China — Chemistry is no longer science - It is now a field of fame and game
Published online 17 August 2011 | Nature476, 253 (2011) | doi:10.1038/476253a
Column: World View
China's chemists should avoid the Vanity Fair
Problems in Chinese science are well documented. The slow pace of reform affects chemists more than most, says Nai-Xing Wang.
Change comes slowly in China and necessary change to the way Chinese science works is coming very slowly indeed. Despite suggestions earlier this year
that reform was in the air, Chinese administrators still stick to their system of allotting funding according to the impact factors of the journals in
which we publish our research. And chemistry is the field most adversely affected by this.
I have worked as a researcher in organic chemistry for many years, and am greatly concerned about the way Chinese chemistry is heading. Chemistry has
made a great contribution to human society, but right now it seems that chemistry research in China has turned into a Vanity Fair.
The biggest problem remains the obsession with journal impact factors. Generally speaking, articles in journals with high impact factors are judged to
appeal most to readers, but not every paper published in a high-impact-factor journal is high quality, and papers published in lower-ranked journals
are never worthless. Yet some administrators in China take a very crude approach: high-impact-factor publications mean excellent work.
Research proposals are judged according to the impact factor of a scientist's previous publications. (And referees are usually selected on these
criteria too.) Worse, the salaries of my chemistry colleagues go up or down depending on a complex mathematical formula based on the impact factor of
the journals in which we publish our work — which we must supply in a detailed list.
An impact factor is a measure only of the frequency with which the average article in a journal is cited in a given period of time. So it is no
surprise to find journals judged to have high impact in fashionable research areas, such as nanotechnology. For example, the impact factor of
Nanotechnology Letters was 9.99 in 2010, but we should not judge this journal twice as valuable as the Journal of Organic Chemistry, with an impact
factor of 4.21 in 2010. And some researchers in nanotechnology have not used mainstream techniques such as nuclear magnetic resonance, mass
spectrography, infrared or ultraviolet spectroscopy, or X-ray diffraction. They sometimes get by with just one instrument: an electron microscope.
Some research on 'novel' materials is nothing more than pictures taken with such a microscope. In contrast, papers in organic synthetic chemistry
often feature new synthetic routes and skills, but because some of the reactions involved are common, they are too often dismissed as lacking
innovation and novelty.
If a high impact factor is the only goal of chemistry research, then chemistry is no longer science. It is changed to a field of fame and game. There
are other effects too. Administrators in almost every university and research institute like to evaluate researchers by their papers at the end of
each year. As a result, chemists often choose easy research topics that can be written up inside a year. There are still some chemistry projects that
last five years, but they are rare. Some topics are finished and written up inside six months. It is not unusual for a professor to publish ten papers
in a year. And the outcome of a single project is usually split into several parts to produce more papers, which individually offer less information
to readers.
I realize that such pressures are common in academia everywhere, but they are most serious in China now, because of the rigid reliance on impact
factors, and they are worst in chemistry, because, in chemistry, it is much easier to produce a scientific paper from limited work. Often, papers do
not describe truly new chemical reactions, just variations on an established theme. Someone publishes a new reaction, and some chemists just introduce
a 'novel' substituent group and run the experiment under 'novel' conditions. The predecessors open a new door and some chemists follow them through
wearing different 'novel' clothing.
One way to improve the situation, without slipping back to the days when research funding was allocated to favourites and friends, would be to judge
scientists in China not just on journal impact factors but on the citations their papers receive after, say, two years, to see whether their work
stands the test of time.
It is right to push Chinese scientists to publish in international journals, but currently there is too much emphasis on presentation and fancy
concepts, and too little on solid, high-quality work. Texts that teach scientists how to write world-class papers — with a good structure including
among other things, an abstract and an introduction — are popular in China at the moment. But too often these perfectly packaged and neatly written
papers discuss empty concepts.
Additional pressure on chemistry in China comes from an increasing emphasis on making research projects 'useful'. China has a big population and lacks
resources, so it is right to emphasize the importance of applied chemistry research, which needs an element of process engineering. But science is not
directly equal to productivity. Pure chemistry, which explores the unknown and provides new tools for scientists, must not be overlooked.
We are now more than halfway through 2011, the Year of Chemistry. If China is to truly celebrate the discipline and produce good chemistry rather than
lots of papers, then change needs to come quickly.
Nai-Xing Wang is a professor in the Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing.
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