Difference between revisions of "Ytterbium"

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[[File:Ytterbium 4k.jpg|thumb|A piece of ytterbium metal]]
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{{Infobox element
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|image name comment=A piece of ytterbium metal
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<!-- General properties -->
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|name=Ytterbium
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|symbol=Yb
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|pronounce=
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|pronounce comment=
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|pronounce 2=
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|alt name=
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|alt names=
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|allotropes=
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|appearance=Silvery-white
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<!-- Periodic table -->
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|above=
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|below=No
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|left=[[Thulium]]
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|right=[[Lutetium]]
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|number=70
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|atomic mass=173.045(10)
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|atomic mass 2=
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|atomic mass comment=
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|series=
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|series color=
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|group=
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|period=6
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|period comment=
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|block=f
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|block ref=
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|block comment=
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|electron configuration=[Xe] 4f<sup>14</sup> 6s<sup>2</sup>
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|electron configuration ref=
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|electron configuration comment=
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|electrons per shell=2, 8, 18, 32, 8, 2
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|electrons per shell ref=
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|electrons per shell comment=
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<!-- Physical properties -->
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|physical properties comment=
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|color=Silvery-white
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|phase=Solid
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|phase ref=
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|phase comment=
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|melting point K=1097
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|melting point C=824
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|melting point F=1515
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|melting point ref=
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|melting point comment=
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|boiling point K=1469
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|boiling point C=1196
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|boiling point F=​2185
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|sublimation point K=
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|sublimation point C=
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|density gplstp=
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|density gpcm3nrt=6.90
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|density gpcm3mp=6.21
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|molar volume=
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|triple point K=
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|critical point K=
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|critical point MPa=
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|heat fusion=7.66
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|heat vaporization=129
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|heat capacity=26.74
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|heat capacity 2=
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|heat capacity 2 comment=
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|vapor pressure 1=736
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|vapor pressure 10=813
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|vapor pressure 100=910
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|vapor pressure 1 k=1047
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|vapor pressure 10 k=(1266)
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|vapor pressure 100 k=(1465)
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|vapor pressure ref=
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|vapor pressure 1 k 2=
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|vapor pressure 2 comment=
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<!-- Atomic properties -->
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|atomic properties comment=
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|oxidation states='''3''', 2, 1
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|oxidation states ref=
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|oxidation states comment=(a basic oxide)
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|electronegativity=1.1
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|electronegativity ref=
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|electronegativity comment=
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|ionization energy 1=603.4
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|ionization energy 1 ref=
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|ionization energy 1 comment=
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|ionization energy 2=1174.8
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|ionization energy 2 ref=
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|ionization energy 2 comment=
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|ionization energy 3=2417
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|ionization energy 3 ref=
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|number of ionization energies=
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|ionization energy ref=
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|ionization energy comment=
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|atomic radius=176
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|atomic radius ref=
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|atomic radius comment=
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|atomic radius calculated=
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|atomic radius calculated ref=
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|atomic radius calculated comment=
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|covalent radius=187±8
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|covalent radius ref=
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|covalent radius comment=
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|Van der Waals radius=
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|crystal structure=
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|crystal structure comment=Face-centered cubic (fcc)
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|crystal structure 2=
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|speed of sound=
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|speed of sound comment=
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|speed of sound rod at 20=1590
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|speed of sound rod at 20 comment=
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|speed of sound rod at r.t.=
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|speed of sound rod at r.t. ref=
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|speed of sound rod at r.t. comment=
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|thermal expansion=26.3
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|thermal expansion ref=
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|thermal expansion comment=(β, poly)
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|thermal expansion at 25=
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|thermal expansion at 25 ref=
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|thermal conductivity=38.5
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|electrical resistivity=2.5·<sup>-7</sup>
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|electrical resistivity ref=
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|electrical resistivity comment=(β, poly)
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|electrical resistivity at 0=
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|band gap=
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|Curie point K=
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|magnetic ordering=Paramagnetic
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|magnetic ordering ref=
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|tensile strength=
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|tensile strength ref=
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|tensile strength comment=
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|Young's modulus=23.9
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|Young's modulus ref=
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|Young's modulus comment=(β form)
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|Shear modulus=9.9
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|Shear modulus ref=
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|Shear modulus comment=(β form)
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|Bulk modulus=30.5
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|Bulk modulus ref=
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|Bulk modulus comment=(β form)
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|Poisson ratio=0.207
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|Poisson ratio ref=
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|Poisson ratio comment=(β form)
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|Mohs hardness=
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|Vickers hardness=205–250
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|Vickers hardness comment=
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|Brinell hardness=340–440
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|Brinell hardness ref=
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|CAS number=7440-64-4
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<!-- History -->
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|naming=After Ytterby (Sweden), where it was mined
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|predicted by=
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|prediction date=
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|discovered by=Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac
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|discovery date=1878
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|first isolation by=Carl Auer von Welsbach
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|first isolation date ref=
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|first isolation date=1906
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|discovery and first isolation by=
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|engvar=
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}}
 
'''Ytterbium''' is a [[lanthanide]] with the symbol '''Yb''' and atomic number 70. It is a hard, silvery metal, sometimes described as slightly brassy, that is about as reactive as [[magnesium]]. It is not a particularly interesting addition to the amateur chemist's lab, but it and its ytterbium(II) derivatives are powerful [[Reducing agent|reducing agents]] that can be used in organic synthesis as an alternative to [[samarium]] and its samarium(II) derivatives.
 
'''Ytterbium''' is a [[lanthanide]] with the symbol '''Yb''' and atomic number 70. It is a hard, silvery metal, sometimes described as slightly brassy, that is about as reactive as [[magnesium]]. It is not a particularly interesting addition to the amateur chemist's lab, but it and its ytterbium(II) derivatives are powerful [[Reducing agent|reducing agents]] that can be used in organic synthesis as an alternative to [[samarium]] and its samarium(II) derivatives.
  

Revision as of 20:41, 22 October 2017

Ytterbium,  70Yb
Ytterbium 4k.jpg
A piece of ytterbium metal
General properties
Name, symbol Ytterbium, Yb
Appearance Silvery-white
Ytterbium in the periodic table


Yb

No
ThuliumYtterbiumLutetium
Atomic number 70
Standard atomic weight (Ar) 173.045(10)
Group, block , f-block
Period period 6
Electron configuration [Xe] 4f14 6s2
per shell
2, 8, 18, 32, 8, 2
Physical properties
Silvery-white
Phase Solid
Melting point 1097 K ​(824 °C, ​1515 °F)
Boiling point 1469 K ​(1196 °C, ​​2185 °F)
Density near r.t. 6.90 g/cm3
when liquid, at  6.21 g/cm3
Heat of fusion 7.66 kJ/mol
Heat of 129 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity 26.74 J/(mol·K)
 pressure
Atomic properties
Oxidation states 3, 2, 1 ​(a basic oxide)
Electronegativity Pauling scale: 1.1
energies 1st: 603.4 kJ/mol
2nd: 1174.8 kJ/mol
3rd: 2417 kJ/mol
Atomic radius empirical: 176 pm
Covalent radius 187±8 pm
Miscellanea
Crystal structure ​Face-centered cubic (fcc)
Speed of sound thin rod 1590 m/s (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion 26.3 µm/(m·K) (β, poly)
Thermal conductivity 38.5 W/(m·K)
Electrical resistivity 2.5·-7 Ω·m (β, poly)
Magnetic ordering Paramagnetic
Young's modulus 23.9 GPa (β form)
Shear modulus 9.9 GPa (β form)
Bulk modulus 30.5 GPa (β form)
Poisson ratio 0.207 (β form)
Vickers hardness 205–250 MPa
Brinell hardness 340–440 MPa
CAS Registry Number 7440-64-4
History
Naming After Ytterby (Sweden), where it was mined
Discovery Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac (1878)
First isolation Carl Auer von Welsbach (1906)
· references

Ytterbium is a lanthanide with the symbol Yb and atomic number 70. It is a hard, silvery metal, sometimes described as slightly brassy, that is about as reactive as magnesium. It is not a particularly interesting addition to the amateur chemist's lab, but it and its ytterbium(II) derivatives are powerful reducing agents that can be used in organic synthesis as an alternative to samarium and its samarium(II) derivatives.

Properties

Physical properties

Ytterbium is a silvery metal. Its exact color, however, is disputed: some sources describe it as grayish, others as slightly brassy. It exists in three allotropes: α-ytterbium, which exists in a hexagonal crystal structure is stable below -13 °C and is diamagnetic, β-ytterbium, which is stable at room temperature, paramagnetic and exists in a face-centered cubic structure, and γ-ytterbium, which exists above 795 °C and has a body centered cubic structure.

Due to the filled f-shell, the metal has an unusually low melting and boiling point (824 °C and 1196 °C respectively), and is also less dense than most other lanthanides. Melting ytterbium (which must be done in an inert atmosphere to prevent ignition of the metal) will invariably cause some to boil off due to the narrow liquid range. This filled f-shell contributes to ytterbium's extremely low magnetism compared to rare earths such as gadolinium, terbium and dysprosium.

Ytterbium metal changes its resisitivity as pressure or other stresses increase.

Chemical properties

Ytterbium is a reactive metal, but it does not tarnish quickly in air due to passivation. It does, however, burn in air to form ytterbium(III) oxide. Ytterbium burns with a characteristic green flame, notably in compositions with hexachloroethane and polytetrafluoroethylene.

Ytterbium reacts vigorously with dilute acids to form salts. Most of these salts are soluble in water except for the fluoride and oxalate. All of these salts are white in color. Ytterbium also reacts with the halogens to form trihalides. The metal reacts only slowly in cold water, but vigorously in hot water, to form ytterbium hydroxide, which is basic enough to absorb carbon dioxide from the air to form ytterbium carbonate.

Under reducing conditions, a ytterbium(II) species is known to exist. This ion will reduce water to hydrogen gas and is therefore unstable in aqueous solution. It can be isolated in tetrahydrofuran. Ytterbium(II) compounds can be formed by reacting metallic ytterbium with ytterbium(III) compounds, but they disproportionate to ytterbium metal and ytterbium(III) compounds at elevated temperatures.

Availability

Ytterbium is more common than iodine on Earth, but it is very hard to find and expensive. One source for ytterbium, as well as other rare earth metals, is Metallium. It is sold in 5 gram and 20 gram sizes, as well as rods, ampoules, and coins. Ytterbium and its compounds are occasionally sold on eBay as well.

Projects

  • Making and using ytterbium(II) compounds
  • Green-burning energetic mixtures

Handling

Safety

Toxicity

Ytterbium compounds have not been investigated for their toxicity, and should be treated as mildly toxic. Ytterbium has no biological role but may stimulate metabolism. Salts of ytterbium, especially the halides, tend to hydrolyze at elevated temperatures and may emit noxious or strongly acidic vapors.

Flammability

Ytterbium as small pieces will ignite in the presence of an open flame, and ytterbium dust and powder may ignite very easily. Ytterbium and thulium fires may be identified by their brilliant green flames. Class D fire extingushers should be at hand. Water may aggravate burning ytterbium and should never be used.

Storage

Ytterbium should be stored in closed containers, away from any corrosive chemicals.

Disposal

Best to try to recycle it.

References

Relevant Sciencemadness threads

None as of yet - why not start some research on this element?