquinone was present in the
water as a contaminant?
Doesn't he need a perfectly ISOLATED sample of water to run this test ? HMMMM?
There are many assertions that Cody makes in his video that are the same as remarks I've made here in this thread. I would call them "tentative"
conclusions based on probability of the "theory" I have learned either in school, or from patent sites, or from chemistry history. Cody and I do not
consider a single experiment "proof" of anything, but as evidence with a number of variables that must be isolated.
For example: I do not think Cody meant to imply "There is exactly 1ATM of hydrogen in this flask" when he made his remarks about *why* the liquid
does not continue to fall into the flask. He was making a generalization. Neither he, nor I, nor most people I know can use the English language
with perfect precision without rehearsing a script ...
What's important in the video is the process Cody goes through after the soap "doesn't bubble."
Now: Regarding the color "orange."
Lemon juice has limonene in it. Lemon juice is Yellow. But Limonene as found in lemon juice doesn't "smell" quite like oranges. If you reread my
posts, I wasn't ever trying to imply that Orange was the ONLY smell of limonene, or even Orange was definitely the smell of limonene. Rather, I'm
trying to isolate some differences from what I expected to happen (smelling Orange, Vs. Smelling hot Citrucy smell) from what might have caused it.
Limonene, an ISOMER of Limonene, or a different chemical altogether.
My mistakes, at least, I can truly call my own; at least give me that.
But I do make an effort to read people carefully, and I am not always sure what they mean. Occasionally, I do make mistakes. I hope this isn't a
reason for a major cross examination and prosecution about "science" ....
Science, when published, should reach a certain standard of peer review.
And my dad keeps telling me "should" shouldn't be a word. It's either "Ought" or "Ought not."
I can understand asking "Devils" advocate questions in such a situation, and encyclopedias can be notoriously political.
Wikipedia is doing a wonderful thing ... and at the same time, the method is frought with risks and problems.
On the other hand, it's one of the first places to come up in both Google and dogpile, and other search engines. The information varies in value vs.
time.
Tell me, will you edit the page which has the Orange Color missing to add "This is what makes Orange's Orange" ???
I don't dare, for I can't verify what the poster said who told me that chemical caused Orange to be Orange.
But in my experiments, I can show what I have and have not verified; and the possible reasons I might be wrong, so that those with actual KNOWLEDGE
and not just speculation, can question where I definitely am doing something that is likely a wrong interpretation. Definitely wrong, is quite a
bit different from "partially misunderstood"
That which is easy to answer; I find by Google. That which is not so easy to answer, I talk about while looking for variables to *check*.
So, lets start with the Color Orange ... can you verify that the chemical on the page I was shown IS Orange? It's not limonene, from a cursory
glance.
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Ubya
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sinensetin is not orange, i found one source that said it is white to beige https://m.chemicalbook.com/ChemicalProductProperty_EN_CB8237...
so i tried to find a UV Vis spectrum and check myself the absorbtion bands, no absorbtion in the visible part of the spectrum, aka it is colorless or
white.
the page is wrong.
limonene is not orange though, i extracted myself an impure sample via steam distillation(is has other terpenes for sure)
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semiconductive
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I wish I had an Infrared spectroscopy system ... even a crude one. The Fourier transform allows you to at least infer what's likely to happen in the
visible band from the bond energies detected in the IR. Commercial spectrometers are out of my league for price ... and building one is going to
take a while. .
But: Quick color review, using digital camera.
Orange Oil, Howard, original Photo UN-retouched, uploaded.
Second shot taken with known changing variables, space-time of event, and intensity of lighting. Indoor vs. sun. Weight sampled twice just as a
sanity check that no major loss of oil is occurring or major air changes to roughly air-tight bottle over time-change.
Picture1 -- original from opening post, but un-compressed full size with no digital editing or cropping. Sorry about bandwidth loss, internet users.
... but I just don't want any suspicion.
Picure 2- original weighing.
Picture 3- Picture of Orange Oil at a different space-time-coordinate.
Picutre 4. second weighing.
Several days have lapsed since I started this thread, the second space-time changed pictures were photoed today; I am limited in what I can "test" for
to see what "varibales" may have changed.
Weight in original weighing 120.660mg.
Weight in second weighing 120.660mg.
No attempt to clean off changed fingerprints, or compensate for air pressure changes were made. It's weird to be within 1mg .... but sometimes I get
lucky. Conclusion, no major loss (grams) of material has happened in the last several days. Conclusion is not proof, but merely a sanity check on
madscience.
Color picker from original photo, in web-html format, exracted from howard using gimp, first weighing, and second howard. Format is web standard for
color #RRGGBB.
Sample1 #f9c511, #fff616 ; second color shows sensor saturation, and will be discarded.
Sample2 #8c5d0f ; from first weighing picture
Sample3 #B38201, 914102 ; both samples good, will average.
Average color:
0xb2 RED normalize to 100%
0x79 GREEN 69%
0x08 BLUE 4%
Definition of web color orange in saturation of red (red=100%):
Color HTML / CSS
Color Name Hex Code
coral #FF7F50 rgb(255,127,80)
tomato #FF6347 rgb(255,99,71)
orangered #FF4500 rgb(255,69,0)
gold #FFD700 rgb(255,215,0) Green%=84
orange #FFA500 rgb(255,165,0) Green%=64
darkorange #FF8C00 rgb(255,140,0)
Conclusion, howard Orange oil (composite oil) is closest in color to Orange; but is on the spectrum between Orange and Gold colored. Gold is usually
called "yellow" by little children using crayons.
SecondConclusion: None, no basis....
Hmmm....
Is the website, Wrong? I don't know, I didn't see a color listed. I did ask what makes Oranges "Orange", so go back and check the chat history if
you want to know exactly who said what.
Thanks.
   
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semiconductive
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@ubya
Missed this:
| Quote: |
limonene is not orange though, i extracted myself an impure sample via steam distillation(is has other terpenes for sure)
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Question: Extracted it from what? Oranges?
What about the smell, does it "smell" orange like?
I'm guessing no, but want to check.
Also: How do you know that you have all possible isomerizations of Limonine that might affect color? Or liquids mixtures that might bring out a
color. Dry copper sulfate, for example, is not the same color as hydrated copper sulfate. So, I was asking (originally) about whether color in oils
is affected by some kind of ligand/complexing also.
Do isomers always distill at the same temperature, or something?
I'm missing some critical data on probability, here, and no specific data from chemistry books on Oranges.
If chirality can affect polarization, then it seems likely to me that isomers could also affect other optical properties like color.
So, the question all the answers in this thread have led me to is this one: Is there such a thing as pure limonene, for if there is rarely such thing
as "hexane" but there's always "hexanes" (that smell).
What's the definition of "pure" limonene, and how do you/I know?
The Kerosine I use is odorless, "lamplighters" with ASTM markings that I *think* matching those in the government report I cited.
It smells even less than petrolium jelly (vasaline); though even that could be considered an "odor", I suppose.
I can't smell anything like gasoline from the kerosine, and I'd sure like to know how to test for hexane using fractional distillation and perhaps
water. Same with limonene,
I have a computer controlled mantle and distillation equipment. But with mixtures, it's hard to look up enough information to be able to separate
what's in the liquid because of ... I forget the name, (azetrope?) when two liquids distill together preferentially over one; aka, the reason
isopropyl alcohol is 99% and not 100% in typical stores.
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DraconicAcid
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Two enantiomers (such as D and L limonene) will have identical properties except when interacting with other chiral molecules, or polarized light.
They will have the same mp, bp, colour, solubility (in achiral solvents), flammability, flash point, pKa, pKb, etc. They will differ in their
rotation of polarized light, their tastes, smells, and physiological effects.
Organic molecules will pretty much always be colourless unless they have conjugated double bonds. Without conjugated pi bonds or partially-filled d
subshells, you're unlikely to get any kind of absorption of visible light.
Please remember: "Filtrate" is not a verb.
Write up your lab reports the way your instructor wants them, not the way your ex-instructor wants them.
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Ubya
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| Quote: | Hmmm....
Is the website, Wrong? I don't know, I didn't see a color listed. I did ask what makes Oranges "Orange", so go back and check the chat history if you
want to know exactly who said what. |
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_oil
| Quote: | | The presence of sinensetin explains the orange color.[7] |
https://m.chemicalbook.com/ChemicalProductProperty_EN_CB8237...
| Quote: | | color :white to beige |
the wikipedia about orange oil looks light it might be wrong.
as for the color of orange themselves, carotenoids, pretty much any fruit/plant that has a red/yellow color is due to carotenoids
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Ubya
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| Quote: Originally posted by semiconductive | @ubya
Missed this:
| Quote: |
limonene is not orange though, i extracted myself an impure sample via steam distillation(is has other terpenes for sure)
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Question: Extracted it from what? Oranges?
What about the smell, does it "smell" orange like?
I'm guessing no, but want to check.
Also: How do you know that you have all possible isomerizations of Limonine that might affect color? Or liquids mixtures that might bring out a
color. Dry copper sulfate, for example, is not the same color as hydrated copper sulfate. So, I was asking (originally) about whether color in oils
is affected by some kind of ligand/complexing also.
Do isomers always distill at the same temperature, or something?
I'm missing some critical data on probability, here, and no specific data from chemistry books on Oranges.
If chirality can affect polarization, then it seems likely to me that isomers could also affect other optical properties like color.
So, the question all the answers in this thread have led me to is this one: Is there such a thing as pure limonene, for if there is rarely such thing
as "hexane" but there's always "hexanes" (that smell).
What's the definition of "pure" limonene, and how do you/I know?
The Kerosine I use is odorless, "lamplighters" with ASTM markings that I *think* matching those in the government report I cited.
It smells even less than petrolium jelly (vasaline); though even that could be considered an "odor", I suppose.
I can't smell anything like gasoline from the kerosine, and I'd sure like to know how to test for hexane using fractional distillation and perhaps
water. Same with limonene,
I have a computer controlled mantle and distillation equipment. But with mixtures, it's hard to look up enough information to be able to separate
what's in the liquid because of ... I forget the name, (azetrope?) when two liquids distill together preferentially over one; aka, the reason
isopropyl alcohol is 99% and not 100% in typical stores.
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i vapour distilled orange peels, in the picture you can see a flask full of orange peels.
yeah the smell is of citrus , not exactly of oranges, but if you smell it you wouldn't say it is mango or peach.
i don't know why you keep using the term isomer for limonene, anyway, i'm sure it is not pure limonene, it has other oils, but i can't say the
perchentage of each one, wikipedia says that orange peel oil is 93% limonene, so i think that my distillate is around that or more.
please when you use "isomer" tell me which one you mean, i explained to you that isomer is a broad term, it doesn't tell much, only that it has the
same chemical formula.
most of the times if you start with a colorless ligand and you get a colored complex, you are complexing a transition metal, i don't know of any metal
complexes in fruits, only chlorophylls and enzymes.
again isomers is too broad, structural isomers have different boiling points, enantiomers have tge same bp.
you don't know what chirality means then, or how molecules appear colored. chirality only changes the plane of polarizing light, not color.
yeah there is pure limonene, i don't get what let's you think that lol, gou can get anything pure with the right procedure and conditions. it's not
that hexane doesn't exist... it's only difficult to separate from other hexanes (very similiar bp) when starting from petroleum oil. if you need
n-hexane 99% pure you can buy it, not for cleaning your paint though.
definition of pure D-limonene: if you have a sample where 99% of molecules are D-limonene i would say it is pretty pure.
how do you know? gas chromatography, NMR, IR spec, you could get an idea finding of purity the melting point.
how to test cor hexane when distillong kerosene? bp temperature, you don't get much else, but if you have a 30cm column you won't see single
fractions, to resolve molecules with differences of bp 1°C you need lots of theoretical plates, can't remember the formula but you need several
meters of a normal column, or a very expensive spinning band column still 1m+ high.
yeah azeotropes can be annoying, i've been distilling for 2 years solvents trying to get dcm, but all the labels are wrong, so i'm identifying
compounds little by little, bp, flame tests, smell, solubility with water, solubility of salts etc
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semiconductive
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i don't know why you keep using the term isomer for limonene, anyway, i'm sure it is not pure limonene, it has other oils, but i can't say the
perchentage of each one, wikipedia says that orange peel oil is 93% limonene, so i think that my distillate is around that or more.
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Because the logical conclusion I came to of what you told me, based on what I know, is this:
There can be isomers of even simple chemicals that are not involved in chirality, so the possibilities I have to consider is broader than I imagined.
I do not know what properties those isomerizations could affect, color, bp, etc. I'm ignorant of many things, but not stupid. The difference is that
I can be "cured" with proper information while stupidity is forever. lol.
You didn't, in the earlier post, say that entanomers were or were not the only factor that could cause changes to physical properties; or if you did,
I missed it.
Draconic acid just mentioned that entantomers (which is a subset of isomerisations) do affect taste and smell.
I got an D (not an F) in Chemistry, the teacher's scathing comment was "Stop trying to do lab experiments like a graduate student. If the book
doesn't say the reaction could be interfered with by an impurity, don't assume it will be in our labs. Do the same as the other students."
Ironically, I got nearly the same comment in my mechanical engineering survery course; (This is 25+ years ago, so I'm sure my memory of the quote
isn't exact.) The teacher said, "The only reason you don't finish your tests and get an A instead of A+ is because you try to do the problems like a
graduate student and solve the matricies with all entries; there are shortcuts you can take, that the other student's notice that speed up the
process."
Let me reiterate, I came across a couple of data pages. The information I "saw" led me to believe I was "probably" ignorant of other factors.
eg: When I saw "D-limonene" I already knew limonene was not a single chemical, but a family of at least two isomers.
That's all I knew. ... but it was sufficient for me to be cautious.
Right and Left are chiralites. I studied amino acids in honors genetics class. But -- I didn't recall the exact meaning of the abbreviations from
25+ years ago. I didn't remember from the survey chapter on organic chemistry, which was ultra-simplified, that there were four designations for
entantomers. I thought there were only two. So, when I saw two *different* abbreviations, I tentatively thought I had the complete set; and then
was told, I was wrong -- and there are four designations.
So, since you're asking about my thought process:
D-limonene is "one" isomer. Isomer is a general word that I know the meaning of from Greek. It is a real Greek word, and so is aromatikos.
Azetrope, is not. I have never read that word in Greek literature, and it looks like a novice in Greek made it up. In plants, and Greek, Trophism is
a turning toward -- as in turning toward light, or turning toward gravity; a "place". So, azetoph does contain the idea of twisting and changing
direction in most uses. Eu-Trophic is "Good in every direction" (Fertilized water with algae growing everywhere, uniformly, is eutrophic.) But
when I read a-ze-trope; I literally read, no-boil-twisting toward. It's not a good mnemonic (to me) for liquids refusing to separate under boiling
... but at least it has the idea of boiling.
My point is that everyone learns by memory devices about words. My path is different from yours.
However, if there is one isomer, then there can be others (plural). I don't have your level of knowledge on "probability" or "lliklihood" of what
causes bonds, etc. or what these other BROAD possibilities of chemical morphologies entail. As an Electrical engineer, I only took one full year of
chemistry 100 and 200 level. And they didn't even think it was worth teaching us that "hydrogen" becomes hydronium ions in aqueous solutions. I
thought the hydrogen just wandered around in the solution with a positive charge and "didn't" react with other chemicals at all or totally reacted
(all or nothing) ... sort of like I'm told "smells" do with the nose. It's hard for me to "guess" the full meaning of statements I was told by
teachers 25 years ago, or people in these threads; I don't mean to act like I'm ignoring your instruction; I'm just trying to be conservative and
not jump to unwarranted conclusions. I do know that isomer is correct, even if it contains ideas that don't apply to my particular problem;
I do NOT know if there are variations of the idea Isomer, which could apply to the problem; ones I'm not aware of, and you're perhaps assuming don't
apply when they do. You are debugging my use of language, and I think that's laudible. It's not just simple ignorance. In such an ambigous case,
using the broad term is conservatively correct in covering the logic of the situation until an explanation is given as to why it doesn't apply.
I'll give another example. I was taught what "emprical formula" means. I was taught what molecule means. So, when the teacher talked about ONE
hydrogen atom, and ONE chlorine molecule reacting to make a "molecule." I understood that.
But: I learned, rather harshly, that if there is more than one hydrogen and one chlorine atom involved in a crystal; the idea of "molecule" no
longer applies. I had no way, from what I was taught 25 years ago, to figure that language change out. Draconic acid, I think it was, was the
person who brought to my attention my ignorance rather sharply a few years ago on this site. But "molecule" is one of the basic ideas taught in
chemistry, which I am now being told I had wrong. I was not given a generic word to represent the smallest unit of a chemical that still has the
chemical's property and would be correct to use in both the situation where it's crystalline ... vs. gas, or other state. Chemistry is a VERY steep
learning curve. It seems to have more "exception" than it does, rules. I am a rule based person, and chemistry will always be difficult to me.
FYI:
The judges in my country are apt to take any ignorance, however small, as grounds to say I'm a hazard to my daughter and never let me see her again.
Notice why Cody, in this video, says he is NOT going to do this experiment as it is NORMALLY done in industry.
His comment is from 8 to 9 minutes.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qkyPvhapxQs
"ATF" is a U.S. law enforcement agency that arrests people who make bombs, guns, or other lethal items without a permit.
They also are involved in arresting people for "drugs"; "Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms" is what A.T.F. stands for.
In my country, there is a rulership/governance based on ignorance and fear in many small towns. Judges are driven by public opinion, which is OFTEN
very ignorant, to find excuses for denying people their rights if they are 1) male 2) involved in chemicals that might be drugs 3) mentally ill
(including things, like being obsessive compulsive and washing your hands too often, or being afraid of chemicals that TV commercials say are safe. )
This is especially true in the current political environment because the "mee too" sexually assaulted women make judges more likely to condemn a man
as a sexual predator or drug addict, because there are spectacular cases in our country's history. Innocent until proven guilty is a nice theory in
my country, but it often is a fantasy.
I'm glad that the orange colored pulp in that pictures you showed were Orange Rhinds. I didn't know for sure, as you didn't say. The last
distillation I saw had curly cuts of peel that were still recognizable, so my eyes didn't register what I was looking at when I saw your pulp. Which
is why I asked the follow up question.
If you think I write too much ... well, you're not the only one. Here's a chineese making a comment about me, and he has a language barrier to
English:
However, I have found talking with this person EASIER than talking with people who assume I have telepathy about what they mean, or how they learned
vocabulary for chemistry. Something to think about if you are trying to teach to a general audience, and you have "trolls" on your site....
I'm not sure whether to take this as a compliment, or insult, but it's at least an honest remark.
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It is very hard to understand your idea. You have a peculiar way of thinking because of your super high IQ. Because this way of thinking is so
unnatural that you cannot put your idea straightforward although you try hard to make it clear, which is seen from the length of your explanation.
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https://physicsdiscussionforum.org/twin-paradox-when-earth-s...
[Edited on 5-7-2020 by semiconductive]
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semiconductive
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Registered: 12-2-2017
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how to test cor hexane when distillong kerosene? bp temperature, you don't get much else, but if you have a 30cm column you won't see single
fractions, to resolve molecules with differences of bp 1°C you need lots of theoretical plates, can't remember the formula but you need several
meters of a normal column, or a very expensive spinning band column still 1m+ high.
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I don't know for sure that in kerosine, there is hexane, or what it's a mixture of exactly. I think the earlier poster is possibly correct, kerosine
is going to be "mostly" going to be nonane,decane, and those lengths. They should be less volatile and safer to use in kerosine lamp applications.
As far as (paraphrased) "anything can be distilled with bp of 1C", I didn't assume anything. I asked.
If hexanes separate at 1C (random hypothesis, not fact) from septane,octane, or nonane, decane, all of which went to the refinery that gave me
kerosine; then (for example) what would be the minimum stack size I should see at the plant?
The stack size I see when driving by one such plant is roughtly 200ft tall, by comparison to trees. So, roughly 61 meters. The plates, I think, are
actual plates of metal in that column; and from the weld marks, I doubt there's more than 1 of them a foot. (1/3 meter). So, I'd say if the poster
before was right, then hexane (smelly) has to be removable with 200 or less plates.
On the other hand, there's no computer control nor temperature jacket on that stack. It's just a metal tube exposed to outside temperataures which
are between 15 and 30C, around here.
Does that sound at all reasonable for separating smelly hexanes from n-hexane?
The chemical report I cited about kerosine, could be politically motivated; and it's hard to tell if "american" (U.S.) stacks are the same size as
those in developing countries. ( or China... ). So, the health risk issue could be a deliberate lie for political reasons, it could be that the
researcher only says "hexane", "napthalia", etc. could be in the kerosine because ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineer's) standards allow for
variations in stack size so that it is plant and not standards dependent. ( They are being hypothetical out of ignorance. )
As for what I think, what I think is that from watching reflux and separating water, that distillation can be greatly improved by using multi-stage
boiling and computer temperature sensors. These are things easy and practical for me to do, as an electrical engineer. They may not be practical for
you, or others. They are not what I would call, theoretical; though to someone with no electronics background, I may seem to be talking magic.
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Ubya
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mh i'm sorry if i'm not explaining well, i'm really not good at teaching.
yes each molecule can have many different isomers, what isomers you get in a sample is not decided by probability (well depends from the process that
made the molecule).
for example D-limonene, if you are extracting it from orange peels you can be pretty sure it's the only limonene there, other plants could have the
other enantiomer, but it smells different.
as i said there are different classes of isomers, i didn't like you using it because it is a broad term, and in this occasion doesn't add any
informatiom to the discussion/explanation, as an axample if i ask you what do you drive, and you answer eith "i drive a vehicle" i still got no info
pretty much. think isomer as the word vehicle, you then have different isomers, different vehicles, talking about different cars is different from
other bikes, same as talking about enantiomers is different from talking of different chain isomers.
i understand you usually look for the origin of the word to understand the meaning, it works sometimes, but you make less mistakes if you learn the
meaning and then come up with a way to connect it to the origin of the name. for azeotrope youcould memorize it as "the solution i go towards when
boiling".
about fractional distillation, real plates and theoretical plates are different concepts but have the same origin. you know how a fractional column is
built, at least at industrial scales, at each plate you get solvent condensing and boiling again. going up you get vapor enriched in the volatile
part, while the liquid in the plates is enriched with the less volatile part.
not all columns have plates though, so we use the term "theoretical plate", or theoretical plate's height. let's say you have a glass tube tall 1m and
5cm wide, you put in it 6mm glass beads, you do a fractional distillation with it, then you change the beads with 1cm ones, and repeat the same
distillation with fresh solution. you get different solutions at the output, one is closer to the pure compound. how do you quantify this? how do you
quantify the "separating power" of a column? we associate this column to a plate column, and we say that this column is equivalent to one with 30
plates, but it is still a bit generic, so we define "a plate" as the ability of the column to make 1 distillation (i can't find the right words in
english). A simple distillation is pretty much equivalent to one plate, you evaporate the solution and then condense it, keeping the condensate. A
column does this multiple times, so a 10 plates column would have the same output composition of 10 simple distillations in series.
a theoretycal plate height is the height of a column that gives you one simple distillation equivalent of separation, this is used so if you know the
height of a theoretical plate for a column, if you make it higher you can calculate how many plates it has now.
what you want to do is multiole single distillations, you could, but for each you lose some product, so it is less efficient (and wayyy more time is
needed)
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semiconductive
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for example D-limonene, if you are extracting it from orange peels you can be pretty sure it's the only limonene there, other plants could have the
other enantiomer, but it smells different.
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OK, that makes sense. And I love the vehicle analogy. Still, I might use it again in the future when I'm uncertain, but I'll try to say why as a
clue.
I just didn't know .... but I'm glad to know (sinensetin/caratonoids -- ?Carots? ) doesn't go through vapor stage. That's helpful information ... In
my experiment, I think the orange color is likely leaching in the solution from the Orange Oil ... and the D-limonene (colorless) is concentrating
above H2SO4.
When you said the Wikipedia article on Oranges might be wrong, do you mean the yield of D-limonene as well?
What was your yield, mass of Orange peels to mass of clear liquid?
Sinesetin is found in a flower that clearly isn't Orange colored, too. I wonder if that's a quantity issue, or a quality issue.
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(i can't find the right words in english).
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Exactly!
But here's another issue with generalizations and "rules of thumb" @draconicacid ; Although polarization is not directly related to "color of light",
optically active fluids that affect polarization *can* affect light color. I appreciate your reasonable thought; but I have to sort what people tell
me for relevance to a particular problem and look for "exceptions."
Look on the Wikipedia page for Iron Pyrite. Notice what happens to the color when they take a picture of it through a polarized lens. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrite
Iron Pyrite is also one of the reasons H2SO4 in the original photo is Orange-ish.
Note: The small washer I took a picture of, looks barely orange. If I tilt it at a roughly a 30 degree angle, it turns a brilliant blue. That's what
my eye sees with no polarizer involved. With my camera lens ... I can't capture the effect. (DANG!)
But for the same reason, the liquid I'm studying, *seems* likely to be optically affected by polarization twists of chemicals (D-limonene) in contact
with dissolved pyrite.
So, even though I appreciate your comment ... I don't ascribe to it the kind of certainty that is a "rule." I don't know how often chemicals have
polarization sensitive properties (? Di-Chromism ?)
I'm not a highly theoretical person ... I really do like to test what people tell me; but I can't even figure out if I should call the smallest amount
of chemical known as cymene -- a molecule. It has bonds which actually resonate and aren't fixed as in the wikipedia page. So, I have no idea what
effects cymene would have on another cymene 'molecule' when next to each other. Do they resonate and make "micro" or "picosecond" bonds that break
again? I'd like to know what to call the smallest amount of a chemical, so that I can talk about the "nominal" electronic configuration, and not
confuse people if it's in a crystal (solid or liquid) or not.
On-to-distillation:
Hmmm ... I think a simple distillation, a so called "short" distillation is typically just a boiler, a short tube bent at an angle and a room
temperature collection flask.
Next (more complicated) is a longer vertical column (uncooled), then (more complicated) a Vigeruex tube, or Allihin condenser for doing reflux;
followed by a angled tap and a cooled condenser.
And it can even get more complex from there!!!!
I love this ....
See about 3 minutes 30 seconds into this video. (3:30) Wow !
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BUJ2q5-K3zs
One of the big issues I've been fighting is the turbulence of boiling.
For example, since I'm concentrating H2SO4, this following example video shows some of the same things I ran into. It's also why I have vacuum taps,
and taken other precautions. ( I didn't have any disasters like Doug did... )
See about 6:30-7:00 in the video. And especially the advice in 11:35-13:00
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wMOrK7cysqY
When water drips back into a boiling solution, it almost invariably is weaker concentration than the solution itself and has a lower boiling point;
and this problem isn't limited to H2SO4 and water vapor. The result is splashing of tiny droplets high up into a reflux column and extremely rapid
re-boiling. In extreme cases, my 50 mL boiling flasks have cracked because the temperature difference between the refluxing liquid and the heated
liquid is so great that over 100C difference exists on the flask walls above the fluid and it goes from "dry" to "wet" with a drip. This problem
becomes even more pronounced when distilling small amounts of liquid.
This is another reason I bought a computer controlled heating mantle ... I don't want the temperature to "run away" when the fluid level gets very low
in the boiler. ( It's hard to clean burnt ***** out of flasks. )
From my perspective (and this obviously varies with experience):
I think the two main enemies causing fluid loss and bad separation in distillations, appear to be turbulence and rapid phase changes. Boiling
splatters a fair amount of liquid onto "higher" locations than would happen if the fluid was vaporizing slowly. Lamellar flow is much more
controllable than boiling and has errors over smaller "heights."
Doug's video also shows why I carefully lap my glass joints to make air-tight, fluid tight seals possible. But not TOO polished, or the glass will
weld together and permanently stick. I'm considering adding teflon dust to the top of my 24-40 joints, near the outside ... and heating it to
275-350C in order to sinter the teflon. Eg: to prevent the glass from "welding"....
If you look at my pictures, you can see that the kerosine is over the top of a 24-40 joint .. but .. there is no leakage. ( I also have vacuum taps,
so as not to have Doug's problems. ) People can't reproduce what I've done without a little bit of lapping work, or slightly different equipment.
But what I'm doing is not just "theory."
When doing quick distillations of small amounts, I've found that the thermal mass of a column also causes major losses; eg: since it never "gets up to
temperature" to 're-boil' liquid in the column. So, quite a bit of product just falls back down into the boiling flask, or else stays as droplets on
the reflux column and is often lost or destroyed (oxygen,etc). There's also a tiny bit of loss as "wetting" the column in a film. In these cases, it
can take hours for a very thin film to "drip" back out of a column. ( Surface tension?, I wonder if surfactants might help... )
So, what I'm really more interested in is ways to do slower distillation without quite boiling, and temperature controlling the reflux column to
minimize adhesion and condensation due to under-heat of the glass.
The point is -- with quick flow, the gas mixes in the reflux tube and doesn't have much time to separate before re-condensing. I think either the
slower the flow, or the more surface area, the more effective theoretical "plates" a distillation column will have. Slower distillation should yield
more product and less losses, in a shorter column. ( I am testing the idea.)
The down side to slow flow, is the reflux column can cool too quickly for the vapor to ever make it to the "top" and a lot of product you would be
happy with drips back into the boiler over and over again. This makes the distillation (or slow evaporation) indefinitely long. But it DOES allow
me to work with small amounts of solution (eg: 10mL), and get a large amount of product percentage wise, say 9.5mL out.
I remember from thermodynamics class about the efficiency of condensers using counter-flow of coolant. So, one way to make slow distillation
precision ... is to simply insulate the reflux column. A fishtank pump can be hooked to a computer and a thermometer placed at the top of the allihn
condensor to regulate the temperature of reflux. So it doesn't depend on how much liquid you are distilling, but on fixed and precision controlled
temperatures. Air will flow when the temperature gets too hot cooling the refluxer... and stop if it's too low. This process can be made
multi-stage, for better control of heat. I only have three condensors, a Vigereux, a Allihn, and a straight pipe with water jacket. But I could
easily build a two stage refluxer with the straight pipe and Alihn, each temperature controlled separately. Fish tank pumps are only around $20... so
its cheap. As a final addition, I might consider actively heated boiler joint, so almost no liquid drips back into the boiler. It will separate
purely as a thin film and vapor in the tubes.
[Edited on 7-7-2020 by semiconductive]
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