Difference between revisions of "Ethylene oxide"

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(Created page with "{{Chembox | Name = Ethylene oxide | Reference = | IUPACName = Oxirane | PIN = | SystematicName = | OtherNames = 1,2-Epoxy ethane<br>Amprolene<br>Dimethylene oxide<br>Epoxyetha...")
 
(Preparation)
 
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| pKb =  
 
| pKb =  
 
| Solubility = Miscible
 
| Solubility = Miscible
| SolubleOther = Soluble in [[acetone]], [[benzene]], [[diethyl ether]], [[ethanol]]
+
| SolubleOther = Miscible with [[carbon tetrachloride]], [[ether]]s<br>Soluble in [[acetone]], [[benzene]], [[diethyl ether]], [[ethanol]]
| Solubility1 = Miscible
+
| Solvent1 = carbon tetrachloride
+
 
| Solvent =  
 
| Solvent =  
 
| VaporPressure = 1.46 atm (20°C)
 
| VaporPressure = 1.46 atm (20°C)
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| Section6 = {{Chembox Hazards
 
| Section6 = {{Chembox Hazards
 
| AutoignitionPt = 429 °C
 
| AutoignitionPt = 429 °C
| ExploLimits = 3 to 100%
+
| ExploLimits = 3-100%
 
| ExternalMSDS = [http://www.praxair.com/-/media/documents/sds/ethylene-oxide-c2h4o-safety-data-sheet-sds-p4798.pdf?la=en Praxair]
 
| ExternalMSDS = [http://www.praxair.com/-/media/documents/sds/ethylene-oxide-c2h4o-safety-data-sheet-sds-p4798.pdf?la=en Praxair]
 
| FlashPt = −20 °C
 
| FlashPt = −20 °C
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| OtherFunction =  
 
| OtherFunction =  
 
| OtherFunction_label =  
 
| OtherFunction_label =  
| OtherCompounds = [[Ethylene glycol]]
+
| OtherCompounds = [[Propylene oxide]]
 
   }}
 
   }}
 
}}
 
}}
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==Availability==
 
==Availability==
Ethylene oxide is sold by various chemical suppliers, either pure or in solution, but due to its strong carcinogenicity it's sale is restricted to companies.  
+
Ethylene oxide is sold by various chemical suppliers, either pure or in solution, but due to its strong carcinogenicity its sale is restricted to companies.  
  
 
==Preparation==
 
==Preparation==
 
The preparation of ethylene oxide is not easy, but can be done if the procedure is followed carefully.
 
The preparation of ethylene oxide is not easy, but can be done if the procedure is followed carefully.
  
Industrially EO is made through direct oxidation of ethylene with [[oxygen]] in the presence of a metal catalyst, such as [[silver]].
+
Industrially EO is made through direct oxidation of [[ethylene]] with [[oxygen]] in the presence of a metal catalyst, such as [[silver]].
  
A more convenient process involves the reaction of [[2-chloroethanol]] with a base, such as [[calcium hydroxide]].
+
A more convenient process involves the reaction of [[2-Chloroethanol|2-chloroethanol]] with a base, such as [[calcium hydroxide]].
  
 
:2 OH–CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>–Cl + Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub> → 2 (CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>)O + CaCl<sub>2</sub> + 2 H<sub>2</sub>O
 
:2 OH–CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>–Cl + Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub> → 2 (CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>)O + CaCl<sub>2</sub> + 2 H<sub>2</sub>O
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The resulting ethylene oxide is purified through rectification and condensed.
 
The resulting ethylene oxide is purified through rectification and condensed.
  
Another route is to absorb dry [[hydrogen chloride]] gas into warm [[ethylene glycol]], in the presence of anhydrous [[zinc chloride]] and distill the resulting [[2-chloroethanol]]. Some water will also distill and must be removed. Plenty of 1,2-dichloroethane will be produced as a side product.
+
Another route is to absorb dry [[hydrogen chloride]] gas into warm [[ethylene glycol]], in the presence of anhydrous [[zinc chloride]] and distill the resulting [[2-Chloroethanol|2-chloroethanol]]. Some water will also distill and must be removed. Plenty of 1,2-dichloroethane will be produced as a side product.
  
1,2-Diiodoethane will react with silver oxide to yield ethylene oxide at high temperatures.
+
1,2-Diiodoethane will react with [[silver oxide]] to yield ethylene oxide at high temperatures.
 +
 
 +
: Ag<sub>2</sub>O + I-CH<sub>2</sub>-CH<sub>2</sub>-I → 2 AgI + (CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>)O
  
 
A less known route involves refluxing [[1,2-Dichloroethane|dichloroethane]] at 105 °C in the presence of [[potassium hydroxide]] and [[sodium formate]].<ref>Zahalka, Hayder A.; Sasson, Yoel; Synthesis; nb. 9; (1986); p. 763 - 765</ref>
 
A less known route involves refluxing [[1,2-Dichloroethane|dichloroethane]] at 105 °C in the presence of [[potassium hydroxide]] and [[sodium formate]].<ref>Zahalka, Hayder A.; Sasson, Yoel; Synthesis; nb. 9; (1986); p. 763 - 765</ref>
  
 
==Projects==
 
==Projects==
Ethylene glycol is a very useful reagent, but its use is limited due to its toxicity. Wear proper protection when working with the compound.
+
Ethylene glycol is a very useful reagent, but its use is limited due to its toxicity and flammability. Wear proper protection when working with the compound.
 
*Make polyethylene glycol
 
*Make polyethylene glycol
 
*Make very pure [[ethylene glycol]]
 
*Make very pure [[ethylene glycol]]
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===Storage===
 
===Storage===
Ethylene oxide should be stored in gas cylinders, in dark well ventilated areas.
+
Ethylene oxide should be stored in gas cylinders or metallic containers, in dark well ventilated areas. Avoid storing it in glass containers and in the freezer, since unless you live at the North Pole, any rise in temperature over its low boiling point may end up in a disaster.
  
 
===Disposal===
 
===Disposal===
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[[Category:Volatile chemicals]]
 
[[Category:Volatile chemicals]]
 
[[Category:Carcinogenic]]
 
[[Category:Carcinogenic]]
 +
[[Category:Cytotoxic agents]]
 
[[Category:Things that should NOT be messed with except by professionals]]
 
[[Category:Things that should NOT be messed with except by professionals]]
 
[[Category:Gases]]
 
[[Category:Gases]]

Latest revision as of 16:34, 12 August 2023

Ethylene oxide
Names
IUPAC name
Oxirane
Other names
1,2-Epoxy ethane
Amprolene
Dimethylene oxide
Epoxyethane
Oxacyclopropane
Properties
C2H4O
Molar mass 44.05 g/mol
Appearance Colorless gas
Odor Sweet, ether-like
Density 0.882 g/cm3 (at 10 °C)
Melting point −111.3 °C (−168.3 °F; 161.8 K)
Boiling point 10.7 °C (51.3 °F; 283.8 K)
Miscible
Solubility Miscible with carbon tetrachloride, ethers
Soluble in acetone, benzene, diethyl ether, ethanol
Vapor pressure 1.46 atm (20°C)
Thermochemistry
243 J·mol−1·K−1
−52.6 kJ·mol−1
Hazards
Safety data sheet Praxair
Flash point −20 °C
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
836 ppm (mouse, 4 hr)
4000 ppm (rat, 4 hr)
800 ppm (rat, 4 hr)
819 ppm (guinea pig, 4 hr)
1460 ppm (rat, 4 hr)
835 ppm (mouse, 4 hr)
960 ppm (dog, 4 hr)
Related compounds
Related compounds
Propylene oxide
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
Infobox references

Ethylene oxide, properly called oxirane by IUPAC, is the organic compound with the formula C2H4O. It is the simplest epoxide and cyclic ether. Ethylene oxide is isomeric with acetaldehyde and vinyl alcohol.

Properties

Chemical

Ethylene oxide is highly flammable and will burn in open air.

C2H4O + 5/2 O2 → 2 CO2 + 2 H2O

Physical

Ethylene oxide is a colorless gas at room temperature, but liquid below 10°C, with a sweet ether-like smell (some sources say bruised-apple like[1]). It is miscible with water, carbon tetrachloride and other organic solvents.

Availability

Ethylene oxide is sold by various chemical suppliers, either pure or in solution, but due to its strong carcinogenicity its sale is restricted to companies.

Preparation

The preparation of ethylene oxide is not easy, but can be done if the procedure is followed carefully.

Industrially EO is made through direct oxidation of ethylene with oxygen in the presence of a metal catalyst, such as silver.

A more convenient process involves the reaction of 2-chloroethanol with a base, such as calcium hydroxide.

2 OH–CH2CH2–Cl + Ca(OH)2 → 2 (CH2CH2)O + CaCl2 + 2 H2O

The resulting ethylene oxide is purified through rectification and condensed.

Another route is to absorb dry hydrogen chloride gas into warm ethylene glycol, in the presence of anhydrous zinc chloride and distill the resulting 2-chloroethanol. Some water will also distill and must be removed. Plenty of 1,2-dichloroethane will be produced as a side product.

1,2-Diiodoethane will react with silver oxide to yield ethylene oxide at high temperatures.

Ag2O + I-CH2-CH2-I → 2 AgI + (CH2CH2)O

A less known route involves refluxing dichloroethane at 105 °C in the presence of potassium hydroxide and sodium formate.[2]

Projects

Ethylene glycol is a very useful reagent, but its use is limited due to its toxicity and flammability. Wear proper protection when working with the compound.

  • Make polyethylene glycol
  • Make very pure ethylene glycol
  • Preparation of ethanolamines
  • Phenethyl alcohol synthesis
  • Make ethylene carbonate

Handling

Safety

Ethylene oxide is extremely flammable, very toxic and a potent carcinogen. It's sweet smell can induce the false sense of safety.

Storage

Ethylene oxide should be stored in gas cylinders or metallic containers, in dark well ventilated areas. Avoid storing it in glass containers and in the freezer, since unless you live at the North Pole, any rise in temperature over its low boiling point may end up in a disaster.

Disposal

Ethylene oxide can be safely burned outside. Hydrolysis will lead to ethylene glycol which is non-volatile and safer to handle.

References

  1. Reynolds, J.E.F., Prasad, A.B. (eds.) Martindale-The Extra Pharmacopoeia. 28th ed. London: The Pharmaceutical Press, 1982., p. 562
  2. Zahalka, Hayder A.; Sasson, Yoel; Synthesis; nb. 9; (1986); p. 763 - 765

Relevant Sciencemadness threads