Difference between revisions of "Strontium"
From Sciencemadness Wiki
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|alt names= | |alt names= | ||
|allotropes= | |allotropes= | ||
| − | |appearance=Silvery | + | |appearance=Silvery-white |
<!-- Periodic table --> | <!-- Periodic table --> | ||
| − | |above= | + | |above=[[Calcium|Ca]] |
| − | |below= | + | |below=[[Barium|Ba]] |
| − | |left= | + | |left=[[Rubidium]] |
| − | |right= | + | |right=[[Yttrium]] |
| − | |number= | + | |number=38 |
| − | |atomic mass= | + | |atomic mass=87.62(1) |
|atomic mass 2= | |atomic mass 2= | ||
|atomic mass ref= | |atomic mass ref= | ||
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|series comment= | |series comment= | ||
|series color= | |series color= | ||
| − | |group= | + | |group=2 |
|group ref= | |group ref= | ||
| − | |group comment= | + | |group comment=(alkaline earth metals) |
| − | |period= | + | |period=5 |
|period ref= | |period ref= | ||
|period comment= | |period comment= | ||
| − | |block= | + | |block=s |
|block ref= | |block ref= | ||
|block comment= | |block comment= | ||
| − | |electron configuration= | + | |electron configuration=[Kr] 5s<sup>2</sup> |
|electron configuration ref= | |electron configuration ref= | ||
|electron configuration comment= | |electron configuration comment= | ||
| − | |electrons per shell= | + | |electrons per shell=2, 8, 18, 8, 2 |
|electrons per shell ref= | |electrons per shell ref= | ||
|electrons per shell comment= | |electrons per shell comment= | ||
<!-- Physical properties --> | <!-- Physical properties --> | ||
|physical properties comment= | |physical properties comment= | ||
| − | |color= | + | |color=Silvery-white |
| − | |phase= | + | |phase=Solid |
|phase ref= | |phase ref= | ||
|phase comment= | |phase comment= | ||
| − | |melting point K= | + | |melting point K=1050 |
| − | |melting point C= | + | |melting point C=777 |
| − | |melting point F= | + | |melting point F=1431 |
|melting point ref= | |melting point ref= | ||
|melting point comment= | |melting point comment= | ||
| − | |boiling point K= | + | |boiling point K=1650 |
| − | |boiling point C= | + | |boiling point C=1377 |
| − | |boiling point F= | + | |boiling point F=2511 |
|boiling point ref= | |boiling point ref= | ||
|boiling point comment= | |boiling point comment= | ||
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|density gplstp ref= | |density gplstp ref= | ||
|density gplstp comment= | |density gplstp comment= | ||
| − | |density gpcm3nrt= | + | |density gpcm3nrt=2.64 |
|density gpcm3nrt ref= | |density gpcm3nrt ref= | ||
|density gpcm3nrt comment= | |density gpcm3nrt comment= | ||
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|density gpcm3nrt 3 ref= | |density gpcm3nrt 3 ref= | ||
|density gpcm3nrt 3 comment= | |density gpcm3nrt 3 comment= | ||
| − | |density gpcm3mp= | + | |density gpcm3mp=2.375 |
|density gpcm3mp ref= | |density gpcm3mp ref= | ||
|density gpcm3mp comment= | |density gpcm3mp comment= | ||
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|critical point ref= | |critical point ref= | ||
|critical point comment= | |critical point comment= | ||
| − | |heat fusion= | + | |heat fusion=7.43 |
|heat fusion ref= | |heat fusion ref= | ||
|heat fusion comment= | |heat fusion comment= | ||
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|heat fusion 2 ref= | |heat fusion 2 ref= | ||
|heat fusion 2 comment= | |heat fusion 2 comment= | ||
| − | |heat vaporization= | + | |heat vaporization=141 |
|heat vaporization ref= | |heat vaporization ref= | ||
|heat vaporization comment= | |heat vaporization comment= | ||
| − | |heat capacity= | + | |heat capacity=26.4 |
|heat capacity ref= | |heat capacity ref= | ||
|heat capacity comment= | |heat capacity comment= | ||
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|heat capacity 2 ref= | |heat capacity 2 ref= | ||
|heat capacity 2 comment= | |heat capacity 2 comment= | ||
| − | |vapor pressure 1= | + | |vapor pressure 1=796 |
| − | |vapor pressure 10= | + | |vapor pressure 10=882 |
| − | |vapor pressure 100= | + | |vapor pressure 100=990 |
| − | |vapor pressure 1 k= | + | |vapor pressure 1 k=1139 |
| − | |vapor pressure 10 k= | + | |vapor pressure 10 k=1345 |
| − | |vapor pressure 100 k= | + | |vapor pressure 100 k=1646 |
|vapor pressure ref= | |vapor pressure ref= | ||
|vapor pressure comment= | |vapor pressure comment= | ||
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<!-- Atomic properties --> | <!-- Atomic properties --> | ||
|atomic properties comment= | |atomic properties comment= | ||
| − | |oxidation states= | + | |oxidation states='''2''', 1 |
|oxidation states ref= | |oxidation states ref= | ||
| − | |oxidation states comment= | + | |oxidation states comment=(a strongly basic oxide) |
| − | |electronegativity= | + | |electronegativity=0.95 |
|electronegativity ref= | |electronegativity ref= | ||
|electronegativity comment= | |electronegativity comment= | ||
| − | |ionization energy 1= | + | |ionization energy 1=549.5 |
|ionization energy 1 ref= | |ionization energy 1 ref= | ||
|ionization energy 1 comment= | |ionization energy 1 comment= | ||
| − | |ionization energy 2= | + | |ionization energy 2=1064.2 |
|ionization energy 2 ref= | |ionization energy 2 ref= | ||
|ionization energy 2 comment= | |ionization energy 2 comment= | ||
| − | |ionization energy 3= | + | |ionization energy 3=4138 |
|ionization energy 3 ref= | |ionization energy 3 ref= | ||
|ionization energy 3 comment= | |ionization energy 3 comment= | ||
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|ionization energy ref= | |ionization energy ref= | ||
|ionization energy comment= | |ionization energy comment= | ||
| − | |atomic radius= | + | |atomic radius=215 |
|atomic radius ref= | |atomic radius ref= | ||
|atomic radius comment= | |atomic radius comment= | ||
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|atomic radius calculated ref= | |atomic radius calculated ref= | ||
|atomic radius calculated comment= | |atomic radius calculated comment= | ||
| − | |covalent radius= | + | |covalent radius=195±10 |
|covalent radius ref= | |covalent radius ref= | ||
|covalent radius comment= | |covalent radius comment= | ||
| − | |Van der Waals radius= | + | |Van der Waals radius=249 |
|Van der Waals radius ref= | |Van der Waals radius ref= | ||
|Van der Waals radius comment= | |Van der Waals radius comment= | ||
<!-- Miscellanea --> | <!-- Miscellanea --> | ||
| − | |crystal structure= | + | |crystal structure= Face-centered cubic (fcc) |
|crystal structure prefix= | |crystal structure prefix= | ||
|crystal structure ref= | |crystal structure ref= | ||
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|thermal expansion ref= | |thermal expansion ref= | ||
|thermal expansion comment= | |thermal expansion comment= | ||
| − | |thermal expansion at 25= | + | |thermal expansion at 25=22.5 |
|thermal expansion at 25 ref= | |thermal expansion at 25 ref= | ||
|thermal expansion at 25 comment= | |thermal expansion at 25 comment= | ||
| − | |thermal conductivity= | + | |thermal conductivity=35.4 |
|thermal conductivity ref= | |thermal conductivity ref= | ||
|thermal conductivity comment= | |thermal conductivity comment= | ||
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|electrical resistivity at 0 ref= | |electrical resistivity at 0 ref= | ||
|electrical resistivity at 0 comment= | |electrical resistivity at 0 comment= | ||
| − | |electrical resistivity at 20= | + | |electrical resistivity at 20=132·10<sup>-9</sup> |
|electrical resistivity at 20 ref= | |electrical resistivity at 20 ref= | ||
|electrical resistivity at 20 comment= | |electrical resistivity at 20 comment= | ||
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|Curie point ref= | |Curie point ref= | ||
|Curie point comment= | |Curie point comment= | ||
| − | |magnetic ordering= | + | |magnetic ordering=Paramagnetic |
|magnetic ordering ref= | |magnetic ordering ref= | ||
|magnetic ordering comment= | |magnetic ordering comment= | ||
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|tensile strength ref= | |tensile strength ref= | ||
|tensile strength comment= | |tensile strength comment= | ||
| − | |Young's modulus= | + | |Young's modulus=15.7 |
|Young's modulus ref= | |Young's modulus ref= | ||
|Young's modulus comment= | |Young's modulus comment= | ||
| − | |Shear modulus= | + | |Shear modulus=6.03 |
|Shear modulus ref= | |Shear modulus ref= | ||
|Shear modulus comment= | |Shear modulus comment= | ||
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|Bulk modulus ref= | |Bulk modulus ref= | ||
|Bulk modulus comment= | |Bulk modulus comment= | ||
| − | |Poisson ratio= | + | |Poisson ratio=0.28 |
|Poisson ratio ref= | |Poisson ratio ref= | ||
|Poisson ratio comment= | |Poisson ratio comment= | ||
| − | |Mohs hardness= | + | |Mohs hardness=1.5 |
|Mohs hardness ref= | |Mohs hardness ref= | ||
|Mohs hardness comment= | |Mohs hardness comment= | ||
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|Brinell hardness ref= | |Brinell hardness ref= | ||
|Brinell hardness comment= | |Brinell hardness comment= | ||
| − | |CAS number= | + | |CAS number=7440-24-6 |
|CAS number ref= | |CAS number ref= | ||
|CAS number comment= | |CAS number comment= | ||
<!-- History --> | <!-- History --> | ||
| − | |naming= | + | |naming=After the mineral strontianite, itself named after Strontian, Scotland |
|predicted by= | |predicted by= | ||
|prediction date ref= | |prediction date ref= | ||
|prediction date= | |prediction date= | ||
| − | |discovered by= | + | |discovered by= William Cruickshank |
|discovery date ref= | |discovery date ref= | ||
| − | |discovery date= | + | |discovery date=1787 |
| − | |first isolation by= | + | |first isolation by= Humphry Davy |
|first isolation date ref= | |first isolation date ref= | ||
| − | |first isolation date= | + | |first isolation date=1808 |
|discovery and first isolation by= | |discovery and first isolation by= | ||
|named by= | |named by= | ||
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==Properties== | ==Properties== | ||
===Chemical=== | ===Chemical=== | ||
| − | Strontium metal bubbles fiercely on contact with water. It burns in air to produce both strontium oxide and strontium nitride, but since it only reacts with nitrogen above 380 °C, at room temperature it will only form the oxide. | + | Strontium metal bubbles fiercely on contact with water. It burns in air to produce both [[strontium oxide]] and strontium nitride, but since it only reacts with [[nitrogen]] above 380 °C, at room temperature it will only form the oxide. |
The chemistry of strontium salts is similar to barium (nigh insoluble sulfate and carbonate, soluble chloride and nitrate), so strontium salts can be used as a safer, non-toxic alternatives to barium salts when detecting sulfate ions. | The chemistry of strontium salts is similar to barium (nigh insoluble sulfate and carbonate, soluble chloride and nitrate), so strontium salts can be used as a safer, non-toxic alternatives to barium salts when detecting sulfate ions. | ||
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==Projects== | ==Projects== | ||
*Colored flames | *Colored flames | ||
| − | * | + | *Make strontium titanate |
| + | *Make strontium salts | ||
==Handling== | ==Handling== | ||
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===Disposal=== | ===Disposal=== | ||
| − | Strontium can be safely disposed by reacting it with water or isopropanol and doesn't pose a hazard to the environment, so no special disposal is required. | + | Strontium can be safely disposed by reacting it with water or [[isopropanol]] and doesn't pose a hazard to the environment, so no special disposal is required. |
==References== | ==References== | ||
<references/> | <references/> | ||
===Relevant Sciencemadness threads=== | ===Relevant Sciencemadness threads=== | ||
| + | *[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=62815 Metallic Strontium] | ||
| + | *[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=16310 casting strontium metal dendritic form?] | ||
| + | *[http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=16632 Strontium and Barium] | ||
[[Category:Elements]] | [[Category:Elements]] | ||
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[[Category:Materials unstable in acidic solution]] | [[Category:Materials unstable in acidic solution]] | ||
[[Category:Materials that react with water]] | [[Category:Materials that react with water]] | ||
| + | [[Category:Air-sensitive materials]] | ||
[[Category:S-block]] | [[Category:S-block]] | ||
Latest revision as of 17:51, 14 December 2017
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|
| General properties | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Name, symbol | Strontium, Sr | ||||
| Appearance | Silvery-white | ||||
| Strontium in the periodic table | |||||
| |||||
| Atomic number | 38 | ||||
| Standard atomic weight (Ar) | 87.62(1) | ||||
| Group, block | (alkaline earth metals); s-block | ||||
| Period | period 5 | ||||
| Electron configuration | [Kr] 5s2 | ||||
per shell | 2, 8, 18, 8, 2 | ||||
| Physical properties | |||||
| Silvery-white | |||||
| Phase | Solid | ||||
| Melting point | 1050 K (777 °C, 1431 °F) | ||||
| Boiling point | 1650 K (1377 °C, 2511 °F) | ||||
| Density near r.t. | 2.64 g/cm3 | ||||
| when liquid, at | 2.375 g/cm3 | ||||
| Heat of fusion | 7.43 kJ/mol | ||||
| Heat of | 141 kJ/mol | ||||
| Molar heat capacity | 26.4 J/(mol·K) | ||||
| pressure | |||||
| Atomic properties | |||||
| Oxidation states | 2, 1 (a strongly basic oxide) | ||||
| Electronegativity | Pauling scale: 0.95 | ||||
| energies |
1st: 549.5 kJ/mol 2nd: 1064.2 kJ/mol 3rd: 4138 kJ/mol | ||||
| Atomic radius | empirical: 215 pm | ||||
| Covalent radius | 195±10 pm | ||||
| Van der Waals radius | 249 pm | ||||
| Miscellanea | |||||
| Crystal structure | | ||||
| Thermal expansion | 22.5 µm/(m·K) (at 25 °C) | ||||
| Thermal conductivity | 35.4 W/(m·K) | ||||
| Electrical resistivity | 132·10-9 Ω·m (at 20 °C) | ||||
| Magnetic ordering | Paramagnetic | ||||
| Young's modulus | 15.7 GPa | ||||
| Shear modulus | 6.03 GPa | ||||
| Poisson ratio | 0.28 | ||||
| Mohs hardness | 1.5 | ||||
| CAS Registry Number | 7440-24-6 | ||||
| History | |||||
| Naming | After the mineral strontianite, itself named after Strontian, Scotland | ||||
| Discovery | William Cruickshank (1787) | ||||
| First isolation | Humphry Davy (1808) | ||||
Strontium is an alkaline earth metal with the symbol Sr and atomic number 39.
Contents
Properties
Chemical
Strontium metal bubbles fiercely on contact with water. It burns in air to produce both strontium oxide and strontium nitride, but since it only reacts with nitrogen above 380 °C, at room temperature it will only form the oxide.
The chemistry of strontium salts is similar to barium (nigh insoluble sulfate and carbonate, soluble chloride and nitrate), so strontium salts can be used as a safer, non-toxic alternatives to barium salts when detecting sulfate ions.
Physical
Strontium metal is soft and silvery. Its salts tend to produce a scarlet-red flame when burned in a flame.
Availability
Strontium metal may be purchased at GalliumSource, at 85$/ 2.5 kg.
You can also buy celestine, a mineral of strontium consisting mainly of its sulfate, from mineral collector stores. Finely ground celestine can be subjected to the Curie reaction (lengthy boiling under reflux with sodium carbonate) to convert it to strontium carbonate, which is a useful precursor to any strontium salt.
Additionally, most red-colored road flares contain strontium in the form of the nitrate, along with elemental sulfur and a binder. This can be crystallized out of the solution for a decent yield of pure, snow-white strontium nitrate.
Preparation
Strontium is difficult to prepare and cheap to buy, so it is worth just buying the metal.
Projects
- Colored flames
- Make strontium titanate
- Make strontium salts
Handling
Safety
Strontium salts are non-toxic. They have been investigated for positive effects on bone mass, and strontium supplements are beginning to hit the market. However, that does not imply that consuming strontium salts produced in the lab is safe.
Storage
Just like calcium and all the alkali-earth metals under it, strontium metal corrodes easily on contact with air and water and must be stored under oil or in an inert atmosphere. The metal presents a fire hazard. Class D fire extinguishers should be used with strontium fires. Water will cause a hydrogen explosion.
Disposal
Strontium can be safely disposed by reacting it with water or isopropanol and doesn't pose a hazard to the environment, so no special disposal is required.
