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notoxicshit
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"Novel Method of Reducing Ketones Using Sodium Hydroxide in Isopropanol"
I'd like to discuss a reaction I stumbled upon. It's from 2010, from an american university.
I attached the paper at the bottom of this post.
My amateurish mind found the claim of "Ketones are readily reduced to secondary alcohols with sodium hydroxide in refluxing isopropanol" pretty
unbelievable, because it seemed to lack a reduction reagent at first glance.
Looking into the paper shows that just like in the Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley reduction, the IPA solvent is oxidised to acetone.
With the authors not caring about putting forth any mechanism, I suspect in situ sodium propoxide formation in sufficient traces to be the cause of
the reaction.
A problem are the long reaction times at IPA reflux temperature. Not one of the examples needs much less than a whole day.
They cure this by using a microwave and cut the reaction time down to minutes.
I thought, with this falling in the "too good to be true" category, this needs to be veryfied.
Reading about microwaves and their thermal advantages over normal heating (local superheating) plus their non-thermal magic properties, I've come to
the conclusion that the latter don't exist and it's just a hype.
Thus, a modified kitchen microwave is not of much use, especially considering the hassle of controlling the hazard.
They're just fast autoclaves.
Speaking of autoclaves and kitchen, I have a kitchen autoclave a.k.a. pressure cooker.
So I put .25 moles of propiophenone as a substrate and .25 moles of sodium hydroxide into the demanded half litre of 99.9% IPA, which I dried with a
handful of mol sieves, just to be sure.
My IR thermometer initially read 35*C, just when the valve on top had closed. I figured, there's something wrong and fixed the notoriously low reading
of the device by attaching a thin piece of tape outside just below, where I knew that the level of the fluid inside was.
The reflection of the chrome surface seemed to fuck with my temperature reading.
So now, the piece of tape shows 91*C, when the security valve opens slightly. Turned it down to 87*C on the tape, because that eliminated the IPA
smell.
Now, when will my reaction be finished?
Got the pot on setting "2", which is maximum pressure.
The manufacturer says, using water, the first position of the security valve means 110*C and the second one means 116*C.
116*C mean 1,75 bar, as I calculated.
I could see, how hot IPA is at 1,75*C, but then again I'm unsure if that maximum is reached without considerable loss through the sec valve.
So maybe I can guess how hot the 87*C on the tape are on the inside. Any educated guesses?
What rule of thumb should I use to calculate?
Van't Hoff says every 10 K more give 2-4 times the reaction speed.
Acetophenone is one their examples. It needs 22.5 hours to completion. Didn't have that at hand, so propiophenone was used. Will it be faster, slower
or alike?
Feel free to discuss anything about this reaction.
Attachment: Novel isopropanol NaOH ketone to alcohols reduction.pdf (94kB)
This file has been downloaded 642 times
[Edited on 23-2-2017 by notoxicshit]
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battoussai114
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Fudge! This forum has an hability to eat my texts!
I guess it's similar to a Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley Reduction.
Batoussai.
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diggafromdover
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This gives me the notion of turning MEK into sec butanol. I wonder how hard it would be to separate the product from unused reactants.
Enjoying second childhood with REAL chemistry set.
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notoxicshit
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Would you be so kind to retype your answer? I'm interested in anything people have to say.
I missed out on checking the outer temperature when pressure cooking water at this setting, that might give me a clue, as to how hot the IPA might
momentarily be.
Do you people even think, the pressure cooker is a good idea? It's a very high quality one, however.
And yes, I wanted to discuss the workup, too.
That's what they do:
Per 50 mmol of substrate ,they partition between 200 ml of diethyl ether and 100 ml of water. The organic phase is washed three times, with 100 ml
water, each, once with brine, NaSO4 drying and rotovaling of the ether and distilling the residue in vacuum.
I'm a green minimalist, so is it possible to just wash out the hydroxide and maybe some of the IPA with salty water washes?
The alcohol I may get isn't water soluble and propiophenone neither. Would spare me the ether or anything alike.
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notoxicshit
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Other points I'd like to hear opinions about : how moisture sensitive should the reaction be?
Theoretically, quite, but practically they use open systems? I'm asking because alkali hydroxides often are far from dry.
Would you expect KOH to work, too, besides being more hygroscopic?
Does someone have experience, in how much less hot an IR thermometer reads a 2 mm stainless steel vessel at those ~100*C?
I have a hard time estimating reaction time.
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Corrosive Joeseph
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Initially it does seem a bit too good to be true.
And how exactly does one 'reflux NaOH in isopropanol for 18.5hrs' in a pressure cooker.................?
Just for comparison..................
REDUCTION WITH ALUMINUM ALKOXIDES
The Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley Reduction - A.L. Wilds
In-depth review; pages 178-223
http://www.sciencemadness.org/library/books/organic_reaction...
/CJ
[Edited on 24-2-2017 by Corrosive Joeseph]
Being well adjusted to a sick society is no measure of one's mental health
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notoxicshit
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Well the reflux doesn't serve any purpose other than maximizing the reaction temperature to the BP of the solvent. Thus 82*C.
So I used an enclosed vessel and it apparently became 10 K hotter, what van't Hoff would have read as a speed 2-4 times higher.
I let it steam for 8 hours yesterday. That may already mean a completed reaction, whilst I don't know if Propiophenone needs more or less time than
Acetophenone.
I'll work it up and see if the reaction oil produces any water when heated with KHSO4.
And I do know the MPV, I mentioned it, too.
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DraconicAcid
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I suspect that it will only work for high-boiling ketones. RCOR + CH3CH(OH)CH3 = RCH(OH)R + CH3COCH3 isn't going have a significant delta H or delta
S, but if you boil off the acetone as it's formed, you'll eventually get near-complete reduction of the RCOR. MEK is going to boil off nearly as fast
as the acetone (or more quickly, since you start with more of it), so you can't push the reaction to products so well. (Propio/aceto)phenone seem
much better candidates.
Please remember: "Filtrate" is not a verb.
Write up your lab reports the way your instructor wants them, not the way your ex-instructor wants them.
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stoichiometric_steve
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Am i the only one doubting this procedure? I just don't see why some alkoxide would act as a reducing agent all by itself. Even so, any acetone
produced would undergo aldol condensation with the product ketone.
Sounds like BS.
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Corrosive Joeseph
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No................ You are not
/CJ
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Ozone
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This looks like a transfer hydrogenation. Ish. Typically, the reductant is a secondary alcohol, tetralin, or formic acid (or the like). In my
experience, these are conducted using a stoichiometric excess of reductant and a catalyst such as Ru/C or Cu chromite in a stirred Parr reactor
(inconel/hastelloy @ 120-180°C). Pd/C can also be used, but was avoided due to expense.
This can work as-is, negating the complications associated with highly alkaline conditions (aldolization, etc.).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer_hydrogenation
http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/16740/1/IJCB%2039B(9)%20709-711.pdf
et al.
O3
-Anyone who never made a mistake never tried anything new.
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CuReUS
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this reaction has been known since the 60's,so its more fact than fiction.
| Quote: | | Even so, any acetone produced would undergo aldol condensation with the product ketone. |
No,it wouldn't because
1.the acetone is being distilled off as soon as it forms
2.the aldol reaction between ketones is quite slow
here is a recent paper -http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1381116915...
I remember seeing a reference on the organic chemistry portal which claimed that carbonyl compounds could be reduced to alcohols using just IPA and
pressure.But I have been searching for the past few days and I still can't find that paper 
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clearly_not_atara
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Acetone is a poor aldol acceptor, but a good donor. If the conditions will deprotonate acetone it will react with electrophilic carbonyl compounds.
This limits the reaction's scope, but there are still many compounds on which it may be applicable, phenylacetone e.g. might work okay although
benzaldehyde probably wouldn't
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stoichiometric_steve
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If you wouldn't mind providing a reference, that would be great. Otherwise, i still call this reaction BS.
Quote: Originally posted by Ozone  | This looks like a transfer hydrogenation. […]
This can work as-is, negating the complications associated with highly alkaline conditions (aldolization, etc.). |
This would be a transfer hydrogenation by definition, but since no catalyst is involved, it is IMHO highly unlikely to work at all.
The mixture is refluxed, so any formed acetone will be refluxed and limit the mixtures' boiling point. Nothing is distilled off here, which proves my
point.
Even so, i don't even believe that any acetone would be formed, and by what mechanism? Suddenly because of a little NaOH, IPA will become some magic
hydrogen donor? Sure.
I'm glad Meerwein, Ponndorf and Verley aren't around to witness this simple procedure totally making their method useless. I mean, how could they have
been so stupid not to try it?
In the MPV reduction, acetone MUST be distilled off to shift the equilibrium.
Of course not, it would just go Cannizzaro.
[Edited on 26-2-2017 by stoichiometric_steve]
[Edited on 26-2-2017 by stoichiometric_steve]
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notoxicshit
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Works, gives a product that can be dehydrated with KHSO4.
Did this because the bps of product and substrate are alike.
Got 7 g of a fraction boiling from 175-180*C, what seems to be the product of the dehydration. That's from 13 g of substrate and sloppy technique
doing this the first time, plus I only let it run for 8 hours at approximately 92*C.
Currently set up a bigger batch, but without pressure because the IPA killed my pressure cooker.
Will report back.
All the questions asked are answered in the paper. How about you people read it and try to actually contribute 
What I wonder is if the yield could be raised by removing acetone. Then, however, there are 4 l of IPA per mole substrate, so that might be
negligible.
Another thing might be that acetone may lower the reflux temperature and thus greatly lengthen reaction temperature.
Help me optimize this procedure. Unusual ideas especially welcome.
[Edited on 26-2-2017 by notoxicshit]
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notoxicshit
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Excuse the double post, but since all of my questions have been ignored, here are the most important ones:
In which direction is the reaction time of propiophenone expected to be off, regarding the 22,5 h acetophenone needs for this reaction?
Important question RIGHT NOW, as it's 22,5 h into the second batch, now.
Do you believe acetone removal to be significantly beneficial and do you have ideas of how to make that feasible?
How much Acetone does cheap IPA contain, from experience? It's made from it, AFAIK.
Please discuss water content of the reactant and need for drying, as this is not mentioned in the paper. Commercial hydroxides of alkali metals often
contain not exactly little water as they're hygroscopic.
If yes, how to bind/remove water (do mol sieves work in refluxing IPA?)?
If not important, as the open system used, suggests, please discuss why this is. This is paradoxical, as alkoxides don't exactly like water.
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DraconicAcid
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I don't know about the water, but the acetone will probably evaporate during reflux. Its boiling point is sufficiently low that its condensation in
the condensor will be insignificant (since all the IPA vapour will keep it warm).
Please remember: "Filtrate" is not a verb.
Write up your lab reports the way your instructor wants them, not the way your ex-instructor wants them.
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macckone
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The acetone needs to be removed for the reaction to
progress. Otherwise acetone would be a competing
reaction back to isopropanol. In theory this could
work with MEK to 2-butanol. The acetone has a
20C differential, so should evaporate preferentially.
With good reflux and keeping the column top
below 70C, there should be good resolution of the
acetone. Obviously higher boiling point ketones
are going to work better. And obviously the
column top needs to stay below 80C to avoid
boiling off the isopropanol as this is long reflux.
The final workup is going to be a pain.
The source ketone remaining is going to
be soluble in ethyl ether. The good thing
is that there is likely to be a decent differential
between the boiling point of the alcohol and the
ketone. So the final distillation should have
decent separation. However, distilling more than
once is probably a good idea.
Without a mechanism established, it is impossible
to say rather water will help or hinder the reaction.
My guess is that it will hinder it but some minimum
amount is ok and possibly even necessary.
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stoichiometric_steve
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Actually, the paper raises even more questions:
"After cooling to room temperature, the reaction mixture (200ml IPA)
was partitioned between diethyl ether (200 mL) and water (100 mL). The layers were separated […]"
I hardly believe that the mixture given above will even separate into layers.
Again, BS.
That's because you're expecting to be spoonfed without giving details of your experiments.
Also, as stated before, how do you reflux this stuff and thus remove acetone in a pressure cooker?
I don't know what you expect from this forum, since you even seem to be unable to stick to the given procedure.
[Edited on 26-2-2017 by stoichiometric_steve]
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CuReUS
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| Quote: Originally posted by stoichiometric_steve |
Even so, i don't even believe that any acetone would be formed, and by what mechanism? Suddenly because of a little NaOH, IPA will become some magic
hydrogen donor? Sure. |
read the 2015 paper in my previous post.They give a mechanism for ethanol.A similar mechanism should work for IPA
Cannizaro requires a high concentration of base(>5 moles of NaOH).The 0.25 moles of NaOH used in this reaction isn't enough.I think atara was
refering to the claisen schmidt reaction between benzaldehyde and acetone.
| Quote: Originally posted by notoxicshit |
In which direction is the reaction time of propiophenone expected to be off, regarding the 22,5 h acetophenone needs for this reaction?
|
I think propiophenone will take more time than acetophenone because since the reduction happens by hydride shift,the ethyl group of propiophenone will
reduce the positive charge on the carbonyl carbon more than the methyl group of acetophenone.So propiophenone will be less reactive and hence take
longer time to reduce.
| Quote: | | Do you believe acetone removal to be significantly beneficial and do you have ideas of how to make that feasible? |
from common sense,removal of acetone should shift the equilibrium forward and speeden up the reaction.As draconic acid mentioned,the acetone probably
evaporates during reflux.Othewise you can remove it by following the MPV procedure:-
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/00404020588... (pg 37)
| Quote: | | Please discuss water content of the reactant and need for drying |
I think it would be better if anhydrous reagents are used
[Edited on 27-2-2017 by CuReUS]
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byko3y
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At room temperature mixture of DEether:IPA:H2O=2:2:1 is surely biphasic, it's close to 7:6:12 in molar parts with DE ether and water being main
constituents: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fluid.2011.07.011
Alkoxides are know to catalyze MPV/openauer reaction, there's a lot of confirmations, including this one http://www.synarchive.com/named-reactions/Oppenauer_Oxidatio... and that one https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Woodward_modificatio... , just google it and you'll find much more.
[Edited on 27-2-2017 by byko3y]
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byko3y
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50 g (64 ml) of 99% isopropanol, 6.5 g (160 mmol) of NaOH, 4.2 g of cyclopentanone (50 mmol). Almost a day practically at reflux, despite the fact the
device was for distillation - no significant amount of acetone detected, maybe because i screw something up and didn't notice the acetone coming of.
Reaction mixture quickly turns yellow and in an hour becomes completely dark. Those are water-insoluble dimeric-polymeric compounds i'm not going to
analyse in any way. After two distillations, removal of ketones with bisulfite (that's why cyclopentanone is good - it reacts well with bisulfite),
drying, 0.41 g of compound boiling at 139-141 C was obtained, 10% yield of a pure colorless cyclopentanol. I believe the true yield is at least 20%
and significant amount of cyclopentanol was lost during manipulations because such a small amount of the product is not sutable for my 20 ml scale
devices.
Obviously, cyclopentanone quickly condenses with itself and acetone, forming some products having quite a good freshy odor, kinda similar to camphora.
I was not going for the recovered ketone, so god only knows how much of it left unchanged. Some high boiling alcohols are present as products,
probably as a result of reducing the aldol addition products.
I have a microwave oven, but I really doubt I can get same results as the original researchers. The method definitely works, but I would like to see
somebody obtaining same resealts as the researchers.
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ziqquratu
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Unless you've got a pressure vessel for the microwave, don't bother - notoxicshit's original assessment was reasonable, in that the evidence for a
specific microwave effect (beyond that achieved through higher temperatures under pressure) is very limited (and heavily questioned these days),
except in a few very specific circumstances.
The relative rates of reaction for acetophenone and propiophenone should be fairly similar (propiophenone, as mentioned by CeRuS, likely a little
slower if anything - but I wouldn't expect a dramatic difference). Do you have any ability to monitor the reaction by t.l.c. to check for completion?
That'd be the best way to figure out when it's done.
If there's a concern about water (I'm not sure how sensitive the MPV reduction is - particularly under these conditions!), you could add the NaOH to
some excess 100% isopropanol then distil off the extra solvent - the azeotrope should remove much of the water that the base may have introduced.
Steve, check out the Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley Reduction and the corresponding Oppenauer Oxidation. Obviously the classical reactions use aluminium alkoxides, and mechanistically involve bonding between the aluminium and the
ketone being reduced, but it's not impossible to envision the reaction working with simple alkali metal alkoxides. Indeed, the linked page for the MPV
reduction cites a reference from Organic Letters in 2007 which describes the MPV reduction of aromatic aldehydes (plus cinnamaldehyde) using stoichiometric LiBr with excess
triethylamine in isopropanol, rendering this paper at least plausible.
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byko3y
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ziqquratu, unlike sodium and potassium alkoxides, aluminium alkoxides are hydrolyzed by water almost irreversibly. In the mean time, sodium and
potassium alkoxides catalyze aldol condensation much more than those of aluminium, thus removal of water might lead to dehydration of aldol
condensation products.
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CuReUS
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| Quote: Originally posted by byko3y | 50 g (64 ml) of 99% isopropanol, 6.5 g (160 mmol) of NaOH, 4.2 g of cyclopentanone (50 mmol).Reaction mixture quickly turns yellow and in an hour
becomes completely dark. Those are water-insoluble dimeric-polymeric compounds
|
you have used 10 times the conc of NaOH required for the reaction.No wonder there was so much aldol
| Quote: Originally posted by ziqquratu | | Unless you've got a pressure vessel for the microwave, don't bother - notoxicshit's original assessment was reasonable, in that the evidence for a
specific microwave effect (beyond that achieved through higher temperatures under pressure) is very limited (and heavily questioned these days),
except in a few very specific circumstances. |
I don't understand why everyone is behind microwave chemistry.So many books have been written on it and there are few reactions which have not been
tried in MW.Obviously these chemists are not fools to follow something if it was completely fake.
| Quote: | | If there's a concern about water (I'm not sure how sensitive the MPV reduction is - particularly under these conditions!), you could add the NaOH to
some excess 100% isopropanol then distil off the extra solvent - the azeotrope should remove much of the water that the base may have introduced.
|
I had said earlier that anhydrous conditions should be used,basing my reasoning on MPV,but later I came across a paper where HCOOH was used as a
catalyst for reduction of carbonyl group and water was essential in that reaction.So unless both anhydrous and wet conditions are tried and
compared,nothing can be said for this reaction.
I made a mistake there.The paper I saw from the 60's also used alumina ,so its not applicable in this reaction.But the earliest papers for reactions
exactly like this are from 2000's
| Quote: Originally posted by byko3y | | ziqquratu, unlike sodium and potassium alkoxides, aluminium alkoxides are hydrolyzed by water almost irreversibly. |
but I thought that even Na/K alkoxides were extremely sensitive to water? | Quote: | | thus removal of water might lead to dehydration of aldol condensation products. |
I am not understanding what you are trying to say.Are you saying that water should not be removed from this reaction because then you would get
predominantly aldol products ?
[Edited on 6-3-2017 by CuReUS]
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