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solo
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Cold Fusion...........revisited
| Quote: | ~Cold fusion~
AFTER 16 years, it's back. In fact, cold fusion never really went away. Over a 10-year period from 1989, US navy labs ran more than 200 experiments to
investigate whether nuclear reactions generating more energy than they consume - supposedly only possible inside stars - can occur at room
temperature. Numerous researchers have since pronounced themselves believers.
With controllable cold fusion, many of the world's energy problems would melt away: no wonder the US Department of Energy is interested. In December,
after a lengthy review of the evidence, it said it was open to receiving proposals for new cold fusion experiments.
That's quite a turnaround. The DoE's first report on the subject, published 15 years ago, concluded that the original cold fusion results, produced by
Martin Fleischmann and Stanley Pons of the University of Utah and unveiled at a press conference in 1989, were impossible to reproduce, and thus
probably false.
The basic claim of cold fusion is that dunking palladium electrodes into heavy water - in which oxygen is combined with the hydrogen isotope deuterium
- can release a large amount of energy. Placing a voltage across the electrodes supposedly allows deuterium nuclei to move into palladium's molecular
lattice, enabling them to overcome their natural repulsion and fuse together, releasing a blast of energy. The snag is that fusion at room temperature
is deemed impossible by every accepted scientific theory.
“Cold fusion would make the world's energy problems melt away. No wonder the Department of Energy is interested”That doesn't matter, according to
David Nagel, an engineer at George Washington University in Washington DC. Superconductors took 40 years to explain, he points out, so there's no
reason to dismiss cold fusion. "The experimental case is bulletproof," he says. "You can't make it go away."
From issue 2491 of New Scientist magazine, 19 March 2005, page 30 |
I have becomed interested on this topic and will periodically add more recent studies ........feel free to contribute and comment.........solo
It's better to die on your feet, than live on your knees....Emiliano Zapata.
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Odyssèus
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Personally I think sonofusion/bubble fusion has more promise for generating more energy than you put in (Though I'm hardly an expert on nuclear
chemistry).
Not cold fusion per say: The idea is that you have a liquid of some kind, probably an organic molecule, that contains deuterium or a mix of deuterium
and tritium. You blast this liquid with certain frequencies of sound while seeding bubbles in it. The bubbles expand and suddenly collapse, generating
extreme temperatures and pressures. I have heard this is why kettles full of water make a pinging sound when being heated.
Wikipedia talks about a sonofusion experement with deuterated acetone:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubble_fusion
Very interesting... 
[Edited on 23-6-2006 by Odyssèus]
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solo
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Formation of superheavy elements in cold fusion reactions
V. Yu. Denisov 1,2,* and S. Hofmann
PHYSICAL REVIEW C, VOLUME 61, 034606
Abstract
The process of the synthesis of superheavy elements
[Edited on 23-6-2006 by solo]
Attachment: Formation of superheavy elements in cold fusion reactions.pdf (532kB)
This file has been downloaded 1127 times
It's better to die on your feet, than live on your knees....Emiliano Zapata.
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The_Davster
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I used to know the experimental conditions, but now, when it matters, and I have D2O and palladium I cannot find them
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solo
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Faradaic Efficiencies Less Than 100% during Electrolysis of Water Can Account for Reports of Excess Heat in “Cold Fusion” Cells
Jonathan E. Jones, Lee D. Hansen,* Steven E. Jones, David S. Shelton, and James M. Thorne
J. Phys. Chem. 1995, 99, 6973-6979 6973
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to evaluate claims of excess heat generation during water electrolysis. Several cells were constructed and operated
similarly to low-current-density cells described in the literature. All produced excess heat as defined and calculated in the literature reports, but
the production of excess heat
could be readily terminated by the introduction of various barriers to the migration of hydrogen and oxygen. Remarkably, published reports of excess
heat fail to disprove the presence of decreased faradaic efficiency (e.g., current that oxidizes H2 or reduces 02) or systematic calorimetric errors.
Illustrative examples of both
problems are given. Thus, failure to rule out prosaic explanations probably invalidates all the currently available reports of excess heat in both
light water-” and heavy water-PdlPt cells. There is no compelling evidence that excess heat is of a nuclear origin in such electrolytic cells.
Attachment: Faradaic Efficiencies Less Than 100% during Electrolysis of Water CaReports of Excess Heat in Cold Fusion Cells .pdf (133kB)
This file has been downloaded 2791 times
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solo
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Fusion by diffusion. II. Synthesis of transfermium elements in cold fusion reactions
W. J . ?Swia?tecki,1 K. Siwek-Wilczy?nska,2 and J. Wilczy?nski3
PHYSICAL REVIEW C 71, 014602 (2005)
Abstract
We describe a method of estimating cross sections for the synthesis of very heavy nuclei by the fusion of two lighter ones. The cross section is
considered to be the product of three factors: the cross section for the projectile to overcome the Coulomb barrier, the probability that the
resulting composite nucleus reaches the compound nucleus configuration by a shape fluctuation treated as a diffusion of probability in one dimension,
and the probability that the excited compound nucleus survives fission. Semi-empirical formulas for the mean Coulomb barrier height and its
distribution around the mean are constructed. After overcoming the Coulomb barrier the system is assumed to be injected into an “asymmetric fission
valley” by a rapid growth of the neck between the target and projectile at approximately frozen asymmetry and elongation. Diffusion in the
elongation coordinate in this valley can occasionally bring the system over the saddle separating the injection point from the compound nucleus
configuration. This is the stage that accounts for the hindrance to fusion observed for very heavy reacting systems. The competition between
deexcitation of the compound nucleus by neutron emission and fission is treated by standard methods, but an interesting insight allows one to predict
in an elementary way the location of the maximum in the resulting excitation function. Adjusting one parameter in the theory causes the calculated
peak cross sections to agree within about a factor of 2 or so with 12 measured or estimated values for “cold” one-neutron-out reactions where
targets of 208Pb and 209Bi are bombarded with projectiles ranging from 48Ca to 70Zn. The centroids of the excitation functions agree with theory to
within 1 or 2 MeV for the six cases where they have been determined, and their widths are reproduced. “Hot” fusion reactions, where several
neutrons are emitted, are not treated, except that a comparison is made between the hindrance factors in cold and hot reactions to make elements with
atomic numbers 112 to 118. The calculated diffusive hindrances in the hot reactions are less unfavorable by 4 to 5 orders of magnitude
Attachment: PhysRevC_71_014602.pdf (340kB)
This file has been downloaded 1093 times
It's better to die on your feet, than live on your knees....Emiliano Zapata.
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solo
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DOE warms up to cold Fusion
Physics today 2004
Attachment: 12761901.pdf (581kB)
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It's better to die on your feet, than live on your knees....Emiliano Zapata.
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Rosco Bodine
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http://jlnlabs.imars.com/cfr/diycfr/cfrg01.htm
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enhzflep
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[EDIT: Regarding the link posted by Rosco above]
Please, pardon my ignorance.
Are we (who have not the tables nor the knowledge to generalize/calculate) to infer that the specific heat capacity of a 0.2 M K2CO3 solution is equal
to that of distilled water, namely 4.18 J/ml/deg C? Though I couldn't have said which way, nor how much - it's my initial thought that a solution
containing a salt would have a different specific heat capacity to water.
Also not mentioned, was whether or not the electrolyte solution was changed between each run. This would make a difference of the quantity and
concentration of metal ions dissolved in the water as the cathode is gradually consumed and the water slowly evaporated.
Nor is there any mention of a chemical analysis of the electrolyte after each run to examine the state that the Tungsten is found to be in. The reason
I say this is that I know not why the cathode may not be consumed and 'combusted' in this apparatus.
It would be interesting to view an experiment where the author starts in the position of eliminating these and other questions firstly and being left
with the conclusion that the power generated is indeed coming from fusion. As opposed to the (IMHO) somewhat simplistic conclusion that it's cold
fusion. If so, then what's being formed as a result of this fusion.
Nice pictures and an interesting write-up, also a seriously cool thing to start conversations with on the coffee table - but I'm no more impressed in
the results than I was when the story broke back in the early 1980's of some similar work.
Hell, there's no mention of the geiger counter readings, not to mention that his spelling and consistancy across the article probably makes one of my
typical posts look flawless. My 25 bucks says that the 'extra energy' is a result of the combination of the different heat capacity of a
salt-containing solution, combined with burning of the sintered Tungsten cathode.
Hoping to be shown to be fundamentally flawed in my reasoning. Rosco?
[Edited on 23-6-2006 by enhzflep]
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Rosco Bodine
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http://jlnlabs.imars.com/cfr/html/cfr30.htm
http://jlnlabs.imars.com/cfr/lorio/report/index.htm
The second link addresses the oxidation of tungsten .
The missing tungsten and to what it was chemically converted would certainly have to be accounted for
in terms of its effect of adding heat from that chemical reaction to the system . Also the entrainment of water vapor in the escaping gases from
electrolysis would
probably change the evaporation rate and rate of
water loss substantially from what would be the effect of ordinary heating to boiling , and this would skew the results of calculations predicting
caloric output based on
water loss as if it had been simple boiling . The escaping gases would have to be meaured in volume and kept separated , so a divided cell would have
to be used
in order to rule out the added thermal effects of
electrolysis product gases recombining and adding their
heat of combustion to the system which could also skew the calculations concerning heat output .
Ideally , the entire appartus should be capable of
running as a sealed system within a water tank where
the heat rise of the non-reaction water of the tank
caused by the reactor is used to calculate the actual
output from the reactor . This would prevent any
miscalulation or misinterpretation of the * actual *
heat output . The experiment is on the right track
but the conditions must be more stringently controlled
in regards to these things I have mentioned in order
to arrive at valid conclusions about the results .
Transmutation is certainly an interesting observation ,
because it is one very specific evidence of nuclear fusion
reactions .
http://jlnlabs.imars.com/cfr/lorio/index.htm
[Edited on 23-6-2006 by Rosco Bodine]
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enhzflep
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Thanks for the above links Rosco. These point to a rather more rigorous experiment regime. I'm particularly excited by the prospect that electron
microscope images of the cathode reveal the presence of Rhenium, Osmium, Gold, Halfnium, Thulium, Erbium and Ytterbium. - as shown on pgs 8 & 9.
Also of particular interest are the appearance of melted 'nodules' found on the cathode, indicating the presence of temperatures exceeding 3400 deg C.
These, combined with a more comprehensive consideration of possible skewing factors have caused this to be a rather exciting read.
Although I'm assuming that the production of sintered Tungsten electrodes to be rather expensive in terms of energy required, one can only assume that
this would be offset by the sale of the (rather) expensive elements produced.
Isn't it great to think that with all the billions of dollars being currently invested to construct a (20m diam) torus shaped fusion reactor by many
countries, that somebody could come up with this dirt cheap "sticky-tape" job that achies the same basic aims.
Hell, if the expense incurred by the procurement of the various instruments used to take readings is ommited - geiger counter, sampling CRO etc, then
one can feasibly set up something like this for not much more than the cost of the glassware. i.e several 100 or 1000. NICE
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ethan_c
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Semi off-topic, but if anyone knows where one might find and purchase a palladium wafer of the type that they use in CF experiments, I would be very
gratified to know.
Getting wafers custom-made would likely cost an absolute fortune, not that Pd isn't expensive already, so there SHOULD be some supplier (for a very,
very niche market)…
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franklyn
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Just my two cents
Useful resource _
http://www.std.com/~mica/cft.html
The expectation of cold fusion came about from the observation
of anomalous heat present in the enthalpy of the experimental
system. That this is not a chemical process is easily verified
since constituent parts remain unchanged. The supposition then
is that this must be by default a nuclear process. That there
exists an unexplained effect is not much in doubt except for the
difficulties encountered in reproducing the result. Everything after
has been just speculative musing. If indeed some process of
nuclear alchemy has been identified as the one responsible this
would have been as big a story as the initial announcement by
Pond and Fleischmann.
This is not the only explanation possible. A property of electrons
and protons called their spin can also be a source of considerable
energy, and particularly for protons. Spin values occur in two states
with dissimilar energies. It is not unreasonable to suppose that one
spin state of a higher energy may be persuaded to convert to the
lower state with the apparent release of the difference in energy.
Robert L. Forward many years ago had proposed just such a thought.
( google his name )
Definitions -> http://spin-(physics).mindbit.com
References _
wikipedia _ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spintronics
Link _
http://www.whatsnextnetwork.com/technology/index.php?s=spint...
selected from above link _
http://www.whatsnextnetwork.com/technology/index.php/2006/04...
Link _
http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?articleID=0007A735-759A-1CD...
or full featured with illustrations , PDF 0602000 is the cover , PDF 0602066 is this article
contained herein _
ftp://194.105.193.56/pub/UPLOAD/Scientific.American/Sci.Am.2002/sci.am.2002.06.rar
"The Mystery of Nucleon Spin" PDF 07990000 is the cover , PDF 0790588 is this article
contained herein _
ftp://194.105.193.56/pub/UPLOAD/Scientific.American/Sci.Am.1999/sci.am.1999.07.rar
A related thread in this forum _
http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=2148#p...
.
[Edited on 27-6-2006 by franklyn]
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IrC
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That mindbit was an interesting link. I found one page there which I thought summed up what the world really thinks of us all:
http://mad-scientist.mindbit.com/
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JohnWW
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| Quote: | Originally posted by ethan_c
Semi off-topic, but if anyone knows where one might find and purchase a palladium wafer of the type that they use in CF experiments, I would be very
gratified to know.
Getting wafers custom-made would likely cost an absolute fortune, not that Pd isn't expensive already, so there SHOULD be some supplier (for a very,
very niche market)… |
I wonder if anyone has investigated the possibility of using Ni as a substitute for Pd or Pt for this purpose, and for catalytic purposes in which
large quantities of H2 are required to be absorbed or adsorbed. If sufficient gas pressure was applied, I am sure the relative amount of H2 absorbed
or adsorbed by Ni could be increased to near that of Pd or Pt.
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Rosco Bodine
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Transmutation ?
It is all so alchemical ,
plutoniumalistically maniacal 
http://www.amasci.com/freenrg/carbiron.html
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Quince
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What's with all the quoting from JNLlabs? Mr. Naudin is a well known crackpot. I suggest you people take a careful look at some of his other
projects.
[Edited on 1-10-2006 by Quince]
\"One of the surest signs of Conrad\'s genius is that women dislike his books.\" --George Orwell
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Rosco Bodine
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Tesla was a crackpot ....
but he was an * interesting * crackpot .
Interesting crackpots are entertaining .
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Oxydro
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Tesla was a crackpot who came up with some useful ideas. AC (or at least an AC motor, I can't remember the details) first among them. From what I've
read, later in life he found his reputation fading and resorted to outrageous claims. Kind of sad.
"Our interest's on the dangerous side of things" -- Browning
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franklyn
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Here's a weird one for Halloween from Monatshefte fur Chemie
( First thing I would do is check for leaks, and a contaminated geiger muller tube )
- UPDATE
Subjecting unsaturated hydrocarbons to electric discharge
will often result in it being reduced to carbon allotropes.
appearing as sooty deposit on vessel surfaces, this may
explain the absence though not the apparent " radiation ".
[Edited on 1-11-2008 by franklyn]
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Sedit
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http://www.diane-neisius.de/fusor/index_E.html
Links to a homemade cold fusion device invented earlyer 1900 by Farnsworth and Hirsch
No success has been reported on over unity yet and maybe never until someone figures out how to get rid of the grids that are impeading the fussion
process
still either way its a pretty cool home project iv had my sites on for sometime now
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hissingnoise
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Reads like pseudo-science---to me, anyway. . .
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chief
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Was it not like this: Fusion occurs, when the _nuclei_ can get close enough together; electrons don't matter for that. So all the above
spintronics-stuff is irrelevant.
Besides: From what I saw in the above links, a few suckers of the science-busines are trying to patent the whole field, after others did the
pioneering ...
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Sedit
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http://www.fusor.net/
Heres a more compleat link to fusors and its history. AFAIK it is not a psudo science but a real technolgy created sometime back but could never
truely taken off because of interfearence with the design.
As many know fusion can take place with a partical accelerator and the basis of this machine is as the ions travel from the outer to inner shell it
behaves as an accelerator and in the middle some ions will inevitbly collide releasing neutrons which have been detected.
If the ions dont collide they will be drawn back to the center for another go at collision. The down fall of this design is that Some ions will
without a doubt hit the inner electrode and lose its energy so without doing away with the innersphere i dont believe this will ever be really
efficiant....
Most of the 'Fusors' people make are what are called demo fusors, the show the principles yet are not powerful enough to create the fusion yet there
are a few out there that have had success with this machine including its creator.
Hey it may not be a good way to do fusion but how cool could it be to say you have a working fusion reactor in your basement
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not_important
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The Farnsworth, Hirsch, and Bussard fusors are better described as 'cool fusion' rather than cold as the ions have a fair amount of energy. Those
methods also have decent theoretical underpinnings and have produced neutrons in a repeatable fashion. For them the arguments is whether or not they
can reach break-even energy production.
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