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• Acetaldehyde
  Depending on reaction conditions, the oxidation of acetaldehyde by oxygen variously co-produces [ ...exist from [[ethanol]], the first an exothermic, self-sustaining oxidation reaction using a copper or silver catalyst at a temperature of 500-650°C:
  7 KB (800 words) - 21:30, 17 August 2020
• Bromine
  ...many elements, reacting violently with most metals. It is also capable of reaction with many nonmetals and [[metalloid]]s, such as the solid chalcogens, pnict ...pectacular display. However, if done accidentally without precaution, this reaction is disastrous.
  14 KB (1,973 words) - 11:41, 25 June 2023
• Aluminium chloride
  ...is very exothermic and the resulting hydrogen may ignite or explode if the reaction is done improperly.
  6 KB (716 words) - 18:37, 7 February 2024
• Calcium acetate
  ...using [[calcium oxide]] (quicklime) as the neutralization reaction is too exothermic and the mixture may boil. Calcium acetate can be easily produced by reaction of [[calcium hydroxide]] or [[calcium carbonate|carbonate]] with acetic aci
  5 KB (677 words) - 15:15, 18 November 2023
• Calcium carbide
  ...charcoal e.g.), at 810°C in an inert atmosphere. This reaction is highly exothermic, the calcium will not require further heating once melted.<ref>https://www. ....g., it can still irritate the skin by reacting to the sweat and moisture. Reaction with water gives off toxic fumes, so it should be performed outside or in a
  9 KB (1,277 words) - 13:58, 18 November 2023
• Calcium hydroxide
  ...an advantage over calcium oxide because these reactions are not intensely exothermic, and an advantage over calcium carbonate in that no carbon dioxide is evolv ...ium oxide]] to water, in a process called slaking. The temperature of this reaction is more than enough to boil water and can produce a caustic spray of limewa
  8 KB (1,050 words) - 20:51, 6 June 2018
• Calcium hypochlorite
  ...es, however, the free chlorine and chlorinated by-products produced by the reaction with hypochlorite makes the latter much more hazardous. Caution must be taken as the reaction is very exothermic and may generate foam.
  6 KB (706 words) - 18:37, 2 June 2021
• Calcium sulfate
  A very exothermic [[thermite]] reaction occurs with [[aluminium]] powder, which is used to 'heat boost' reactions s ...form calcium sulfate as the precipitation of the solid not only drives the reaction but makes the two formed chemicals easy to separate by simply filtering off
  7 KB (820 words) - 21:54, 18 November 2019
• Dimethyl sulfoxide
  ...eous solution of [[sodium sulfide]] is added. The reaction is sufficiently exothermic that no heating is required. The crude dimethyl sulfide is purified via fra
  7 KB (964 words) - 18:49, 28 March 2021
• Drying solvents
  ...ed to the solvent. Usually, drying agent is chosen so that the products of reaction with water are easily removed, eg by filtration or distillation. Substances ...eacts violently with halogenated solvents, less so with alcohols and DMSO; Reaction with alcohols give their respective alkoxides, that can be regenerated back
  19 KB (2,493 words) - 16:52, 25 July 2023
• Ethanol
  ...n over a silver or copper catalyst upwards of 500 °C, but the reaction is exothermic and self-sustaining as long as oxygen is sufficiently present, even in the ...gestion of small amounts of ethanol will cause drunkenness, which inhibits reaction times and judgment. It should be noted that ethanol produced in a lab is NO
  14 KB (1,953 words) - 20:56, 9 September 2023
• Chlorine
  ...e of the latter, and starting small scale is a must to get a sense for the reaction before any large scale chlorine production is attempted. ...o awful byproducts (such as [[Manganese dioxide|MnO₂]]) and the reaction speed at standard concentrations and temperatures is not too fast nor too s
  13 KB (1,873 words) - 17:48, 8 November 2023
• Nitrogen dioxide
  | ImageCaption = Nitrogen dioxide(right) being generated by the reaction of copper metal with nitric acid. ...] with a number of metals, most notably [[copper]], in a highly exothermic reaction, or by reacting a nitrate salt with hot or concentrated strong acids. It is
  6 KB (825 words) - 18:56, 12 October 2018
• Nitromethane
  ...r3CjogY5T0I</ref> Solid sodium nitronate can be obtained by performing the reaction in ethanolic sodium hydroxide or ethoxide.<ref>'''ExplosionsAndFire''' (201 ...reating [[propane]] with [[nitric acid]] at 350–450 °C. This exothermic reaction produces the four industrially significant nitroalkanes: nitromethane, [[ni
  10 KB (1,375 words) - 20:01, 16 May 2023
• Oxygen
  ...ified ¹O₂) photochemically or from, for example, the reaction of hypochlorite and hydrogen peroxide. At high concentrations of singlet ox ...ndness. At concentrations over 50%, it will greatly amplify any exothermic reaction. Liquid oxygen is a fire and explosive hazard when in contact with organic
  10 KB (1,425 words) - 19:23, 13 August 2022
• Phosphoric acid
  ...ined by using phosphoric acid without damaging glassware that can exit the reaction flask in gaseous form below this temperature. ...found in nature as apatite, which is also the major component of bone. The reaction is:
  9 KB (1,223 words) - 00:12, 29 March 2020
• Proper disposal of chemicals
  ...st however, to avoid dumping large quantities of waste, as the reaction in exothermic and may splash or volatilize some of the waste, so it's best to perform the ...aterial for the disposal of organic compounds. The decomposition is highly exothermic and the resulting smoke is very dangerous. As such, this method is generall
  347 KB (46,057 words) - 20:09, 13 March 2024
• Piranha solution
  ...nha when hot, although the base piranha must be heated to 60°C before the reaction takes off.<ref>http://www.ehss.vt.edu/programs/HCM_piranha.php</ref> ...b>SO₄ has more than 50% hydrogen peroxide. The mixing is highly exothermic, and the resultant heat can bring the temperature of the solution to over 1
  4 KB (583 words) - 15:30, 4 September 2019
• Potassium
  The reaction is so exothermic, the hydrogen is instantly ignited, forming a burning sphere of potassium. ...en bulk chain secondary alcohols have been shown to work just as good. The reaction mixture can then be dumped out into [[toluene]] and the spheres of potassiu
  13 KB (1,879 words) - 20:16, 17 September 2022
• Potassium hydroxide
  Potassium hydroxide can also be used in a reaction with [[magnesium]] powder or shavings in an inert, high boiling solvent wit ...ely hygroscopic. It is very soluble in water and its dissolution is highly exothermic. One-hundred percent potassium hydroxide is very difficult to create due to
  8 KB (1,005 words) - 16:52, 17 August 2023
• Sulfur trioxide
  ...is an extremely strong dehydrating agent that causes immediate and highly exothermic charring of virtually any organic material it comes into contact with. Sulf Nearly the same reaction takes place when sodium bisulfate is very strongly heated, first evolving w
  11 KB (1,598 words) - 23:45, 25 August 2020
• Tin(IV) chloride
  ====Reaction of tin and chlorine==== ...the reaction chamber and the sodium hydroxide to prevent suckback into the reaction vessel.
  7 KB (954 words) - 18:13, 7 June 2023
• Sulfuric acid
  ...active than the ions left behind by most acids, it allows to protonate the reaction mixture without causing undesired side reactions in most cases. ...ighly exothermic, while the reaction between sulfur trioxide with water is exothermic enough that the resulting sulfuric acid turns into a dense mist. The overal
  27 KB (4,285 words) - 21:31, 9 September 2023
• Urea
  It can also be produced from the reaction of [[phosgene]] and [[ammonia]] !Urea reacts with:|| catalyst|| solvent || product || reaction notes
  8 KB (1,070 words) - 13:27, 10 July 2022
• Hydrofluoric acid
  ...ed before disposal. Calcium hydroxide is a good neutralizing agent, as the reaction produces the insoluble [[calcium fluoride]] which has low toxicity. Aqueous ...hen slowly add the slaked lime to the acid, as acid-base neutralization is exothermic, and if the temperature gets too high, very hazardous HF vapors might be re
  8 KB (1,238 words) - 22:13, 7 August 2022
• Iron(III) oxide
  ...ponent of rust and acts as the oxidizing agent in the classic [[thermite]] reaction with [[aluminium]]. ...metimes added to KNO₃ and sugar mixtures to help accelerate the reaction, which is needed when making 'rocket candy' rockets.
  7 KB (977 words) - 15:31, 26 August 2023
• Hydrogen chloride
  ...ormula HCl (aq), though the use of "(aq)" is only required to indicate the reaction solvent, in this case water, and often HCl is sufficient. ...+</sup> and chloride anions Cl^– through a reversible chemical reaction:
  8 KB (1,098 words) - 20:01, 15 September 2022
• Jones oxidation
  ...end products, with the color of chromium(III) indicating completion of the reaction.]] ...f acquisition of the necessary materials, as well as the simplicity of the reaction and moderate cost.
  5 KB (879 words) - 18:55, 11 July 2019
• Sodium chloride
  ...ly available, this is a useful mechanism for generating a cooling bath for exothermic reactions or for dealing with emergency runaway situations. ...can serve as a convenient source of either chloride or [[sodium]] ions in reaction mixtures, and can also be combined with concentrated [[sulfuric acid]] to g
  8 KB (982 words) - 12:07, 25 June 2023
• Safe handling and storage of chemicals
  ...g various lab practices, such as purification, distillation, transferring, reaction conditions or simply when moving them around the lab, is equally important. Refrigerators can be used to store volatile substances and to cool exothermic reactions.
  48 KB (5,818 words) - 20:11, 13 March 2024
• Sodium bicarbonate
  ...ndothermic and results in cooling, unlike with hydroxides, which give very exothermic reactions that may lead to boiling and sprinkling of acids. As many [[carbo
  7 KB (901 words) - 08:41, 30 May 2020
• Sodium hydroxide
  ...hermic; lower-quality glassware can even break from thermal stress if this reaction proceeds too quickly. Sodium hydroxide is soluble in water, [[methanol]], [ ...y less than the required amount of sodium carbonate is used in the initial reaction.
  13 KB (1,867 words) - 14:45, 18 November 2023
• Chloroform
  ...Chloroform!.jpg|thumb|280px|Reaction mixture after performing the haloform reaction, with chloroform forming a separate layer on the bottom. Note the high inde ...d by aqueous sodium hydroxide produced in the reaction. When complete, the reaction vessel contains a layer of crude chloroform on the bottom; this layer shoul
  12 KB (1,690 words) - 20:18, 1 March 2021
• Copper(II) sulfate
  ...bright blue and forms triclinic crystals. Copper(II) sulfate [[Exothermic reaction|exothermically]] dissolves in water to give the aquo complex [Cu(H_{2</s ...1.6 g/100 mL at 0˚C and 203.3 g/100 mL at 100˚C. Dissolution is slow yet exothermic, and solutions of copper(II) sulfate are dark blue.
  9 KB (1,199 words) - 22:07, 26 August 2023
• Caesium hydroxide
  ...esults in an explosion. Make sure that the vessel in which you perform the reaction is strong enough to contain it. ...has completely oxidized, slowly add water vapor, as the reaction is highly exothermic and dry the resulting wet hydroxide. Keep in mind however, that caesium may
  5 KB (650 words) - 17:13, 23 June 2019
• Potassium ferrate
  ...t in solution, its neutralization further adds to the exothermicity of the reaction. ...alent iron are oxidized with hypochlorites in solution. Here is an example reaction:
  11 KB (1,555 words) - 17:28, 30 November 2022
• Magnesium chloride
  ...drochloric acid]] with [[magnesium]] metal, though this reaction is highly exothermic and magnesium metal is expensive. A cheaper way involves the reaction of [[magnesium sulfate]] (Epsom salt) with [[calcium chloride]].
  7 KB (834 words) - 19:07, 5 November 2022
• Zinc phosphate
  ...pared by reacting [[phosphoric acid]] with [[zinc oxide]]. The reaction is exothermic and should be performed in a cooled container or glass slab.<ref>https://ww
  4 KB (375 words) - 21:40, 27 December 2021
• Hydrogen iodide
  ...oluble in water (245 g/100 mL), giving hydroiodic acid. The dissolution is exothermic. It is also slightly soluble in alcohols. ...e off most of the hydrogen iodide vapors. The resulting HI vapors from the reaction are passed over some moist red phosphorous which is placed in a U tube. Hea
  7 KB (872 words) - 23:09, 28 March 2020
• 2-Nitrotoluene
  ...ne]] between -10 ºC and 30 ºC. Lower temperatures result in little or no reaction, while higher temperatures will result in double nitration forming dinitrot ...ry small amounts of the compound, preferably dilute, as the destruction is exothermic and may aerosolize other aromatic compounds created from the incomplete Fen
  5 KB (566 words) - 15:45, 28 December 2023
• Antimony
  ...of antimony(III) chloride. If scratched with a sharp object, an exothermic reaction occurs and white fumes are given off as metallic antimony is formed. Can de *[https://www.sciencemadness.org/whisper/viewthread.php?tid=62037 Remarkable reaction of antimony]
  11 KB (1,484 words) - 12:19, 18 October 2019
• Manganese
  ...ound in many zinc-carbon batteries. The oxide can be reduced in a thermite reaction with [[aluminium]] or even [[magnesium]], although carbon can also be used. The reaction with aluminium is exothermic enough to reach the boiling point of manganese. Manganese lumps are somewha
  9 KB (1,257 words) - 13:15, 11 August 2020
• Urea nitrate
  ...nitrate can be prepared by reacting urea with nitric acid. The reaction is exothermic, so it's best to do it at low temperatures.
  6 KB (761 words) - 18:27, 27 March 2023
• Manganese(II) sulfate
  One involves the direct reaction of [[sulfuric acid]] with [[manganese]] metal: This reaction however, does not work with [[manganese dioxide]], which is more available
  6 KB (747 words) - 20:21, 20 March 2023
• Thionyl chloride
  ...hydrogen chloride]]/[[hydrochloric acid]] mist, process which is extremely exothermic: This reaction can be used to synthesize [[acetic anhydride]].
  7 KB (931 words) - 21:18, 22 October 2022
• Chromyl chloride
  Chromyl chloride will oxidize [[toluene]] to [[benzaldehyde]]. This reaction occurs in two steps: ...water to yield [[chromic acid]] and [[hydrochloric acid]]. The reaction is exothermic.
  6 KB (808 words) - 20:08, 16 October 2022
• Phosphorus triiodide
  ...ting PI₃ from the solution is safe and gives good yield. If the reaction is done without a solvent, the resulting product is impure and the yield is Another route involves the reaction of [[phosphorus trichloride]] with [[hydrogen iodide]]:
  7 KB (863 words) - 19:36, 20 June 2023
• Lab accident
  ...y damage. Known major accidents include reaction vessels shattering during reaction and splashing their content in the fume hood/lab, small explosions, toxic l ...s can result either from gas evolution or boiling (the latter results from exothermic reactions in liquid medium). This can be dangerous if the spilling liquid i
  6 KB (992 words) - 20:47, 9 September 2023
• Haloform reaction
  The '''haloform reaction''' is the chemical reaction where a haloform (CHX₃, where X = halogen) is produced by the ex ...lution, such as NaOH. The solution is then cooled, as the reaction is very exothermic. A methyl ketone, such as [[acetone]], [[methyl ethyl ketone]], 2-pentanone
  2 KB (241 words) - 15:52, 30 May 2018
• Sodium oxide
  ...ide reacts with water to give [[sodium hydroxide]]. The reaction is highly exothermic. Reaction with alcohols gives their corresponding alkoxides.
  5 KB (655 words) - 19:10, 6 February 2020
• Lab tips & tricks
  *Take a good look at the reaction/process, and if something doesn't seem right, do not proceed until further *When doing a reflux reaction that needs distilling afterwards, you can connect a 3-way distillation conn
  13 KB (2,315 words) - 17:30, 26 September 2022
• Mannitol hexanitrate
  ...o hydrolyze it to mannitol and [[sodium nitrate]]. This reaction is highly exothermic and must be done very carefully at low temperatures and at low concentratio
  5 KB (555 words) - 19:23, 13 August 2018
• Karl Fischer titration
  In aqueous solution, sulfur dioxide and iodine react as follows (Bunsen reaction): ...thylene glycol monomethyl ether). Alcoholic solvents like these give 1 : 1 reaction stoichiometry.
  10 KB (1,556 words) - 18:24, 17 April 2019
• Chloroacetic acid
  ...rolysis of chloroacetic acid is limited. Since acid-base neutralization is exothermic, it's difficult to maintain a constant temperature. As such, glycolate-free Reaction of sodium chloroacetate with [[sodium nitrite]] in aqueous solution will yi
  7 KB (843 words) - 19:47, 15 September 2022
• Rocket propellant
  ...ropellants refer to the chemical fuels used to propel chemical rockets via exothermic reduction-oxidation chemical reactions of the propellant used.
  2 KB (202 words) - 20:08, 8 January 2020
• Lithium nitrate
  ...reaction is very exothermic, so the solution needs to be cooled during the reaction.
  5 KB (555 words) - 11:27, 29 February 2020
• Nitrosylsulfuric acid
  ...istry to prepare diazonium salts from amines, for example in the Sandmeyer reaction. Related NO-delivery reagents include [[nitrosonium tetrafluoroborate]] and ...30% conc. sulfuric acid, indicating that the hydrolysis is an equilibrium reaction.<ref>http://www.sciencemadness.org/talk/viewthread.php?tid=20046#pid248176<
  6 KB (736 words) - 19:21, 22 March 2021
• Rubidium nitrate
  ...ion. [[Rubidium hydroxide]] can also be used, albeit this reaction is very exothermic, so the neutralization should be done slowly.
  4 KB (395 words) - 17:59, 28 March 2024
• Barking dog reaction
  .../Issues/2006/May/abs751.html|doi=10.1021/ed083p751</ref> When ignited, the reaction produces a bright flash and a loud "woof"-like sound, reminiscent of a bark ...2}O), producing heat and elemental [[sulfur]]. The flame front in the reaction is a zone of very hot, [[Chemiluminescence|luminous]] gas, produced by the
  2 KB (280 words) - 19:11, 13 August 2023
• Hydrogenation
  '''Hydrogenation''' is a chemical reaction between molecular [[hydrogen]] (H₂) and another compound or elem ...substrate and the activity of the catalyst. Catalysts are required for the reaction to be usable; non-catalytic hydrogenation takes place only at very high tem
  3 KB (392 words) - 15:32, 2 January 2022
• Hydrogen halide
  Upon dissolution in water, which is highly exothermic, the hydrogen halides give the corresponding acids. These acids are very st ...ectly dry silicon dioxide. The presence of water is thus necessary for the reaction of HF and SiO₂ to take place.
  4 KB (526 words) - 19:22, 30 November 2022
• Combustion
  ...), in general, the heat from a flame may provide enough energy to make the reaction self-sustaining.
  1 KB (214 words) - 18:43, 22 July 2023
• Ethyl cyanoacrylate
  ...unds, property which allows it to be used in bonding. The reaction is very exothermic, and under the right circumstances it may even ignite materials with a very This exothermic reaction yields the polymer (due to the presence of water), which is subsequently si
  6 KB (791 words) - 12:10, 27 December 2023
• Barium hydroxide
  ...of barium hydroxide with [[ammonium]] salts are strongly endothermic. The reaction of barium hydroxide octahydrate with [[ammonium chloride]] or [[ammonium th The reaction is exothermic, and the heat produced may even melt the octahydrate.
  8 KB (1,023 words) - 20:49, 13 March 2024