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AJKOER
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Singlet Oxygen Luminescence in a Home Lab
First, some background on Singlet oxygen (link: http://www.researchgate.net/publication/15390248_Singlet_mol... to quote from the abstract:
"A study of the pH profile of the decomposition of aqueous hypochlorite has revealed the evolution (onset at pH 8) of single (1 delta g) molecular
oxygen (singlet spin state dioxygen) detected spectroscopically (1268 nm), prior to the appearance of chlorine (onset at pH 5.5). The possible
mechanism of the singlet state dioxygen evolution is presented, and the origin of its chloride ion dependence is discussed, especially in reference to
chloride ion dependence of singlet molecular oxygen evolution in biological systems. Recent epidemiological analyses of the correlation of human
cancer with chlorinated water supplies focus attention on the singlet oxygen mechanisms of DNA lesion formation."
Here is a text quote relating to preparation:
"The generation of singlet molecular oxygen by the chemiluminescent reaction of hydrogen peroxide with aqueous hypochlorite is well known and is now a
standard method (5-9)"
The full article is available at https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&... and see also sample preparation at http://www1.chem.leeds.ac.uk/delights/texts/expt_27.html
Here is the experiment I performed which resulted in limited amount of luminescence from Singlet oxygen. I added, 2 ice cubes, 80 cc of bleach (8.25%
NaClO), 30 grams of NaCl and 30 grams of CaCl2 which has been previously exposed to moisture (forming CaCl2.CaO) to a wide mouth vessel which is
sealed with a funnel. The funnel has also 2 pieces of ice, some 3% H2O2 and is fitted with a plug (non-organic) to create a slow drip of hydrogen
peroxide.
What I observed in complete darkness (allow your eyes to adjust before starting the H2O2 drip) was some luminescence that was intensified with
shaking, passing hot water over the vessel and also by adding another 30 grams of CaCl2.CaO.
What I have in effect created was a highly ionic cold hypochlorite solution (as opposed to passing Cl2 gas into conc aqueous NaOH) that is slowly
reacted with dilute H2O2 (as opposed to the standard preparation with 30% H2O2) creating some Singlet oxygen. Some chemistry per this reference https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&... to quote:
"Decomposition of hydrogen peroxide with bleach
H2O2 + OCl- ----) HO2- + H OCl ---) HO- + HOOCl ---) H2O + ClOO-
ClOO- ---) Cl- + 1O2"
I invite others to experiment and suggest modifications to improve the luminescence phenomena.
The production of Singlet oxygen is the first step also in working with the chemically active gas which has a life span of at most 75 minutes. Note
also, water is an effective quenching agent (destroying the gas forming H2O2).
[Edited on 17-7-2014 by AJKOER]
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aga
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C O O L !
nice one AJ
any photos ?
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AJKOER
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The problem is my preparation so far requires patience with just short periods of more intense luminescence. It is important that one keeps one eyes
adjusted to the dark.
Taking pictures of such a phenomena in the dark has proved challenging (at least to me).
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aga
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As is my wont, i shall give your experiment a go.
Hopefully with photographs.
Thank you for posting details of the experiment so that it can actually be repeated.
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AJKOER
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Quote: Originally posted by AJKOER  | .........
What I have in effect created was a highly ionic cold hypochlorite solution (as opposed to passing Cl2 gas into conc aqueous NaOH) that is slowly
reacted with dilute H2O2 (as opposed to the standard preparation with 30% H2O2) creating some Singlet oxygen. Some chemistry per this reference https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&... to quote:
"Decomposition of hydrogen peroxide with bleach
H2O2 + OCl- ----) HO2- + H OCl ---) HO- + HOOCl ---) H2O + ClOO-
ClOO- ---) Cl- + 1O2"
..........
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I also have a theoretical speculation that someone may wish to explore. Rewriting the equation above for 2 HOCl, we have:
2 H2O2 + 2 HOCl ----) 2 H2O + 2 HOOCl ---) 2 H2O + 2 H+ + 2 ClOO-
ClOO- ---) Cl- + 1O2"
For a highly ionic concentrated solution of Hypochlorous acid, the equilibrium of the reaction:
2 HOCl = H2O + Cl2O
moves to the right, so substituting Cl2O for 2 HOCl in the reaction chain above, which also proceeds in concentrated ionic conditions, implies:
2 H2O2 + Cl2O ----) H2O + 2 HOOCl ---) H2O + 2 H+ + 2 ClOO-
ClOO- ---) Cl- + 1O2
So my speculation is that dichlorine monoxide may be precursor to Singlet oxygen as well. Consequently, preparations path for Cl2O may be tested with
H2O2 as a possible path to Singlet oxygen.
------------------------------------------------
Came across a new path to Singlet oxygen, see http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2012/CP/C2CP41... . To quote from the abstract:
"Non-basic hydrogen peroxide was found to be very easy to react with Cl2 to produce singlet oxygen O2(a1Δg) (i.e. the molecular oxygen in its first
electronic excited state) when an H+ absorbent such as C5H5N, CH3COONH4, HCOONH4 or NH4F was added into H2O2 aqueous solution, and the long concealed
fact that molecular H2O2 can react with Cl2 to produce O2(a1Δg) was then uncovered. It is only when an H+ absorbent has provided a stronger base than
H2O to absorb the H+ produced during the reaction that O2(a1Δg) can be produced."
[Edited on 18-7-2014 by AJKOER]
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woelen
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Making visible amounts of singlet oxygen is easy and gives quite a powerful red glow. Just take swimming pool chlorine (the shock-treatment sodium
dichlorocyanurate works best, but others also work) and add 20...30% H2O2:
http://woelen.homescience.net/science/chem/exps/chemlum/inde...
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CHRIS25
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| Quote: Originally posted by AJKOER | The problem is my preparation so far requires patience with just short periods of more intense luminescence. It is important that one keeps one eyes
adjusted to the dark.
Taking pictures of such a phenomena in the dark has proved challenging (at least to me). |
No idea what camera you have or your knowledge so I will give details: Taking images in the dark is easy once I show you how:
1. Set the aperture to its widest - 1.4, 1.8 if you can't get this low and 4.0 is your lowest then do this.
2.Set ISO rating to highest: 800 1600 or 2400. (noise will not be that bad)
3. Set the focal point to the liquid using manual (not automatic focus ) and set the focal distribution dots to a single point, not average or centre
weighted, but pin point) and make sure that the focus is not on the glass but inside the glass this is why you ned to adjust focus by hand
4. you will need to have a shutter speed to about 4 or 8 seconds.
To do all the above you need to set camera on tripod or stacks of books, and importantly use a timer on the camera, hand held shot will destroy the
image - no sharpness at such low shutter speeds.
Do Not use flash, it kills photographs, and throw away all automation, you want complete control.
Any questions ask away. I too would like to see these images.
‘Calcination… is such a Separation of Bodies by Fire, as makes ‘em easily reducible into Powder; and for that reason ‘tis call’d by some
Chymical Pulverization.’ (John Friend, Chymical Lectures London, 1712)
Right is right, even if everyone is against it, and wrong is wrong, even if everyone is for it. (William Penn 1644-1718)
The very nature of Random, Chance development precludes the existence of Order - strange that our organic and inorganic world is so well defined by
precision and law. (me)
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AJKOER
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Thanks you Woelen for the link and the intensely cool pictures!
The swimming pool salt of which Woelen speaks may have finally and unfortunately attracted attention.
In the north east of these United States, both Home Depot and Lowes near me have decided (at the same time no less, curious) to remove all chemicals
associated with swimming pools (that department no longer exist!).
The TCCA and its sodium salt recomended by Woelen produce HOCl with water. The sodium salt probably works best due to pH effects per sources I cited
previously.
-------------------------------------------------------
Here are some interesting reactions between Singlet oxygen and Nitrous oxide (N2O). To quote (link: http://www.ccpo.odu.edu/~lizsmith/SEES/ozone/class/Chap_5/5_... ):
"Reactive nitrogen species are formed from N2O via the reaction of nitrogen dioxide with the singlet D oxygen atom to form two molecules of nitric
acid.
N2O + O(1D) --> 2 NO
This reaction transfers nitrogen from the inert species, N2O, into the reactive species, NO.
Another way that N2O is lost is via photolysis. An energetic UV photon is able to dissociate N2O into molecular nitrogen, N2, and the singlet D oxygen
atom.
N2O+hc/lambda --> N2+O(1D) "
So, it is claimed that active singlet oxygen may react with the usually inert N2O to form Nitric oxide, a precursor to NO2 and HNO3. Also, applying a
low pressure Hg lamp (or possibly a flourescent lamp) to N2O, may form singlet oxygen as well, cool.
I have ordered some N2O for some more experiments.
[Edited on 18-7-2014 by AJKOER]
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blogfast25
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| Quote: Originally posted by CHRIS25 |
Taking pictures of such a phenomena in the dark has proved challenging (at least to me).[/rquote]
No idea what camera you have or your knowledge so I will give details: Taking images in the dark is easy once I show you how:
1. Set the aperture to its widest - 1.4, 1.8 if you can't get this low and 4.0 is your lowest then do this.
2.Set ISO rating to highest: 800 1600 or 2400. (noise will not be that bad)
3. Set the focal point to the liquid using manual (not automatic focus ) and set the focal distribution dots to a single point, not average or centre
weighted, but pin point) and make sure that the focus is not on the glass but inside the glass this is why you ned to adjust focus by hand
4. you will need to have a shutter speed to about 4 or 8 seconds.
To do all the above you need to set camera on tripod or stacks of books, and importantly use a timer on the camera, hand held shot will destroy the
image - no sharpness at such low shutter speeds.
Do Not use flash, it kills photographs, and throw away all automation, you want complete control.
Any questions ask away. I too would like to see these images. |
Very interesting.
I've had much trouble recently photographing the emission spectra of hydrogen and helium (and others), using a digital Canon 350. I'm not much of a
photographer.
Ironically I obtained better results with a digital Canon of much lower spec (almost 'instamatic')!
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CHRIS25
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| Quote: Originally posted by blogfast25 | | Quote: Originally posted by CHRIS25 |
Taking pictures of such a phenomena in the dark has proved challenging (at least to me).[/rquote]
No idea what camera you have or your knowledge so I will give details: Taking images in the dark is easy once I show you how:
1. Set the aperture to its widest - 1.4, 1.8 if you can't get this low and 4.0 is your lowest then do this.
2.Set ISO rating to highest: 800 1600 or 2400. (noise will not be that bad)
3. Set the focal point to the liquid using manual (not automatic focus ) and set the focal distribution dots to a single point, not average or centre
weighted, but pin point) and make sure that the focus is not on the glass but inside the glass this is why you ned to adjust focus by hand
4. you will need to have a shutter speed to about 4 or 8 seconds.
To do all the above you need to set camera on tripod or stacks of books, and importantly use a timer on the camera, hand held shot will destroy the
image - no sharpness at such low shutter speeds.
Do Not use flash, it kills photographs, and throw away all automation, you want complete control.
Any questions ask away. I too would like to see these images. |
Very interesting.
I've had much trouble recently photographing the emission spectra of hydrogen and helium (and others), using a digital Canon 350. I'm not much of a
photographer.
Ironically I obtained better results with a digital Canon of much lower spec (almost 'instamatic')! |
This is possible for two reasons:
1. The distance between the lens and RGB sensor is much smaller in a digital instamatic, pocket type thingy, allowing for much closer images almost
down to macro;
2. Cameras like these can also stop down to an F 1.8/1.4 whereas a canon 350 is I would imagine F 4.5 at its lowest.
Having said this and I assume you are shooting in the dark, if the canon 350 was set to everything manually, overide everything and anything that the
camera chooses, plus shoot to the far left of exposure, (the camera Always Lies by the way), shoot with exposure indication pushed to the left by
reducing the exposure an extra two or three stops on top of this, I am certain that you could get an image better than the instamatic.
PS, one of the biggest myths about cameras is the exposure indicator, most people, understandably, assume that when the exposure indicator is in the
middle this is the correct exposure, this is never true, correct exposure is to over and under expose (unless for creativity this is not needed) over
and under expose by two to three stops by whatever the camera tells you in most average lighting conditions. In very bright conditions you should
over expose by a little more and in very dark conditions you should under expose by two stops at least). reason being that you are not really under or
over exposing, what you are doing is over-riding the digital feed back from a computer chip which seeks to reduce everything to neutral grey which is
the Exact middle point between the brightest and the darkest possibility. All cameras attempt to pull everything within the light spectrum range from
RGB 1.1.1. - 255.255.255 and place it in the 128.128.128 exposure, this is normal and it is the only known way technologically that a camera can work,
no matter how advanced, so this is why when an exposure reading needle is in the middle the camera is actually telling you that it has successfully
pulled as much of the environment into a percentage range not far from this neutral grey, this is why you can always safely add or reduce your
exposure settings by up to three full stops in most situations if the environment is evenly lit.
[Edited on 18-7-2014 by CHRIS25]
[Edited on 18-7-2014 by CHRIS25]
‘Calcination… is such a Separation of Bodies by Fire, as makes ‘em easily reducible into Powder; and for that reason ‘tis call’d by some
Chymical Pulverization.’ (John Friend, Chymical Lectures London, 1712)
Right is right, even if everyone is against it, and wrong is wrong, even if everyone is for it. (William Penn 1644-1718)
The very nature of Random, Chance development precludes the existence of Order - strange that our organic and inorganic world is so well defined by
precision and law. (me)
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aga
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| Quote: | | throw away all automation, you want complete control. |
Glad you said that.
I'm buying my first ever digital camera tomorrow, and Full Control sounds like a good plan.
Don't suppose there's a relatively cheap model that springs to mind ?
One that will do 'snaps' and also have an option for manual focus etc ?
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CHRIS25
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| Quote: Originally posted by aga | | Quote: | | throw away all automation, you want complete control. |
Glad you said that.
I'm buying my first ever digital camera tomorrow, and Full Control sounds like a good plan.
Don't suppose there's a relatively cheap model that springs to mind ?
One that will do 'snaps' and also have an option for manual focus etc ? |
sent message
‘Calcination… is such a Separation of Bodies by Fire, as makes ‘em easily reducible into Powder; and for that reason ‘tis call’d by some
Chymical Pulverization.’ (John Friend, Chymical Lectures London, 1712)
Right is right, even if everyone is against it, and wrong is wrong, even if everyone is for it. (William Penn 1644-1718)
The very nature of Random, Chance development precludes the existence of Order - strange that our organic and inorganic world is so well defined by
precision and law. (me)
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ScienceHideout
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1vJYJgQN9Ls
^^Interestingly enough, I have a friend in Germany who actually filmed the luminescence of singlet oxygen. If you have any questions, he would be the
guy to ask! Perhaps if you have a really specific question I could contact him for you.
hey, if you are reading this, I can't U2U, but you are always welcome to send me an email!
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violet sin
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AJKOER, I don't think anything is happening with TCCA or the sodium salts there of. supply or something else perhaps. they are the standard for pool
cleanliness where I live, and that won't change any time soon. more people switching to salt pools may have something to do with it. I can buy it by
the 50lb tub all, day, long, if I had the inclination to do so.
couple years back I came across a book specifically on singlet oxygen at the thrift store,.. 1$. book 3 of 3 in a series about oxygen by CRC. hansom
looking hard bound, tan and burgundy w/ silver accents . cant seem to find the first two, which I would have more use for. it's ~200 mi away at home
though so I wouldn't be able to thumb through any time soon.
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blogfast25
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The Canon 350 e.g. has what they call a 'basic zone' and a 'creative zone'. The basic zone allows a number of preset settings like 'auto', 'portrait',
'close up', 'landscape', 'night' etc. The creative zone allows full control. I haven't gotten to grips with the latter yet but I've got a decent book
on it. More study required! 
[Edited on 19-7-2014 by blogfast25]
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AJKOER
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OK, there is at least eight videos of Singlet oxygen production on YouTube (see https://www.google.com/?gws_rd=ssl#q=youtube+singlet+oxygen ).
I also came across a Patent 4,975,265 ( see http://www.google.com/patents/US4975265 ) that professes some improvement over the classical procedure by spraying a mist of KOH (claimed to be
better due to lower viscosity than NaOH) dissolved in H2O2 into a stream of Chlorine gas. The chief reason claimed is that this method reduces
solution contact given the ability of water to quickly de-activate Singlet oxygen.
[Edited on 19-7-2014 by AJKOER]
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aga
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Despite the videos, it is interesting to see that you have found a simpler way using commonly available chemicals and equipment.
Your experiment would already have been repeated had i possessed a camera.
Today i got a "Canon PowerShot SX170 IS", so now wading through the plethora of options - seems you can't just press the button.
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AJKOER
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| Quote: Originally posted by aga | Despite the videos, it is interesting to see that you have found a simpler way using commonly available chemicals and equipment.
........... |
Not exactly, as 30% H2O2 is not precisely a commonly available chemical. However, one can somewhat easily prepare CaO2 from 3% H2O2, as previously
noted on SM.
It is my opinion that Woelen method is better than others, assuming access to the TCCA, as it is highly ionic, little water, acting on the
hypochlorite ion (or, HOCl upon hydrolysis of the TCCA), and not so much the Cl2 (which can form strong HOCl with water, but also problematic HCl that
needs to be neutralized forming undesired water).
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aga
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| Quote: | | The funnel has also 2 pieces of ice, some 3% H2O2 and is fitted with a plug (non-organic) to create a slow drip of hydrogen peroxide.
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Maybe you're confusing what you've read with what you actually did.
Personally i prefer the AJ that's not blowing smoke.
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AJKOER
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To be clear, I believe the literature pretty much recommends 30% H2O2, which is consistent with the quenching reaction of H2O on singlet oxygen.
My experiment, based on home chemicals, namely 3% H2O2, appears to a more limited extent, is still capable of producing, albeit not easily, some
luminescence. The employment of CaO2, as I mentioned, is another route to be investigated, which is based on starting with 3% H2O2.
I got my N2O supply and have been experimenting.
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AJKOER
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Here is an interesting property of N2O, apparently it is much more soluble in alcohol, vegetable oil, ...than in water. This can be used to effect
chemical reaction in the lab and at home to infuse flavorings into beverages (see http://www.cookingissues.com/2010/08/11/infusion-profusion-g... . To quote:
"You can infuse flavors into liquor (and water based things, too) almost instantly with nothing more than an iSi Cream Whipper . You can use seeds,
herbs, spiced, fruits, cocoa nibs, etc."
The possible explanation per a comment by Dan, to quote:
"Well done! You’ve rediscovered nitrogen cavitation and put it to novel use. Cavitation is used in cell biology labs to gently disrupt cells in a
vessel ominously called a “nitrogen bomb” (as the gas here is nitrogen). The usual explanation is close to what you surmised: under pressure, gas
penetrates the cells, then forms bubbles to disrupt the cells when the pressure is suddenly released. Your use of the technique looks a lot more
interesting than my experiences with it in a lab."
With respect to chemical reactions, as I noted above, N2O is reported to react with singlet D oxygen to form two molecules of nitric oxide:
N2O + O(1D) --> 2 NO
I do recall a source (see Equation 7.5 at http://books.google.com/books?id=N46DxR1xevYC&pg=PA123&a... ) noting a possible second reaction as well:
N2O + O(1D) --> N2 + O2
[Edited on 27-7-2014 by AJKOER]
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AJKOER
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| Quote: Originally posted by AJKOER | Here is an interesting property of N2O, apparently it is much more soluble in alcohol, vegetable oil, ...than in water. This can be used to effect
chemical reaction in the lab and at home to infuse flavorings into beverages (see http://www.cookingissues.com/2010/08/11/infusion-profusion-g... . To quote:
"You can infuse flavors into liquor (and water based things, too) almost instantly with nothing more than an iSi Cream Whipper . You can use seeds,
herbs, spiced, fruits, cocoa nibs, etc."
.... |
Apparently, this may be a flavorable idea, but potentially explosive on warming if under pressure! Per an Air Force Research safety report, "Nitrous
Oxide Explosive Hazards" by Claude Merrill , available at http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a489459.pdf to quote:
"Super critical extraction explosions were related to organic materials mixed into the primary N2O gas phase. In 1991, Sievers, et. al., reported
that a mixture of N2O, 9% ethanol, 0.9% tetraethoxy silane, 0.07% triethyl borate, and 0.07% triethyl phosphate spontaneously exploded under
conditions of 143 atmospheres pressure and 40 C. Stainless steel fittings were shattered. Another supercritical N2O event occurred at 680
atmospheres and 80o C while extracting one gram of ground coffee, Raynie, 1993. Power evidenced by shattering of stainless steel fittings could be
expected since the quantity of combustible fuel in the N2O would raise kinetic speed of reaction and output energies considerably above that could be
produced by N2O monopropellant decomposition. Higher temperatures from a combination of oxidizer fuel reaction and monopropellant reaction would
produce acceleration for producing eruptive events. Small scale explosions with N2O containing combustible organic material are evidence that
N2O/combustible material mixtures are very hazardous with respect to pure N2O. Since N2O does not have significant monopropellant decomposition until
temperatures above 500 C are obtained, reduction of initial reaction temperature with N2O/organic material mixtures to the 40 to 80 C range are
particularly daunting. "
Also, to quote:
"Haussmann’s (8) article had interesting observations about behavior of N2O, particularly, interactions when mixed with combustible materials. That
is:
- Glycerin is used as a lubricant in pumping N2O and it has frequently been found in N2O storage cylinders.
- Liquid N2O will burn the skin because its lipoid solubility prevents a protective vapor layer from being formed, as with liquid air or carbon
dioxide.
- Nitrous oxide is soluble in water and many organic compounds.
- Gas phases of all N2O-fuel mixtures could be exploded by electric fuses.
- Liquid phases of N2O-fuel mixtures exploded only by heavy detonator charges. - Graphite tubes acted more or less as decomposition surfaces for
the N2O, and as flameholders rather than reactive fuel.
- Mixtures of N2O and hydrocarbon are monopropellants that are easily transportable explosives, such as, N2O and kerosene.
- Liquid N2O can be compressed by about 40% near its critical temperature under 10.9 MPa (1580 psi) pressure. That is, liquid density was about
0.748 g/ml versus critical temperature density of 0.451 g/ml. Pressure was about 50% higher than critical pressure of 7.3 MPa (1054 psi). "
As voka can be 33 proof or 16% ethanol, assuming no added ice, it may, when the N2O is in a gas phase in a pressurized container, present an
explosion hazard if warmed to 40 C . Always very flammable, so smoking around such beverages could start a fire.
More on this topic with other sources in a prior SM thread at http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=26967 .
So generally speaking, mixing N2O and organics is a bad idea as the mixture is said to be sensitive to detonation from electro static discharge (ESD)
as well. Note, alcohol vapors and N2O always present an explosion hazard with ESD. So, if you insist on trying N2O infused booze, under pressurized
conditions, or when your breath is rich in alcohol vapors and N2O, you may not want to pet your cat or wear a sweater, or even get a kiss from someone
wearing a sweater, else you may become the 1st reported case of STE (sexually transmitted explosion).
[Edited on 31-7-2014 by AJKOER]
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Morgan
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The other day I was driving right behind a huge tanker truck of liquified N20. I just thought it kind of a funny thing to see.
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AJKOER
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| Quote: Originally posted by Morgan | | The other day I was driving right behind a huge tanker truck of liquified N20. I just thought it kind of a funny thing to see. |
Morgan:
I hope your final wishes were for creamation, as in the event of an incidence, a N2O explosion are reported to reach 5,000 degrees F  .
Apparently, the combination of blast damage and extreme heat has proven troubling to accident scene invesitgators (not much left).
[Edited on 31-7-2014 by AJKOER]
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sbreheny
Hazard to Others
Posts: 145
Registered: 30-1-2014
Member Is Offline
Mood: No Mood
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Very late addition to this thread but this is my singlet O2 video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c8zsvmgT8g4
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