symboom
International Hazard
Posts: 1143
Registered: 11-11-2010
Location: Wrongplanet
Member Is Offline
Mood: Doing science while it is still legal since 2010
|
|
The many ways to make nitric acid
Other catalysts besides platinum will oxidise ammonia. Thus Frank and Caro
(German Patent, 224,329) showed that the expensive platinum can be replaced by a mixture of ceria and
thoria, which at I5O°-2OO° C. give a yield of 90 per cent. HNO:{ or HKOo. The mixture i.s not
so efficient as platinum, but is far cheaper.
Fr. Bayer & Co. (German Patent, 168,272) showed that at 6oo°-75O° burnt pyrites (iron oxide
containing some copper oxide (see p. 13), oxidises ammonia, N2O;{, being the sole product of the
oxidation. By absorbing in alkali, this gave nitrite ; see also under Ammonium Nitrate, p. 13.
Ammonium nitrate, (NH4)2NO3, is a product of increasing importance. It
is used in large quantities for the manufacture of certain safety, explosives, being
especially suitable for this purpose because it leaves no solid residue on explosion,
and develops heat when it decomposes according to the equation :—
Manufacture.—It may be produced by leading vapours of ammonia into nitric
acid, using synthetic ammonia and Ostwald's nitric acid (see p. 29).
Regarding the production of ammonium nitrate by Ostwald's process of directly oxidising the
ammonia to ammonium nitrate by catalytic platinum, the reader should see the following patents :—
English Patents, 698 and 8,300, 1902; 7,908, 1908; American Patent, 858,904, 1907.
Frank and Caro (D.R.P., 224,329) propose to use thorium oxide as the catalyst. M. Wendriner
(C/iem. fnd., 1911, p. 456) suggests uranium compounds as catalyst
The Deutschen Ammoniak-Verkaufs-Vereinigung, in Bochum, produced by Ostwald's process
in 1908, 651 tons; 1909, 1,096 tons; 1910, 1,237 tons.
Traube and Biltz (Swedish Patent, 8,944, 1897) oxidize ammonia gas by electrolytic oxygen, using as catalysers copper hydroxide, and claim an
excellent yield.
Siemens and Halske (D.R.P., 85,103) oxidise ammonia gas by silent electrical discharges.
which i was thinking in this post but did not know it was a patent
http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=15987#...
i can see why it is not used in industry because of on big scale it uses to much electricity my thought was use an arc from a tv flyback transformer.
Nithack (D. R.P., 95,532) electrolyse water, containing nitrogen, dissolved under a pressure of
50-100 atmospheres.
anyone have more info on these patents
of any other possible ways
|
|
|
The WiZard is In
International Hazard
Posts: 1617
Registered: 3-4-2010
Member Is Offline
Mood: No Mood
|
|
@ Google.com/books a "Full view only" search
for nitric acid production yields
106 000 hits. Put your boots on and wade through the
swamp in search of enlightenment.
|
|
|
hissingnoise
International Hazard
Posts: 3940
Registered: 26-12-2002
Member Is Offline
Mood: Pulverulescent!
|
|
Anyone can get their hands on KNO<sub>3</sub>, H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> and a few pieces of glass, surely?
|
|
|
hissingnoise
International Hazard
Posts: 3940
Registered: 26-12-2002
Member Is Offline
Mood: Pulverulescent!
|
|
Ooops! Forgot to give you the link!
|
|
|
symboom
International Hazard
Posts: 1143
Registered: 11-11-2010
Location: Wrongplanet
Member Is Offline
Mood: Doing science while it is still legal since 2010
|
|
yep potassium nitrate and sulfuric acid mix that is one way but with out nitrates are more intriguing to me
|
|
|
AJKOER
Radically Dubious
Posts: 3026
Registered: 7-5-2011
Member Is Offline
Mood: No Mood
|
|
Here is a good paper that also has charts summarizing many methods for NH3 decomposition and more.
http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/section?content=a782790104&...
The link below is a 2008 article on the oxidation of NH3 with O2 in the presence of a Bimetallic CuO/CeO2 Nanoparticle Catalyst authored by Chang-Mao
Hung, Taiwan, Republic of China:
http://www.aaqr.org/VOL8_No4_December2008/7_AAQR-08-07-OA-00...
To quote "The catalytic oxidation of ammonia has been reported to precede as follows the exothermic global reactions:
4NH3 + 3O2 → 2N2 + 6H2O +1266 KJ (1)
2NH3 + 2O2 → N2O + 3H2O +1102 KJ (2)
4NH3 + 5O2 → 4NO + 6H2O +904 KJ (3)
The SCO process that involves ammonia should be selective for nitrogen (reaction 1), and prevent further oxidation of nitrogen (reactions 2 and 3)"
There is also a series of papers in the processing of waste water like the paper by Karlis Svanks, "Oxidation of Ammonia in Water by Ferrates(VI) and
(IV)"
https://kb.osu.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/1811/36335/OH_WRC... .
One of the goals in waste managment is the efficient and economical removal of NH3 by oxidation in a normal temperature band. It terms out that
Ferrates are perhaps the strongest oxidizes around yielding mono-atomic oxygen and are capable of oxidizing NH4OH at room temperature. One equation
given by Svanks, with excess K2FeO4, for example, directly produces a nitrate:
8 K2FeO4 + 3 NH3 + (n+2)H2O --> 3 KNO3 + 4 Fe2O3.nH2O + 13 KOH
Another reference gives the optimal Ph between 7.5 to 11 and the temperature between 10C to 35C to produce nitrates.
The main issue is how to prepare K2FeO4 as it not commercially available and has a shelf life of about 8 - 9 hours. One cited method is as follow:
2Fe(NO3)3 + 3NaOCl + 10NaOH ->2Na2FeO4 + 5H2O + 3NaCl + 6NaNO3
Unfortunatley, the yield is low around 10-15%. However, replacing Na2(FeO4) with the insoluble Barium Ferrate is said to increase ferrate production.
The use of Ferric Nitrate seems to be preferable over Ferric Chloride and Fe(OH)3. The web and above work by Svanks give other possible ferrate
preparations with better yields. There is a recent Iranian Chemical Society paper detailing improvements resulting in higher yields to the Ferric
Nitrate approach. Link is:
http://www.ics-ir.org/jics/archive/v7/4/article/pdf/JICS-7-4...
I hope this all adds to the value of this thread.
|
|
|
hissingnoise
International Hazard
Posts: 3940
Registered: 26-12-2002
Member Is Offline
Mood: Pulverulescent!
|
|
| Quote: | . . . N2O;{, being the sole product of the
oxidation. By absorbing in alkali, this gave nitrite ; see also under Ammonium Nitrate, p. 13. b |
I didn't read all of your post, but nitrous oxide is neutral, reacting with neither alkali nor acid; NO will react to form nitrite but it
cannot exist in the presence of oxygen as oxidation to NO<sub>2</sub> occurs . . .
Good luck with your efforts!
|
|
|
hissingnoise
International Hazard
Posts: 3940
Registered: 26-12-2002
Member Is Offline
Mood: Pulverulescent!
|
|
Flybacks are very dangerous to the inexperienced, symboom!
And even though their current output is tiny, some are rated as high as 50Kv and if you get too close to a FBT it'll jump you and fairly bash you
against the nearest wall, or whatever . . .
The Birkeland-Eyde process can be run using an NST (or two in parallel) but these methods produce very low concentrations of
NO<sub>2</sub> which poses problems with absorption!
NSTs, though, use line frequency, but some go up to 12Kv and they can kill!
|
|
|
The WiZard is In
International Hazard
Posts: 1617
Registered: 3-4-2010
Member Is Offline
Mood: No Mood
|
|
Quote: Originally posted by hissingnoise  | Flybacks are very dangerous to the inexperienced, symboom!
And even though their current output is tiny, some are rated as high as 50Kv and if you get too close to a FBT it'll jump you and fairly bash you
against the nearest wall, or whatever . . . |
Reminds me in my younger day's... I touched the cap of a
1B? tube (the one connected to the fly-back transformer) with
the tip of a screwdriver .... while squated down ...what I failed to
notice was the metal shank continued through the handle and
was exposed at the end.
Where was the Olympic jump committee when I needed them?!
If the ceiling had been a couple of inches lower.....!
Then one day painting the kitchen ... took the cover plate off
a wall outlet and reached in to grab the duplex outlet. Good
thing I have move the fridge... or my elbow would have left
a heck of dent.
djh
---
My Favorite shock was — 105 VAC 20 Hz. You could taste your fillings.
White noise is a random signal (or process) with a flat power
spectral density. In other words, the signal contains equal power
within a fixed bandwidth at any center frequency. White noise
draws its name from white light in which the power spectral density
of the light is distributed over the visible band in such a way that
the eye's three color receptors (cones) are approximately equally
stimulated. In statistical sense, a time series rt is characterized as
having weak white noise if {rt} is a sequence of serially
uncorrelated random variables with zero mean and finite variance.
Strong white noise also has the quality of being independent and
identically distributed, which implies no autocorrelation. In
particular, if rt is normally distributed with mean zero and standard
deviation σ , the series is called a Gaussian white noise.
Wiki-P. White noise is the Hissingnoise you hear when you tune your AM
radio between stations. (Well... if you have an old one, the new
ones suppress the noise (ANC).
Extra credit - An infinite number of odd harmonics is called
a -----. Hint -a saw tooth wave contains all harmonics.
|
|
|
hissingnoise
International Hazard
Posts: 3940
Registered: 26-12-2002
Member Is Offline
Mood: Pulverulescent!
|
|
| Quote: | Wiki-P. White noise is the Hissingnoise you hear when you tune your AM
radio between stations. |
The diminishing(?) sound of creation, itself!
And how tinnitus (in my case, something that became too noticeable to ignore over normal background noise more than forty years ago) can sound - if
it's in just one ear.
| Quote: | Extra credit - An infinite number of odd harmonics is called
a ----- ? |
That to which Kerala owes much of its fame came to mind, but that can't be right!
'Spherical wave' doesn't seem to quite fit either, so I guess I'm stumped . . .
Take a bow WiZ!
|
|
|
tetrahedron
Hazard to Others
Posts: 210
Registered: 28-9-2012
Member Is Offline
Mood: No Mood
|
|
apparently Cr2O3 also catalyzes the oxidation of ammonia.
this lowly compound could provide a cheaper alternative to plante's platinized asbestos method described in this thread.
|
|
|
White Yeti
National Hazard
Posts: 816
Registered: 20-7-2011
Location: Asperger's spectrum
Member Is Offline
Mood: delocalized
|
|
Nice try, but the products of this oxidation are mainly water and nitrogen gas 
"Ja, Kalzium, das ist alles!" -Otto Loewi
|
|
|
![[*]](images/xpblue/default_icon.gif){kind=icon}
